bio principles unit 1

8/3/2019 Bio Principles Unit 1

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Biological PrinciplesPrinciplesCore Concepts- Unit 1Unit 1

Evidence for evolution can be seen in nearly all biological processesbecause organisms at the basic level are structured identically.

A basic understanding of the scientific method is necessary. A basic understanding about the concept of evolution and natural

selection is covered. Hierarchy of life: atoms molecules cells tissues organs

systems To understand biology a basic understanding of chemical processes is

covered* The emphasis here is basic atomic structure and three energetic

tendencies (ETs):1. + and charges of elements tend to balance

2. Electrons tend to pair3. Electron shells tend to fillThese ETs help explain why elements bond.

* Properties of water, including hydrogen bonding and pHare covered.

* Basic concepts of organic chemistry are covered, including

how carbon can form macromolecules (carbohydrates,lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).

Over-use of antibiotics is

blamed for the rise ofdrug-resistant superbugs


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BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLESBIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

The Way Life WorksThe Way Life WorksI. IntroductionA. What is Science?A. What is Science?B. What is Life?B. What is Life?

i. Attributes of Living Things:Complex OrganizationComplex OrganizationGrowthGrowthMetabolismMetabolism

CatabolismAnabolism

MovementMovement

ReproductionReproductionResponsivenessResponsiveness

ii. Biological ScienceThe Study of LifeThe Study of Life


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C. The Scientific MethodC. The Scientific Methodi. Observe phenomena and formulate testabletestable,

falsifiablefalsifiable HypothesesInduction:Induction: specific generalDeduction:Deduction: general specific

HypotheticoHypothetico--deductive reasoningdeductive reasoningii. Test Hypotheses (observation vs experimentation)

iii. Statistical analyses (in most cases)


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II. EvolutionII. EvolutionA. Definition:A. Definition:B. Mechanism for EvolutionB. Mechanism for Evolution

1. Acquired Characteristics1. Acquired Characteristicsa. Lamarck2. Natural Selection2. Natural Selection

a. Charles Darwin wrote in 1859On the Origin of Species byOn the Origin of Species by

Means of Natural SelectionMeans of Natural Selectionb. Alfred Wallace

c. Characteristicsi. Variationii. Adaptation

d. The Galapagos

&Darwins Finches


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e. Peppered Moth & Industrial Melanisme. Peppered Moth & Industrial Melanism


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C. Overview of Evolution via Natural SelectionC. Overview of Evolution via Natural Selection


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D. Vertebrates show strong evidence of close evolutionaryD. Vertebrates show strong evidence of close evolutionaryrelationshiprelationship -- Ontogeny Recapitulates PhylogenyOntogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny

HUMANHUMAN

SALAMANDERSALAMANDER

FISHFISH

TURTLETURTLE

CHICKENCHICKEN

FISHFISH

SALAMANDERSALAMANDER

TURTLETURTLE

CHICKENCHICKEN

HUMANHUMAN


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i. Okay, lets try it again using actual photographs!!i. Okay, lets try it again using actual photographs!!

PIGPIG

FISHFISH

HUMANHUMAN

CHICKENCHICKEN

FISHFISH

CHICKENCHICKEN

PIGPIG

HUMANHUMAN


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An Uncommon Case of Neck FistulaS Chatterjee, S Das, J A Khan, R N Bhattacharya

January 2003

Congenital fistulae of the neck are branchial in origin

and of these 2nd arch fistula is by far the most

common, 3rd and 4th arch fistulae being very rare.

Here, a case of fistula present since birth and

extending from the neck, near the midline to the

alveololingual sulcus, considered very rare, ispresented. The patient was a 32-year-old male having

sticky discharge through an opening in the upper part

of the neck. Examination revealed an opening of

approximately 1 mm diameter about 1 cm to the left of

the midline just above the hyoid bone. A sinogram

revealed a fistulous linear tract communicating with theoral cavity. Surgery was undertaken and the fistulous

tract was excised.

iii. Cervical (Branchial) Fistulaeiii. Cervical (Branchial) Fistulae


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E. Artificial SelectionE. Artificial SelectionDomestication of Animals & PlantsDomestication of Animals & Plants

Fila MastiffFila Mastiff

ChihuahuaChihuahua

St. BernardSt. Bernard


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III. Basic Chemistry of LifeA. The ElementsA. The Elements

-- 92 naturally occurring92 naturally occurring

-- > 100 total> 100 totalB. 98% of Living Things have:B. 98% of Living Things have:

(S)(S)ulfurulfur(P)(P)hosphorushosphorus(O)(O)xygenxygen

(N)(N)itrogenitrogen(C)(C)arbonarbon

(H)(H)ydrogenydrogen


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C. AtomsC. AtomsComposed of subatomic particlesComposed of subatomic particles


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1. Isotopes1. Isotopesa. Over 300 occur naturallyb. Some are Radioactive

i. Halfi. Half--lifelife- Fossil aging- Medical/technical applications

TracersTracers


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2. Periodic Table of the Elements2. Periodic Table of the Elements


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3. Electron Energy Levels3. Electron Energy Levels4. Atom Depictions/Models4. Atom Depictions/Models

a. Bohrvs Electron CloudAll matter tends to go to lowest energy state!All matter tends to go to lowest energy state!


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5. Electron Shells =5. Electron Shells = Energy LevelsEnergy LevelsOrbitals =Orbitals = Electron Cloud ModelsElectron Cloud Modelsa. Valence

b. Orbital filling sequence rulesi. Only hold 11--22 electronsii. Lowest energy levels fill first (usually)iii. Simple-shaped orbitals fill firstiv. Similar orbitals each get 1 electron before any get 2

HH = 1S1S11

HeHe = 1S1S22

LiLi = 1S1S222S2S11

BeBe = 1S1S222S2S22

BB = 1S1S222S2S222Px2Px11

CC = 1S1S222S2S222Px2Px112Py2Py11

NN = 1S22S22Px12Py12Pz1

OO = 1S1S222S2S222Px2Px222Py2Py112Pz2Pz11

FF = 1S1S222S2S222Px2Px222Py2Py222Pz2Pz11

NeNe = 1S1S222S2S222Px2Px222Py2Py222Pz2Pz22


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D. ChemicalD. Chemical BondingBonding1.1. The universal energetic tendency of all matter, regardless of its form,The universal energetic tendency of all matter, regardless of its form,

involves a "downhill" trend, tending toward lower energy levels.involves a "downhill" trend, tending toward lower energy levels.Three specific energetic tendencies or ETs in the behavior ofThree specific energetic tendencies or ETs in the behavior of

electrons are:electrons are:

a.a. ++ && -- charges balancecharges balanceb. Electrons tend to pairb. Electrons tend to pairc. Electron shells tend to fillc. Electron shells tend to fill

2. How atoms 2. How atoms attemptattempt to fulfill the ETs to fulfill the ETsa. Gain electrons (reduction)a. Gain electrons (reduction)b. Lose electrons (oxidation)b. Lose electrons (oxidation)c. Share electronsc. Share electrons

3. Ionic Bonds4. Covalent Bonds


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a. Types of Covalent Bondsa. Types of Covalent Bondsi. Single, Double, Triple

Octet ruleOctet rule

ii. Bond Polarity & Electronegativity

PolarPolarNonpolarNonpolar IonicIonic


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5. Hydrogen Bonds5. Hydrogen Bonds

ProteinsProteins

DNADNA


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6. van der Waals Forces6. van der Waals Forces

A Review of Bond TypesA Review of Bond Types


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E. Water & LifeE. Water & Life


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1. Waters dissolving power1. Waters dissolving powera. Distributes important chemicals throughout the bodya. Distributes important chemicals throughout the body


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2. Water dissociates2. Water dissociatesa. pHa. pH

== Negative ofNegative of

logarithm oflogarithm ofhydrogen ionhydrogen ionconcentration: 10concentration: 10 --77 = 0.0000001= 0.0000001

1010 --66 = 0.000001= 0.000001

1010 --88 = 0.00000001= 0.00000001b. Acids, Basesb. Acids, Basesc. Buffersc. Buffers


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IV. Molecules of LifeIV. Molecules of LifeA. CarbonA. Carbon The Element of LifeThe Element of Life

1. Versatile bonding properties1. Versatile bonding properties

2. Functional groups2. Functional groups3. Macromolecules3. Macromolecules

KetoneKetoneAldehydeAldehyde

HH HHHH

MonomerMonomervs PolymerPolymer

4. Macromolecule synthesis/degradationa. Dehydration synthesisa. Dehydration synthesisb. Hydrolysisb. Hydrolysis

WaterWater


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B. CarbohydratesB. Carbohydrates(CH(CH22O)O)NN

N = 5,6 (usually)1. Monosaccharides1. Monosaccharides

a. Isomers2. Disaccharides2. Disaccharides


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3. Polysaccharides3. Polysaccharidesa. Chitina. Chitinb. Starchb. Starch

c. Cellulosec. Cellulosed. Glycogend. Glycogen


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C. LipidsC. Lipids1. Hydrophobic substances2. Functions:

Energy storageEnergy storageHeat InsulatorsHeat InsulatorsLubricantsLubricantsHormonesHormonesMembranesMembranesBouyancyBouyancy

3. Triglyceridesa. Glycerola. Glycerolb. Fatty Acidsb. Fatty Acids

i. Saturatedii. Unsaturated

a. Electronegativity & Bondsa. Electronegativity & Bondsi. If the electronegativities are equal (i.e. if the electronegativity difference

is 0), the bond is non-polar covalentii. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is greater

than 0, but less than 2.0, the bond is polar covalentiii. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is 2.0, or

greater, the bond is ionic

Each CEach C--H bond is polar becauseH bond is polar becausecarbon is more electronegative thancarbon is more electronegative than

hydrogen; however, each Chydrogen; however, each C--H bond inH bond inCHCH44 is arranged symmetrically (allis arranged symmetrically (allangles are 109.5angles are 109.5oo) so that the dipoles) so that the dipolescancel out resulting in no net dipolecancel out resulting in no net dipole

for the moleculefor the molecule


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4. Phospholipids4. Phospholipidsa. Head/tailsa. Head/tails

5. Micelles5. Micelles6. Phospholipid Bilayer

6. Phospholipid Bilayer7. Cell Membrane7. Cell Membrane


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8. Waxes8. Waxes9. Steroids9. Steroids

a. Hormonesa. Hormones

b. Cholesterolb. CholesterolThe Good & BadThe Good & Badii. Arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis

ii. Cell Membraneii. Cell Membraneiii.iii. Fight Bacteria?Fight Bacteria?iv. Fat Digestioniv. Fat Digestionv. Vitamin Dv. Vitamin Dvi. Menstruationvi. Menstruation


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D. ProteinsD. Proteins1.1. Long chains of Amino AcidsLong chains of Amino Acids

a. Amino groupb. Carboxyl group

c. R groupd. Peptide bonds

Polypeptides2. Functions2. Functions

StructuralEnergy ReservesHormonesEnzymesTransportContractileReceptor

Defensive3.3. Protein 3Protein 3--D structureD structure

a. Primaryb. Secondaryc. Tertiaryd. Quaternary

4. Hydrogen & Disulfide Bonds4. Hydrogen & Disulfide Bonds


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E. Nucleic AcidsE. Nucleic Acidsa. Longa. Long--chainschains

i.i. DNADNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid= Deoxyribonucleic Acid

ii.ii. RNARNA = Ribonucleic Acid= Ribonucleic Acidb. Single Nucleotidesb. Single Nucleotides

i.i. ATPATP = Adenosine Triphosphate= Adenosine Triphosphateii.ii. cAMPcAMP = Cyclic Adenosine= Cyclic Adenosine

MonophosphateMonophosphateiii.iii. CoenzymesCoenzymes (e.g.,NAD, NADP)(e.g.,NAD, NADP)


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F. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULESF. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES


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bio principles unit 1

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