biochemistry carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
Primary source of energy
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1 Ratio of C:H:O
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Carbohydrates
The building blocks (monomers) of carbs are called monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the most simple sugars.
The include Glucose “blood sugar” Galactose “milk
sugar” Fructose “fruit sugar”
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Carbohydrates
Joining two monosaccharides forms a disaccharide
Example: Sucrose “table
sugar”
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Carbohydrates
Another disaccharide is lactose Some people are
lactose intolerant -lack the enzyme to break lactose into glucose and galactose
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Carbohydrates
Long chains of monosaccharides are called
polysaccharides
Example:
Starch- many glucoses!! Function:Energy Storage
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Carbohydrates
More polysaccharides
Example:
Cellulose- glucose that we cannot digestFunction:
Strength & Rigidity
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Carbohydrates
More Polysacharides:Cellulose-Also called “fiber”• You can’t digest it• Ends up as feces• Cleans the colon
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Carbohydrates
More Polysaccharides:
Glycogen“animal starch”- highly branched glucose Function:
Energy storage
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Carbohydrates
MorePolysaccharides Example:
Chitin Function: forms
exoskeletons and fungi cell walls
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Lipids
Examples: Fats, Steroids, and Phospholipids
Non-polar Insoluble in water Functions
Long term energy storage Insulation & cushion Cell membranes Hormones
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Lipids
Solid @ room temp No double bonds
@ least one double bon
Liquid @ room temp
BAD fats!
“GOOD” fats
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Lipids
Triglycerides AKA “body fat” Made of 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol
molecule
Function:Energy storage, insulation
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Lipids
Ringed carbon structures
Often hormones Included as lipids
b/c they are insoluble in water
Steroids
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Lipids
Steroid Examples:Chlorophyll Light absorbing
pigment Ringed
structure Lipid b/c of
insolubility
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Lipids
Phospholipids Main component
of cell membranes (Phospholipid bilayer) Hydrophilic heads hydrophobic lipid
tails
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Proteins
Monomer (building block) is the amino acid
20 different amino acids
Peptide bonds-Hold amino acids together
Polypeptide-Long chain of amino acids
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Proteins
Example:
Hemoglobin:iron containing protein - transports oxygen through the blood
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Proteins
Example:Collagen
Structural Protein found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones
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Protein
Example:Contractile proteins Make up muscles Allow for
movement
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Proteins
Example:Enzymes-
Speed up rate of chemical reactions
Lower activation energy
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Proteins
Enzymes: end in “ase” Enzymes are never
used up, just recycled!
Denatured enzymes – have lost their shape This happens due to:
Temperature Too much salt pH
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Proteins
ENZYME EXAMPLE: At what
temperature does the enzyme represented in this graph work best?
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
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Nucleic Acids
DNADeoxyribonucleic acid(double strand)
RNARibonucleic acid(single strand)
Hereditary molecules
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Nucleic Acid
Monomers (building blocks) of Nucleic acids are called:
NucleotidesThey’re made of:
Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose)
Phosphate group nitrogen base
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Nucleic Acid
ATP aka
Adenosine Triphosphate
Special nucleotide for energy storage and release