BIO 1.0 Biodiesel Technical

OverviewTraining Course

Presented by the National Biodiesel

Board

National Biodiesel Board

• The National Biodiesel Board (NBB) is the trade association for the U.S. Biodiesel Industry

• Receives funding from 3 sources:– Soybean Check-off program (i.e. farmers)– Government Grants and programs– Biodiesel Producer contributions

• Technical, Regulatory, Marketing and Lobbying• Over $100MM over last 15 years

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Topics for Today:

• What is biodiesel?• Biodiesel Production & Performance• Biodiesel Attributes & Benefits• ASTM Specifications & Fuel Quality• OEM Acceptance• Biodiesel Use & Handling• Biodiesel Resources

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Learning Objectives

Provide comprehensive training seminar about biodiesel production, use, performance, quality, and emissions

Provide access to industry experts for more detailed questions and answers about biodiesel

Introduce the National Biodiesel Board’s Diesel Technician Training program and the program resources to the audience

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Learning Outcomes

Be able to answer general questions about biodiesel that you may be asked as a technician

Be able to identify the key reasons why customers want biodiesel

Be able to explain the importance of biodiesel fuel quality and the BQ-9000 program

Be able to discern issues between normal diesel problems and poor quality biodiesel imposters or out-of-spec biodiesel when they hit the shop

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What is Biodiesel?

• biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from plant oils or animal fats, designated B100.

• biodiesel blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.

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Domestic Feedstocks

Corn Oil from DGS

Yellow Grease

Animal Fats

Brassica Juncea Camelina Oil

Soybean Oil

Cottonseed Oil

Canola Oil

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Making Biodiesel

(Catalyst)

100 pounds + 10 pounds = 10 pounds + 100 poundsTriglyceride Alcohol Glycerine Mono-Alkyl

Esters (Oil/Fat) (Methanol) (Biodiesel)

• Biodiesel is commonly produced through a process called transesterification

• Raw Oils and Fats are NOT Biodiesel• Other ‘Renewable Products’ are NOT Biodiesel • Must be long chain mono alkyl esters of fats/oils• Must meet ASTM D 6751 - Biodiesel (B100) spec in

place since 2001 and being continually improved

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Why Biodiesel?

Why Biodiesel?Attributes and Benefits

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Benefits of Biodiesel

Performance• Biodiesel blends up to B20 can

be used in any diesel engine without modification, according to manufacturers’ recommendations

• High Cetane (avg. over 50)• B20 provides similar horse-

power, torque, towing capability and fuel economy

• High Lubricity, even in blends as low as 1-2%

• Ultra Low Sulfur avg < 2 ppm• Reduces HC, PM, CO in diesel

engines

B5: The official fuel of the 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup

Racing Series.

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Enhanced Lubricity

Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel

0100200300400500600700800

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Biodiesel Blend (%)

HFRR WSD (micron)

• Equipment benefits– Superior lubricity– B2 has up to 66% more

lubricity than #2 Diesel

• EPA required sulfur reduction in diesel

• No overdosing concerns

Benefits of BiodieselEnvironment • 50% to 80% Lifecycle Carbon Reduction• 4.56 : 1 Positive Energy Balance• B100 is Biodegradable and Non-toxic• Reduces PM, CO, HC by up to 50% compared to

petrodiesel in non-aftertreatment engines• In 2008 alone, biodiesel’s contribution to

greenhouse gas emissions reduction was equal to the emissions of 980,000 passenger vehicles

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Benefits of Biodiesel

Energy Security • Renewable, domestic resource• Biodiesel produced in the U.S. in 2008

displaced 38.1 million barrels of crude oil

Green Jobs/Economic Growth•In one year, supported 51,893 jobs in all sectors of the economy •Added $4.287 billion to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product

ASTMAmerican Society of Testing & Materials

Biodiesel Specifications and Fuel Quality

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ASTM Standards for Biodiesel• ASTM D6751 is the approved standard for B100 for

blending up to B20, in effect since 2001– Performance-based standard: Feedstock and Process Neutral– 47 states have now legislatively adopted the ASTM D6751

specifications for biodiesel

• D975 – Covers petrodiesel and blends up to 5% biodiesel maximum for on/off road engines

• D7467 – Covers blends containing 6% to 20% biodiesel for on/off road engines

• 47 States have adopted ASTM D6751 into law

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Biodiesel Specifications

BQ-9000 Program

•Biodiesel Industry’s equivalent to an ISO 9000 program for biodiesel production & distribution companies as well as testing labs

•BQ-9000 works hand-in-hand with the ASTM specifications for biodiesel

•Quality Control System covers biodiesel manufacturing, sampling, testing, blending, storage, shipping, distribution

•ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies•Many OEMs are now either requiring or strongly encouraging BQ-9000 16

