BIOCHEMISTRY

Elements and Atoms• Matter anything that has mass & takes up

space.• Atoms basic building blocks of matter.• Elements basic substances that can’t be

broken into other substances.• Molecules formed when 2 or more atoms

bond.• smallest unit of a cpd.• Has the chemical & physical props. of

the cpd. • Compounds are made of atoms of different

elements chemically combined.

Atoms

• Nucleus-center of an atom; includes protons and neutrons

• Cloud- surrounds nucleus; only electrons• 3 subatomic particles:

Protons: positive chargeNeutrons: neutral/no chargeElectrons: negative charge

• 1st level holds 2 electrons• 2nd level holds 8 electrons• 3rd level holds 18 electrons

Periodic Table

12

Mg

Magnesium

24.305

Atomic Number: Protons

Atomic Symbol

Name of Element

Atomic Mass Number: Protons

+

Neutrons

(Nucleus)

QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??

Inorganic Substances

• Acids: substances that forms hydrogen (H) hydrogen ions in water. pH of 0-7.

• Bases: substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH) in water. pH scale of 7-14.

• Salts: Inorganic substances that often contain Chlorine (but not always)

Not Containing Carbon

HCl H2SO4

NaOHKOH

NaClMgCl2

Exceptions: CO2 and H2O

Inorganic Substances

HOHSo what is water??

A little bitAcidic

A little bitBasic = Neutral= Neutral

Cells work on a chemical level

Four main types of molecules a cell uses

regularly:• Carbohydrates

• Lipids• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Organic Substances/components

Organic Substances – contain Carbon and Hydrogen

Bio-molecule Made of:

Carbohydrates Simple sugars

Proteins Amino acids

Lipids Glycerol & at lease 1 fatty acid

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (base, sugar, phosphate)

Monomer- molecule that can bond to form long chains.Here is a monomer:         

Polymer- a long chain of monomersHere is a polymer:                                                  

Organic substances are made of units calledmonomers or polymers.

CarbohydratesCharacteristics of Carbohydrates

Monomer Simple Sugar molecules

Function Stores energy and some structures

Examples Starch, glucose, fructose

Fact Usually large molecules

Food sources

Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables

Video clips come from United Streaming: Energy and the Chemistry of Life (39:48)

LipidCharacteristics of Lipids

Monomer Fatty acids

Function Stores energy, forms membranes, some hormones

Examples Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone

Fact Lipids do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in oils

Food sources

Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy products

ProteinsCharacteristics of Proteins

Monomer amino acids

Function Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms structures, some hormones

Examples Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle tissue

Fact All proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids

Food sources

Meats, nuts, tofu

Enzymes

1. Enzymes- a) proteins used by a cell to speed up and regulate metabolic reactionsb) biological catalysts; are unchanged by the reaction.

Enzymes

2. Enzymes a)proteins with a 3-D shape. b)shape determines the substrate for the

enzymec)Substrates- substances that enzymes

act upon. Lipase acts on lipids.Maltase acts on maltose.Protease acts on proteins. Lactase works on .Lactose

Enzymes3. How it worksa) substrate temporarily binds to enzyme active

site. b) enzyme may change shape to help substrate

bind on.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related

Enzymes

4. Coenzymes - non-protein part of some enzymes. a) If missing, the enzyme won’t function. b) Vitamins may function as coenzymes.

Enzymes

5. The rate of enzyme activity depends 5 thingso 3-D shapeo Activation Energyo temperatureo pHo concentration

Activation Energy

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/enzymes/enzymes.html

Temperature

6. Optimal temperature- temperature at which enzyme works most effectively. a) If temperature goes above or below optimal temperature, rate of enzyme action will decrease.

Temperature

1. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme A? ________2. What is the optimal temperature for enzyme B? ________3. Knowing that room temperature is approximately 22 degrees Celsius,

which enzyme would work best in your body? __________

pH

7. pH also affects rate of enzyme activity.

a) pH scale- a measure of hydronium ions in a solution.

b) Enzyme functions best at optimum pH

Bases

Acids

NaOHKOH

OH

HClH2SO4

H

pH

1. The stomach has what optimal pH for that enzyme? 2. What is the optimal pH for the enzyme found in your intestine? 3. What organic substance are both of these enzymes digesting?

Gastric Protease

Intestinal Protease

Concentration

8. Concentration of the enzyme affects rate of enzyme action

a)Greater concentration= faster the rate of reaction; however,

b)optimal concentration of enzyme gives the fastest rate of reaction

Concentration

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic AcidsCharacteristics of Nucleic Acids

Monomer Nucleotides

Function Stores genetic information, directs cell activity, makes proteins

Examples DNA and RNA

Fact DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single helix

Food sources

Most foods made from living materials

ReviewPlace the item in the correct box.

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids