BIOCERAMICS

Presented By:Mr. M. B. Mulik

Guided By:Dr. N. H. Aloorkar

SATARA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SATARA.1

Contents:

1. Introduction2. History 3. General Concepts in Bioceramics4. Types of Bioceramics5. Applications of Bioceramics6. Future of Bioceramics7. Conclusion 8. References

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Bioceramics:

The class of ceramics used for repair and replacement

of diseased and damaged parts of the musculoskeletal

system are referred to as bioceramics.

OBJECTIVES:

To examine chemical/physical properties of ceramics.

To introduce the use of ceramics as biomaterials.

To explore concepts and mechanisms of bioactivity.

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Ceramics:

Ceramics are refractory polycrystalline compounds

• Inorganic

• Hard and brittle

• High compressive strength

Applications:

Orthopaedic load-bearing coatings

Dental implants

Bone graft substitutes

Bone cements

(keramikos- pottery in Greek)

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Advantages and disadvantages of bioceramics:

Biocompatible Wear resistant

Light weight

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History:

1892

• Report on use of plaster of paris (CaSO4, H2O)- Dressman.

1920• First successful use of

tricalcium phosphate.

1960’s • Hulbert and coworkers.

1963

• Successful study of ceramic bone substitute named Cerosium- Smith.

1980's• Use of bioceramics in human

surgery began.

1980’s• Hap coated implants were

seen.6

1997

• Coefficient of friction between alumina and zirconia is very low- Chevalier and Coworkers.

1998• Introduction of ‘TH-

Zirconia’ implants.

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General concepts in bioceramics:

The only substances that conform completely those that are

autogenous and any other substance that is recognized as

foreign, initiates some type of reaction (host-tissue

response).

Biomaterial may be described in or classified into

representing the tissues responses as:

Bioinert biomaterials.

Bioresorbable biomaterials.

Bioactive biomaterials. 8

Biocompatibility:

Biocompatibility was defined as, “the ability of a material

to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific

application.”

Components of biocompatibility:

• Cytotoxicity (systemic and local)

• Genotoxicity

• Mutagenicity

• Carcinogenicity

• Immunogenicity 9

Types of bioceramics:

Bioceramics

Bioinert

Bioactive

Bioresorbable

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1. Bioinert:

Maintain their physical and mechanical properties while

in host.

Resist corrosion and wear.

Have a reasonable fracture toughness.

Typically used as structural-support implant such as bone

plates, bone screw and femoral

heads.11

1. ALUMINA (Al203):

The main source of alumina or aluminium oxide is bauxite

and native corundum.

Highly stable oxide – very chemically inert.

Low fracture toughness and tensile strength – high

compression strength.

Very low wear resistance.

Quite hard material,

varies from 20 to 30 GPa.

Continued….

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ALUMINAHigh hardness + low friction + low wear + inert to in vivo environment.

Ideal material for use in:

Orthopaedic joint replacement component, e.g. femoral

head of hip implant.

Orthopaedic load-bearing implant.

Implant coating.

Dental implants.

Continued….

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2. Bioactive:

Direct and strong chemical bond with tissue.

Fixation of implants in the skeletal system.

Low mechanical strength and fracture toughness.

Examples:

Glass ceramic

Dense nonporous glasses

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Glass-ceramics are crystalline materials obtained by the

controlled crystallization of an amorphous parent glass.

Controlled crystallisation requires:

• Specific compositions.

• Usually a two-stage heat-treatment.

• Controlled nucleation

Controlled crystallization will

initiate growth of crystal of

small uniform size.

Glass ceramics:

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3. Bio-Resorbable:

Chemically broken down by the body and degrade.

The resorbed material is replaced by endogenous tissue.

Chemicals produced as the ceramic is resorbed must be

able to be processed through the normal metabolic

pathways of the body without evoking any deleterious

effect.

Synthesized from chemical

(synthetic ceramic) or natural

sources (natural ceramic). 16

Examples of Resorbable Bioceramics:

1. Calcium phosphate

2. Calcium sulfate, including plaster of Paris

3. Hydroxyapatite

4. Tricalcium phosphate

5. Ferric-calcium-phosphorous oxides

6. Corals

Continued…

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Synthetic ceramic:

Calcium phosphate and Hydroxyapatite:

Can be crystallized into salts such as Hydroxyapatite.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has a similar properties with

mineral phase of bone and teeth.

