bio present 2

8/3/2019 Bio Present 2

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ADRENAL GLAND

HORMONE

PRODUCE

DIAGRAMS

ANATOMY

LOCATIONFUNCTION


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DIAGRAMS


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SIMPLE DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

(CENTER) AND THE ADRENAL CORTEX (SURROUND)


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ANATOMY

1. Adrenal Cortex Consists of three concentric zones of steroid-

synthesizing cells

sometimes referred to as "functional zonation".

glomerulosa, fasiculata

reticularis.

Although the boundaries between these zones areindistinct, each of these zones has a characteristic

arrangement of cells.


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Zona glomerulosa

Main site for production of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Plays an important role in the body's sodium homeostasis.

Zona fasciculata

Responsible for producing glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol inhumans.

Cortisol secretion is stimulated by adrenocorticotropichormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, by binding toa cell surface receptor and in turn increasing intracellularcAMP.

In the absence of ACTH, the zona fasciculata secretes abasal level of cortisol.

Zona reticularis

Produces androgens, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) and DHEA sulfate in humans.


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2. Adrenal Medulla

Consists of many large columnar cells called

"chromaffin cells". These synthesize and secrete hormone

catecholamines.

Example of catecholamines are adrenaline and

noradrenaline. ( Epinephrine and norepinephrine )3. Arteries and veins

3 arteries that supply each adrenal gland:

superior suprarenal artery - inferior phrenic

middle suprarenal artery - abdominal aorta inferior suprarenal artery - renal artery


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Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the

suprarenal veins:

Right suprarenal vein - inferior vena cava

Left suprarenal vein left renal vein or the left inferior

phrenic vein.


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LOCATION

Adrenal glands are located in the thoracic abdomen

Situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side,

specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.

They are also surrounded by the adipose capsule and

the renal fascia.

In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level

of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive blood supply

from the adrenal arteries.

The adrenal gland is separated into two distinctstructures, both of which receive regulatory input

from the nervous system.


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FUNCTION

Help prepare the body for physical activities.

Reduces inflammation and break down fat and

protein (glucocorticoids @ cortisol)

Help regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels and water

volumes (mineralocorticoids-aldosterone) Increase female sexual drive but normally have

little effect in males (adrenal androgens)


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HORMONES PRODUCE

1. ADRENAL MEDULLA-Adrenaline

Prepares the body for "fright, fight or flight" and has

many effects:

Action of heart increased. Rate and depth of breathing increased.

Metabolic rate increased.

Force of muscular contraction improves.

Onset of muscular fatigue delayed.

Blood supply to the bladder and intestines reduced,

their muscular walls relax, the sphincters contract.


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- Noradrenalin

Similar effects to adrenalin:

Constriction of small blood vessels leading to increasein blood pressure.

Increased blood flow through the coronary arteries and

slowing of heart rate.

Increase in rate and depth of breathing. Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the intestinal

walls.


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2.Adrenal Cortex

- Corticosteroids

-Glucocorticoids

(e.g.cortisol,cortisone,corticosterone)

Utilization of carbohydrate, fat and protein by the

body.

Normal response to stress.

Anti-inflammatory effects.

Hypersecretion of cortisol results in CushingsSyndrome.

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

Regulation of salt and water balance. Hypersecretion of Alderosterone decreases the

potassium in the body (affecting nerve impulsetransmission and leading to muscular paralysis).


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WHAT IS ANABOLIC?

Anabolic means use of something that causes a

building up of tissue. The term anabolism refers

are generally to an increase in fat tissue in

particular muscle tissue.


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WHAT IS STEROID?

A group of synthetic hormones that promote the

storage of protein and the growth of tissue,

sometimes used by athletes to increase muscle

size and strength.


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WHAT IS ANABOLIC STEROID?

Anabolic steroids are a class of steroid hormones

based on the androgen testosterone. Anabolic

steroids are also known as anabolic-androgenic

steroids or AAS or performance enhancing drugs.


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WHATANABOLIC STEROIDS DO?

Anabolic steroids increase the rate of protein

synthesis within cells. The building of cellular

tissue (anabolism) is especially noticeable in

muscles. Anabolic steroids also have androgenic

and virilizing effects. They influence masculinecharacteristics such as the growth of the vocal

cords and body hair.


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HOW DO

ANABOLIC STEROIDS WORK?

Change muscle mass and strength by two

processes.

1. The steroids lead to an increased production of

proteins, which are the building blocks ofmuscle.

2. The steroids also block the effect of the hormone

cortisol on muscle tissue, so that existing

muscle is broken down at a slower rate.

Additionally, anabolic steroids lead to cellsdifferentiating into muscle more readily than

fat.


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WHATARE THE RISKS OF USING

ANABOLIC STEROIDS?

Harmful changes in cholesterol levels, high bloodpressure, acne, liver damage, and changes to thestructure of the left ventricle of the heart.

Anabolic steroids have an androgenic or virilizingeffect, meaning they affect male characteristics.

Anabolic steroids affect the onset of puberty,

growth of the clitoris in females

penis in male children (does not affect the size of thepenis in adults)

increased size of the vocal chords and deepening of

the voice increased body hair, and premature baldness in

people predisposed to it.

Another side effect is decreased fertility and testicularatrophy.


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