Biodiesel Industry Overview

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Current Industry Resource

Existing Oils/Fats Available for Biodiesel:

• 750 Million Gallons Soy Oil• 200 Million Gallons Canola• 400 Million Gallons Animal Fats

and Used Cooking Oil• 400 Million Gallons Corn Oil 1.75 Billion Domestic Gallons

Current Industry Capacity

• 176 Plants• 2.7 Billion Gallons

per Year of Capacity

National Biodiesel Board 20

U.S. Biodiesel Production

0

100,000,000

200,000,000

300,000,000

400,000,000

500,000,000

600,000,000

700,000,000

800,000,000

900,000,000

1,000,000,000

Gallons

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Changes toEPACT

Bioenergy Program

Biodiesel Tax

Incentive

Production Potential for

1 Billion Gallons

RFS-2

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Biodiesel Infrastructure

• Biodiesel and biodiesel blends are now available nationwide from more than:– 1,489 Distributors– 1,339 Retailers– 775 Truck Stops– 3,603 Public Locations Total

• Visit the NBB website at: www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/ or www.biotrucker.com to view biodiesel retailers near you, by state, or along a route 21

Biodiesel Pump Labeling

No Label Required: Fuel blends containing no more than five percent biodiesel

and no more than 5 percent biomass-based diesel and that meet ASTM D975.

Labels Required: Fuel blends containing more than five but no more than 20

percent biodiesel or biomass-based diesel. Fuel blends containing more than 20 percent biodiesel or

biomass-based diesel.

Separate Labels for Biodiesel (Blue) & Biomass-Based Diesel (Orange)

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Biodiesel’s Promising Future

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• The new Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-2) final rule, issued on February 4, 2010

• Start Date – July 1, 2010• Mandates 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel be used by

obligated parties (i.e. refiners) by 2022– 1 billion gallons biomass based diesel, 4 billion gallons un-

differentiated advanced biofuel

• Biodiesel is the ONLY commercially available fuel that has been approved by the U.S. EPA as an “Advanced Biofuel”: 50% GHG reduction vs. petrodiesel

The EPA and the RFS-2

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Legislative Incentives for Biodiesel

Other Federal Legislative Incentives for Biodiesel:

• Federal Tax Incentive• EPACT Credits

– Incentive for Fleets for B20+ Use; Least cost option• CAFÉ Credits

– Incentive for Automakers for B20+ approval• Federal Clean Diesel Tax Credits

– Incentive for Consumers - $250 - $3400

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State Mandated & Incentivized Markets

State Mandates• In Effect:

• Minnesota, 40 (MGPY)• Washington, 12• Oregon, 14• Pennsylvania, 26• Misc. Fleets, 15

Total: 107 MGPY

Next to Implement:• Massachusetts & Louisiana • B2 requirements: 34 MGPY

Consumption Incentives• Illinois/Iowa/New York sales tax

exemption: 70-120 MGPY.

Total mandated/incentivized volume: 180-230 MGPY.• 430-490 MGPY in 2015.

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Biodiesel Use & OEM Acceptance

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OEM Warranty Statements & Biodiesel

• All major U.S. OEMs support at least B5 and lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751 – Most OEMs are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier

• More than 55% of U.S. manufacturers now support B20 or higher blends in at least some of their equipment

• Several more OEMs are completing testing and progressing toward support for B20 now that new ASTM standards for B6-B20 blends have been published (ASTM D7467) and biodiesel support by their competitors is increasing

• For a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, as well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List, visit: – http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/oems

All 2011 GM Heavy Duty Products are approved for B20:

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Chevrolet Silverado

GMC Sierra

Chevrolet Express

GMC Savana

B20 Approved

GM Engine and Vehicle Upgrades for 2011

• Seal and gasket material upgrades• An upgraded fuel filter that includes a coalescing element• Improved water separation with both biodiesel and

conventional fuels• A downstream injector for diesel particulate filter

regeneration• Reduced oil dilution with B20 fuel• Additional heating to the fuel circuit• Reduces filter plugging from fuel gelling or waxing

GM Biodiesel Capability

• Extensive validation was done using B20• B100 used was soy methyl ester meeting

ASTM D6751• Finished B20 met ASTM D7467• Use only fuels that meet these specifications

GM Summary

• 2011 Model Year GM Duramax Diesels B20 Capable

• Significant hardware upgrades facilitate this• Starting January 1st, 2010, all GM diesels

meet 2010 emissions requirements by using SCR systems

Ford approves B20 in all its 2011 Ford F-Series Super Duty Trucks

B20 Approved for Fleets

Chrysler supports the use of B20 in the Dodge Ram for

government, military and commercial

fleets

B20 Approved for Fleets

OEMs Supporting At Least B20

B100 ApprovalB100 Approval

• The following companies approve biodiesel use up to B100:– Case IH (approx. 50% of models)– New Holland