Important properties of HAP:

• Excellent biocompatibility.

• Form a direct chemical bond with

hard tissue.

Continued…

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Natural ceramic:

Biocoral:

Corals transformed into HAP.

Biocompatible.

Facilitate bone growth.

Used to repair traumatized bone, replaced disease bone and

correct various bone defect.

Bone scaffold.

Continued…

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Applications of Bioceramics:

Bioceramics as endodontic sealer:

e.g. Hydroxyapatite20

Bioceramics as a root repair material:

e.g. Endosequence

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Bioceramics as drug delievery system:

Bioceramics

Anti-inflammato

ry

AnticancerAntibacteri

als

Antibiotics

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Bioceramics in optholmology:

e.g. Bioactive Glass Ceramic, Aluminium Oxide

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Bioceramics in Orthopaedics:

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Pulp Capping With Bioceramics:

e.g. Calcium Hydroxide, Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE)

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Bioceramics With Sauna:

• Thermal properties help to reduce fluid (water) and accumulated toxins.

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Current Status And Trends:

Calcium phosphates for bone

grafting and tissue

engineering.

Calcium phosphates as fillers

in composites.

Chemically and physically

modified hydroxyapatite.

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Animal testing, clinical trials, a

new material takes around 15

to 20 years to hit the market.

Trend is towards resorbable

materials which eliminate the

need for a secondary procedure

and mouldable materials.

Current Status And Trends:

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Future of Bioceramics:

Enhanced bioactivity in terms of gene activation.

Improvement in the performance of biomedical coatings in

terms of their mechanical stability and ability to deliver

biological agents.

Development smart materials capable of combining

sensing with bioactivity.

Development of improved biomimetic composites.

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Conclusion: Bioceramics has evolved to become an integral and vital

segment of our modern health-care delivery system.

In the years to come the composition, microstructure, and

molecular surface chemistry of various types of

bioceramics will be tailored to match the specific

biological and metabolic requirements of tissues or disease

states.

“Molecular-based pharmaceutical" approach should be

coupled with the growth of genetic engineering and

information processing, resulting in a range of products and

applications. 31

References:

1. Dr. Rieger W., Leyen S., Dr. Kobel S., Dr. Weber W., “The use of bioceramics in dental

and medical applications”, Digital Dental News., 2009, 6-13.

2. Heness G. and Ben-Nissan B., “Innovative Bioceramics”, Materials Forum Vol. 27

(2004) 104 – 114.

3. Jayaswal G. P., Dange S. P., Khalikar A. N., “Bioceramic in Dental Implants: A Review”,

Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society, 2010, 8–12.

4. Kohn D. H., “Bioceramics”, Standard Handbook Of Biomedical Engineering And

Design, 2004, 13.1-13.24.

5. Hench L. L., Bioceramics: From Concept to Clinic, journal of the American Ceramic

Society - Hench , Vol. 74, 1991, 487-510.

6. Chakraborty J. and Basu D., “Bioceramics- A New Era”, Topical Reviews, Vol. 64(4),

2005, 171-192.

7. Thamaraiselvi T. V. and Rajeswari S., “Biological Evaluation of Bioceramic Materials -

A Review”, Trends iomater. Artif. Organs, Vol. 18 (1), 2004, 9-17. 32

8. Robert B. Heimann, Materials Science of Crystalline Bioceramics:A Review of

Basic Properties and Applications, CMU. Journal, Vol. 1(1), 2002, 23-47.

9. Karkhanis M. U., Pisal S. S., Paradkar A. R. and Mahadik K. R., “Bioceramics -

Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications”, Journal of Scientific and Industrial

Research, Vol. 58, 1999, 321-326.

10. Koch K., Brave D., and Ali A., “A review of bioceramic technology in

endodontics”, bioceramic technology, 2012, 6-12.

11. Malhotra S., Hegde M. N. and Shetty C., British Journal of Medicine & Medical

Research, Vol. 4(12), 2014, 2446-2554.

12. Baxter F. R., Bowen C. R., Turner I. G., and Dent A. C. E., “Electrically Active

Bioceramics: A Review of Interfacial Responses”, Annals of Biomedical

Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2010, 2079-2092.

13. Dorozhkin S.V., “Calcium Orthophosphate-Based Bioceramics”, Materials

2013,Vol. 6,2013, 3840-3942.

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