bioarchaeology of homo sapiens

7/30/2019 Bioarchaeology of Homo Sapiens

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The Origin, Dispersal andBioarchaeology of

Homo sapiens

Chapter 13

ATH 255


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Chapter goals

Examine three sources of evidence:

hominid fossils

archaeological recordGenetic - DNA [modern and ancient]

See handout [from Auerbach, B., ed.

Human Variation in the Americas]

1.

2.

3.

4.


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Anatomical signals of Homo

sapiens in the cranium


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Homo sapiens CraniaHigh domed

[rounded] cranium

Retracted face

Delicate jaw

Modern Skull


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Bulging of Parietal Region

Cro MagnonModern


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Cranial Vault - Modern Crania

Qafzeh

1350 cc varies

Vertical forehead

Rounded occipital

contour

loss of

transverse

occipital torus


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Mandible - Modern Crania

Qafzeh

No retromolar

gap

Always a

distinctive chin


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Modern Crania

Qafzeh

Face tucked

under anterior

braincase

Flexed cranial

base


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Modern Crania

Brow ridges reduced

Males > FemalesBrow ridges separated


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Modern Crania

Canine Fossa

None inNeanderthals

Present in African H.

heidelbergensis


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Cranial Features of ModernsVariability in features

Qafzehliving people


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Postcrania

Reduction in robusticity

Reduced muscle markings

Thinner cortical bone

Early are warm adapted

Tall and thin

Later morphology reflect Bergmans andAllens rules


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Reconstructions

French anatomist & sculptress,

Elisabeth Daynes

From specific fossil individuals:

examples: H.s.s., Mechta Afalou,Algeria; H.s.n./H.n. La Ferrasie 1,

Dordogne, France.


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Homo sapiens sapiens ~ 25,000 yearsago; Mechta Afalou, Algeria


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Homo sapiens sapiens ~ 25,000 years ago


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La Ferrassie 1, Neandertal

Dordogne, France


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Neandertal male based on La Ferrassie

1


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Neandertal male based on La Ferrassie 1

profile


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Incisor Wear: this image from chapter 12

powerpoint see next two slides !


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H. neanderthalensis Classic male

Museum of Natural History NYC diorama


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H. neanderthalensis Classic female

Museum of Natural History NYC diorama


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On the VergeHerto, Ethiopia Fig

13.3

Two adultsOne juvenile

Nature 2003

About 160,000 yearsago

H. sapiens sapiens or

H. sapiens idaltu


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Homo sapiens120k to about 50k

South Africa

Klassies River Mouth



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Near East Homo sapiensQafzeh and Skhul, Israel

110,000- 90,000 years ago

Logical place for movement outof Africa

Mammalian fossil compositionsimilar to African

Qafzeh


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Oase 1

Romania

36-34,000 years ago

40,000 years ago to

presentUpper Paleolithic Tools

European Homo sapiens


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Cro Magnon

France

27,000 years ago

Typical - Other CroMagnon fossils more

mosaic?

European Homo sapiens

Cro Magnon


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Qafzeh

Skhul

Omo Kibish


Die Kelders

Border Cave


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Earliest Asian H. sapiensNiah Cave, Borneo

40,000 years ago

Debated stratigraphy &provenience

Wadjak, JavaEugene Dubois -

recovered late 1800s

40,000?


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Modern H. sapiens migration toAustralia


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Australian Homo sapiensLake Mungo40kya

1 adult femalecremated

1 old male, buried,covered in red ochre

Flake tools50kya


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Australia, Lake Mungo ~ 40,000

years ago


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Australian Homo sapiensKow Swamp

Willandra Lakes

More robust than

Lake Mungo

13,000 to 9,500

H. erectus traits?


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From Where Did We Come?

KNM ER 3733

Amud

Bodo


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From Where Did We Come?Two major models:

Multi-Regional

Replacement, aka,

Out-Of-Africa, orOOAII, or OOA2

Cro Magnon


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Multi-RegionalHypothesis

Out of Africa 2


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Multi-Regional HypothesisGeneral Concerns:

Regional characteristics may be parallel

evolution for similar environmental pressure

Strong variability in key features combined

with small sample size


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Multi-Regional HypothesisBy Region:

Europe lacks

transitional fossils

abrupt change at 40 k

Neanderthals overlapped

Cro Magnon for 10k


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evidence for interbreeding?Portugal 25,000

years ago

4-year-old

modern

chin

tooth size

pelvis

Neanderthal

short limbs


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Multi-Regional HypothesisBy Region:

Africa evolutionary series from H.

ergaster to H. sapiens

(This applies to both hypotheses)


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Multi-Regional HypothesisAborigines toJavanese H. erectus

brow ridgesreceding forehead

facial prognathism

Living Chineseupper face flatness

sagittal keel?

shovel-shapedincisors

Kow Swamp


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Replacement: Out of Africa 2Rapid Replacement Model


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An out of Africa phylogeny


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Replacement: Out of Africa 2Africa 130 k

160 kya

Israel 100 k

Europe 40 k to 30 kAsia 50 k

Australia 40 k

Skuhl


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800 k

400 k

0 k

100 k

Homoneanderthalensis

Homosapiens

H. sapiens in Africa antedate endof Neanderthals

Overlap

Disappearance of Neanderthalwith anatomically modern


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Technology


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Upper Paleolithic Tools40 27 K [Europe]

Chatelperronian (35 30 k)

Aurignacian (34 27 k)blades

burins

compound tools

novel materials

variable assemblages

rapid pace technologicaldevelopment


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Upper Paleolithic blade tools in flint


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L: Skhul, Israel; R: Cro-Magnon, France

Upper Paleolithic technology


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Upper Paleolithic Tools Magdalenian


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Upper Paleolithic Tools Solutrean Laurel

leaf blades and engravers


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Upper Paleolithic -Solutre, FranceHorse Kill Site


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Upper Paleolithic burials and settlements

in Europe


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Upper Paleolithic burials and settlements

in Dordogne, France


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Sungir, Burial Upper Paleolithic 23,000 years ago~ 130 miles East of Moscow

Grave goods headband carved ivory & teeth of Arctic fox;beads, bracelets


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African EvidenceArchaeological evidence in MSA looks

modern

E.g. blades 75,000; microliths 65,000

more evolutionary than revolutionary p.343 [McBrearty and Brooks]


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The Spread of Image Making


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Homo sapiensArt

Wall paintings

[parietal]

Portable art

Rare or never forNeanderthals


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Homo sapiens ArtCave painting

E.g.s - Altamira,

Spain Lascaux, France32,000 years agok

mixed ores and oils toextend paint life


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Homo sapiens ArtMeaning?

art for arts sake

magic

religion

territorial boundarieschoice of animals

identity


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Portable Art

45,000-38,000 years ago

Mumba Cave, Tanzania

Border Cave, SouthAfrica

ostrich shell beads

Homo sapiens Art


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Modern Behavior in MSA

Blombos Cave, SouthAfrica, 75,000 cross-

hatched ochre

Blombos Cave -Shellsdrilled with holes beads,

73,000 adornment?

Katanda, DRC, Harpoon-like bone points, 90,000+years ago


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Burial and Cremation

Upper Paleolithic Europe

Grave goods: beads, animal teeth [time &

labor intensive vignette]

Symbolic behavior ochre

Australia Cremation, Lake Mungo

ochreIsrael Qafzeh - ochre

bioarchaeology of homo sapiens

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