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OEM Biodiesel Blend Approvals

• Approve B5:– Audi – BMW– Mercedes– UD Trucks– Volkswagen

* Exceptions have been made for B20 use by fleets

• Approve B5*:• Detroit Diesel / Daimler • Freightliner• Isuzu• Kubota • Mack• Peterbilt • Sterling• Thomas Built Buses• Volvo*

For the Latest OEM Updates…

• Visit: http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/oemsfor a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, and the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List

• New biodiesel content on GM and Ford websites:– GM Press Release on B20 Support:

http://www.gm.com:80/corporate/responsibility/environment/news/2010/b20_biodiesel_020810.jsp

– Ford Video featuring Mike Rowe touting the benefits of B20http://www.fordvehicles.com/2011Superduty/?p=features&video=b20-capable

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Fleet Use of Biodiesel

• Some of the many major truck fleets using biodiesel blends include:

• Double D Express• JB Hunt• Sysco Corporation• U.S. Food Service• U.S. Postal Service• Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup Transport Team

• Visit http://www.biotrucker.org/testimonials/ for more input from biodiesel users

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Biodiesel Use and Handling

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Bioheat and Safety

Biodiesel Use & Handling

• Refer to the Biodiesel Use & Handling Guidelines available on the Biodiesel Training Toolkit and at: http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/43672.pdf

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Using Biodiesel:

Biodiesel Use and Handling Guidelines:• Ensure the biodiesel meets the ASTM specification for pure biodiesel

(ASTM D 6751) before blending with petro diesel. • Purchase biodiesel and biodiesel blends from companies that have

been registered under the BQ-9000 fuel quality program when possible.

• Ensure your biodiesel blend supplier provides a homogenous product.

• Avoid long term storage of B20 and higher blends to prevent degradation. Biodiesel should be used within six months.

• Prior to transitioning to B20, it is recommended that tanks be cleaned and free from sediment and water. Check for water and drain regularly if needed. Monitor for microbial growth and treat with biocides as recommended by the biocide manufacturer.

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Using Biodiesel:

• Biodiesel and biodiesel blends have excellent cleaning properties. Fuel filters on the vehicles and in the delivery system may need to be changed more frequently upon initial B20 use; after that, system runs cleaner with no issues.

• Be aware of the biodiesel blend’s cold weather properties and take appropriate precautions. When operating in winter climates, use winter blended diesel fuel. Make sure the biodiesel blend cloud point is adequate for the geographical region and time of year the fuel will be used.

• Perform regularly scheduled maintenance as dictated by the engine operation and maintenance manual.

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Biodiesel and Aftertreatment Systems

Biodiesel is compatible with Diesel Particulate Filters, and has some distinct advantages:• Lowers regeneration temperatures• Less engine out particulate matter• May provide increased performance and decreased maintenance vs.

ULSD alone• May provide increased fuel economy

Regeneration mode is important• Late in-cylinder injection may cause increased fuel dilution of engine

oil and limit the level of biodiesel that can be used (i.e. B20 or B5)• Most US heavy duty applications use exhaust stream fuel injection

which is compatible with B20, perhaps higher blends• Some light duty OEMs recommend max B5 at present

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B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop

• With in-spec B20 and lower, the issues you can expect to see in your shop are the same as you will see with petrodiesel

• Except:– Expect to see fewer lubricity related issues– Expect to see fewer problems with after-treatment– Filter related issues may be related to cleaning effect upon

first use, or are likely normal diesel issues or out of spec or imposter biodiesel

– Less black smoke from exhaust!

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OEM Warranty Statements & Biodiesel

• All major U.S. OEMs support at least B5 and lower blends, provided they are made with biodiesel meeting ASTM D 6751 – Most OEMs are also recommending use of a BQ-9000 supplier

• More than 55% of U.S. manufacturers now support B20 or higher blends in at least some of their equipment

• Several more OEMs are completing testing and progressing toward support for B20 now that new ASTM standards for B6-B20 blends have been published (ASTM D7467) and biodiesel support by their competitors is increasing

• For a complete listing of OEM position statements on biodiesel, as well as the current U.S. Diesel Vehicles List, visit: – http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/oems

Biodiesel Resources

www.biodiesel.org•Biodiesel Training Toolkit

•News Releases & Information Resources

•Technical Library, Spec Sheets & Videos

•OEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel

• U.S. Diesel Vehicle List

www.BQ-9000.org •Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies

www.biotrucker.com•Listing of BioTrucker retail sites

www.biodieselautomotive.org•Dedicated to information exchange for biodiesel & diesel technicians

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Thank You!Questions…?

Rachel BurtonOEM Diesel Technician Training Programwrenchwench@blast.comTel: 919-444-3495

Call NBB at 1-800-841-5849Visit www.biodiesel.org

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