biochem metabolism ii
DESCRIPTION
(c) Geromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMTTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOENERGETICS – Part 2HOW THE BODY CONVERTS FOOD TO ENERGY
Geromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT
![Page 2: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GLUCONEOGENESIS
• Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources– Lactate – All amino acids except leucine and lysine– Glycerol from fats
• Amino acids and glycerol are used only under starvation conditions
• Occurs primarily in the liver
![Page 3: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CORI CYCLE
![Page 5: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GLYCOGENESIS
• Formation of glycogen from glucose
• Occurs in the liver
• Influenced by insulin – Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase– Stimulates glycogen synthase and
glucokinase
![Page 6: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
• Breakdown of stored glycogen to form glucose
• Influenced generally by glucagon and epinephrine in response to low blood glucose levels
• Glycogen phosphorylase is activated• Glycogen synthase is inhibited
![Page 9: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
(2) CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• Also known as the Kreb’s Cycle• Final stage of the breakdown of
carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids.
• Series of enzymes involved
![Page 15: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
KETONES
• Formed from beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acid metabolism due to low level of glucose (starvation and fasting)
• Low glucose supply slows down citric acid cycle– No glycolysis– No PEP production– Greatly reduced oxaloacetate production
• As a result, acetyl CoA builds up in the body
![Page 21: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(3) OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
• Is a series of reactions which couples the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to the phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP
• NADH = used to produce 3 ATPs• FADH2 = used to produce 2 ATPs
![Page 23: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NUMBER OF ATP PRODUCED BY THE COMPLETE OXIDATION OF ONE MOLECULE
OF GLUCOSEGlycolysis
– Substrate-level Phosphorylation 2 ATP– 2 NADH x 2 ATP/cytoplasmic NADH 4
ATP
Conversion of 2 pyruvate molecules to 2 acetyl CoA molecules– 2 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH 6 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle– 2 GTP x 1 ATP/GTP 2 ATP– 6 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH 18 ATP– 2 FADH2 x 2 ATP/FADH2 4
ATP
![Page 25: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CATABOLISM OF THE NITROGEN OF AMINO ACIDS
• Dietary proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids in digestion
• Amino acids are primarily used to synthesize new proteins
• Cannot be stored, so excess amino acids are catabolized for energy production in the liver1. Transamination
2. Oxidative Deamination
3. Urea Cycle
![Page 28: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TRANSAMINATION
• Amino acids transfer their amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate
![Page 29: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
• Oxidative deamination of glutamate
![Page 30: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
UREA CYCLE
• Ammonia is converted to urea
![Page 31: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CATABOLISM OF HEME
• Red Blood Cells– 80 – 120 days life span– Destroyed by the phagocytic cells– Hemoglobin is metabolized
• Globin is hydrolyzed to amino acids• Heme is oxidized to biliverdin and
finally reduced to bilirubin• Bilirubin enters the liver• Iron is preserved in ferritin and reused
![Page 33: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Biochem Metabolism II](https://reader038.vdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102700/554b4caab4c905b5378b551e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
NEXT ON BIOCHEMISTRYNUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTION