biochemistry chapter 3. biochemistry water review 3-1 carbon compounds3-2 molecules of life
TRANSCRIPT
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
Chapter 3Chapter 3
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Biochemistry
Water Review
3-1 Carbon Compounds 3-2 Molecules of Life
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WaterWater1.1. PolarityPolarity
2.2. Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding
1.1. CohesionCohesion= same= same
• High Specific Heat High Specific Heat
2.2. AdhesionAdhesion= different= different
• Universal SolventUniversal Solvent
3.3. CapillarityCapillarity
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3.1 Carbon Compounds3.1 Carbon Compounds1.1. Organic v. InorganicOrganic v. Inorganic2.2. Carbon (C) BondingCarbon (C) Bonding
a.a. 4 covalent bonds!!4 covalent bonds!!b.b. Arrangements: chain, branched chain, Arrangements: chain, branched chain,
ringringc.c. Single, double, triple bondsSingle, double, triple bonds
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Other Forms Carbon TakesOther Forms Carbon Takes
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups1.1. Hydroxyl GroupHydroxyl Group
• (-OH) (-OH) • Hydrophilic vs. HydrophobicHydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
• AlcoholAlcohol
2.2. Carboxyl GroupCarboxyl Group
• (-COOH)(-COOH)
• Acetic AcidAcetic Acid
3.3. Amino GroupAmino Group
• (-NH(-NH22))
4.4. PhosphatePhosphate
• (-PO(-PO44))
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Large Carbon MoleculesLarge Carbon Molecules
1.1. MonomersMonomers: building blocks: building blocks
2.2. PolymersPolymers: 2 or more monomers : 2 or more monomers covalently bondedcovalently bonded
3.3. Macromolecules: Large polymers,Macromolecules: Large polymers,
aka aka biomoleculesbiomolecules
4.4. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates: sugars & starches: sugars & starches
1.1. LipidsLipids: fats, oils, waxes: fats, oils, waxes
2.2. Proteins: Proteins: enzymesenzymes
3.3. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids: DNA, RNA: DNA, RNA
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Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuU
1.1. Condensation ReactionCondensation Reaction- anabolic- anabolic• AKA AKA Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis• Monomer + monomer Monomer + monomer Polymer + H Polymer + H22OO
• MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides polysaccharides polysaccharides
• Glycerol + Fatty AcidsGlycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids Lipids
• Amino acidsAmino acids proteins proteins
• NucleotidesNucleotides nucleic acids nucleic acids
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Condensation Reaction, aka Condensation Reaction, aka Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
Remove H2O2 Monomers Bonded=
Polymer
ANABOLIC
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Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactions
2.2. Hydrolysis-Hydrolysis- CATABOLICCATABOLIC• Polymer + HPolymer + H22O O monomer + monomer monomer + monomer
• PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides monosaccharides monosaccharides
Add H2OSeparate polymer into:
2 monomers
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ATP (Energy Currency)ATP (Energy Currency)• Adenosine Triphosphate= ATPAdenosine Triphosphate= ATP
– Compound with energy body can USECompound with energy body can USE– 3 Phosphate groups attached3 Phosphate groups attached
•33rdrd PO PO44 bond= bond=STORE MOST ENERGYSTORE MOST ENERGY
Energy StoringEnergy Storing Energy ReleasingEnergy Releasing
AMP + P AMP + P ADP ADP ATP ATP ADP + P ADP + P
ADP + P ADP + P ATP ATP ADP ADP AMP + P AMP + P
3 Phosphate Groups
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ATP In More DetailATP In More Detail
http://http://www.youtube.comwww.youtube.com/watch?/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFwv=bbtqF9q_pFw
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3.2 Molecules of Life3.2 Molecules of Life
1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2. LipidsLipids
3.3. ProteinsProteins
4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH22O)O)nn
2.2. MonomerMonomer= monosaccharide= monosaccharide
3.3. PolymerPolymer= polysaccharide= polysaccharide
4.4. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups: : • Hydroxyl (-OH)Hydroxyl (-OH)
5.5. TypesTypes: : 1.1. Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose= Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose=
isomers isomers
2.2. Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactoseDisaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose
3.3. Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogenPolysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen
6.6. FunctionsFunctions::1.1. Easily accessible energy source (glucose)Easily accessible energy source (glucose)
2.2. Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)
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Monosaccharides: IsomersMonosaccharides: Isomers
C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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Who Makes What?Who Makes What?
All disaccharides
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Another…
Starch
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ProteinsProteins1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O, N: C, H, O, N2.2. MonomersMonomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body3.3. PolymersPolymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein
• Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°4.4. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups: : Carboxyl (-COOH)Carboxyl (-COOH)
• Amino (-NHAmino (-NH22))• R-Group (group that changes & determines aa)R-Group (group that changes & determines aa)
5.5. TypesTypes: muscles, hair and : muscles, hair and enzymesenzymes1.1. SubstrateSubstrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit : Lock & Key, Induced Fit 2.2. Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pHFactors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pH
6.6. FunctionsFunctions::1.1. Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)2.2. StructureStructure3.3. Transportation in/out of cell through channels Transportation in/out of cell through channels
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Amino Acid(Glycine) Amino
R GroupCarboxyl
Amino Acid(Alanine)
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• PolypeptidesPolypeptides form when form when three or more three or more amino acids are amino acids are joinedjoined
• Highly twisted Highly twisted and bent due to and bent due to H-bondingH-bonding
• Structure is Structure is related to related to function!!!function!!!
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4
http://kcassbiochem.wordpress.com/2013/04/13/enzymes-crash-course/
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Enzymes are affected byEnzymes are affected by Temperature: Temperature:
– – As temperature increases, enzyme As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases up to an optimum. Then activity increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C.it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C.
– The active sites are The active sites are denatureddenatured (altered)(altered)
pHpH: :
Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in stomach works best at 2in stomach works best at 2
Concentration: Concentration:
– – As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of activity increases. As the [ ] of the of activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate increases, rate of reaction substrate increases, rate of reaction decreasesdecreases
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LipidsLipids1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1): C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1)2.2. MonomersMonomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids= Glycerol & Fatty Acids3.3. PolymersPolymers= triglycerides, phospholipids, = triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids, waxes steroids, waxes 4.4. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH), : Carboxyl (-COOH),
sometimes phosphate (-POsometimes phosphate (-PO44))5.5. TypesTypes: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides : Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides
(TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids (TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids 6.6. FunctionsFunctions::
• Stores 2x amount of energy as carboStores 2x amount of energy as carbo’’s: long s: long termterm
• Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)• Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)• Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids)Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids)• Insulation Insulation
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The Monomers of The Monomers of LipidsLipids
Fatty Acid
Hydrocarbon chain
Hydroxyl
groups
Glycerol
-COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is attracted to water – Hydrophilic
The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.
Carboxyl group
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Lipids: TriglyceridesLipids: TriglyceridesSaturated v. Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride
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Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid BilayerOf Cell MembraneOf Cell Membrane
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Steroid: CholesterolSteroid: Cholesterol
1 Fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain
Waterproofing, protective cuticle on outside of plants, earwax
Waxes
4 fused carbon rings with functional group attached
Animal Hormones, testosterone,
estrogen, cholesterol (needed for normal nerve cell functioning)
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O, N, P: C, H, O, N, P
2.2. MonomersMonomers= Nucleotide= Nucleotide• 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base
3.3. PolymersPolymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose
4.4. Functional GroupFunctional Group: : • Phosphate group (-POPhosphate group (-PO44))
5.5. TypesTypes: DNA (in nucleus), RNA: DNA (in nucleus), RNA
6.6. FunctionsFunctions::1.1. Genetic Information (DNA)Genetic Information (DNA)
2.2. Controls cellsControls cells’’ activities (DNA) activities (DNA)
3.3. Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)
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Nucleotide & DNANucleotide & DNA