MACROMOLECULES

BIO.A.2.2.1: To explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromoleculesObjective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon

Warmup: What do you think of when you hear the word organic ?MACROMOLECULESCARBONI. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesCarbons atomic structure:

How many electrons arein carbons valence electronlevel? 4

Is carbon reactive? Yes, its not full

How many bonds can carbonform? 4

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesBecause carbon can form these bonds, it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form a variety of carbon backbones (skeletons).

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesCarbon backbones are drawn based on their chemical formulas. For example, which carbon arrangement above matches to:

C6H12straight chainC6H6ringC6H14branched

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesOrganic molecules contain carbon attached to hydrogen. Oxygen and nitrogen may also be in the molecule.

Example: C6H12O6 and C18H34O3

Inorganic molecules contain carbon or hydrogen but not both. They are usually described as being non-carbon based.

Example: H2O, NaCl, CO2

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesUsing these definitions, identify the following molecules as either organic (O) or inorganic (I)

C5H12 = OH3PO4 = INaCl = IHCl = INH3 =ICH4 = OC10H22 =OCO2 =IH2O =IC3H8 =O

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesOrganic molecules also contain functional groups. These groups are responsible for organic molecules having specific properties.

I. Carbon Is The Main Ingredient of Organic MoleculesCommon examples are shown below:

Elements in each group:oxygen, hydrogen

carbon, oxygen

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

hydrogen, nitrogen

sulfur, hydrogen

Check Your Understanding:1. In order for a molecule to be classified as organic, it must contain hydrogen and ________.A) fatB) waterC) carbonD) sugar

2. Atoms of what element form the backbone of large, complex molecules such as sugars and fats? A) OxygenB) SodiumC) CarbonD) Sulfur

Check Your Understanding:3. Carbon atoms have four electrons in their outer shell. This means that a single carbon atom can form up to_______ bonds with other atoms. A) twoB) fourC) sixD) eight

Check Your Understanding:4. Why can carbon form chains, branches and rings?A) Most organic compounds are ionicB) It has four electrons in its outermost shellC) It only bonds with hydrogenD) Most organic compounds have functional groups

5. Carbon is able to form diversity of organic molecules because of carbonsA) Ability to bond with up to four other atoms.B) Capacity to form single and double bonds.C) Ability to bond together to form extensive branched, unbranched and ring structures.D) All of the choices are correct.II. Building and Breaking MacromoleculesLarge molecules in living things are called macromoleculesThey are also referred to as polymersEach is composed of smaller subunits called monomers

II. Building and Breaking MacromoleculesFour macromolecules in humans:

MacromoleculeMonomerFunctionExample (Polymer)

CarbohydrateMonosaccharideBroken downglucosefor chemical sucroseenergystarchCompose plantcell walls

II. Building and Breaking MacromoleculesFour macromolecules in humans:

MacromoleculeMonomerFunctionExample (Polymer)

Lipid Glycerol Builds membranes Fats & fatty acidBroken down for Oilschemical energy Waxes

II. Building and Breaking MacromoleculesFour macromolecules in humans:

MacromoleculeMonomerFunctionExample (Polymer)

ProteinsAmino acidsControls chemicalAlbuminreactionsMany other jobsHemoglobin

II. Building and Breaking MacromoleculesFour macromolecules in humans:

MacromoleculeMonomerFunctionExample (Polymer)

Nucleic acidsNucleotidesStore genetic DNAinformationBuild proteinsRNA

II. Building and Breaking Macromoleculeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM

Building Polymers: dehydration synthesis (or condensation)de = removehydro = water

II. Building and Breaking Macromoleculeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM

Building Polymers: dehydration synthesis (or condensation)

Example:

Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H2O

C6H6O6 + C6H6O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

Each time a monomer is added to the chain, a H2O molecule is released.

II. Building and Breaking Macromoleculeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM

Breaking Polymers: hydrolysishydro = waterlysis = to break

II. Building and Breaking Macromoleculeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM

Breaking Polymers: hydrolysis

Example:

Sucrose + H2O Glucose + Fructose

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H6O6 + C6H6O6

Bonds are broken in a polymer by adding an H2O molecule to them.

Check Your Understanding:1. Polymers form (breakdown into) monomers with the consumption of which chemical compound?A) ADPB) WaterC) EthaneD) Nitrogen

2. Polymers are formed from monomers with the removal of what molecule? A) ADPB) WaterC) EthaneD) Nitrogen

Check Your Understanding:3. The diagram above shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called?A) GlycolysisB) HydrolysisC) PhotosynthesisD) Dehydration synthesis (condensation)