Biochemistry

Elements and Atoms• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up

space.• Atoms are the basic building blocks of all

matter.• Elements are basic substances that cannot be

broken down into other substances.• Molecules are formed by the joining of atoms

of two or more elements. (smallest combination that cannot be divided without changing its chemical and physical properties)

• Compounds are composed of atoms of different elements chemically combined.

Atoms

• Atom consists of three subatomic particles called:

Protons: positive chargeNeutrons: neutral/no chargeElectrons: negative charge

• The center of an atom is called the nucleus which consists of protons and neutrons.

Periodic Table

12

Mg

Magnesium

24.305

Atomic Number: Protons

Symbol

Element

Atomic Mass Number: Protons

+

Neutrons

(Nucleus)

QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??

Protons = ElectronsIn a neutral atom

Cells work on a chemical level

There are four main types of molecules that a cell uses on a regular basis:

• Carbohydrates• Lipids

• Proteins• Nucleic Acids

Organic Substances/components

• Carbohydrates: made up of simple sugars• Proteins: made up of amino acids • Lipids: made up of a glycerol and at least

1 fatty acid• Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides

Organic Substances – contain Carbon and Hydrogen

A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains.Here is a monomer:         

Here is a polymer:                                                   

Organic substances are made of units calledmonomers or polymers.

CarbohydratesCharacteristics of Carbohydrates

Monomer Simple sugar molecules

Function Stores energy and some structures

Examples glucose, fructose, Starch,

Fact Usually large molecules

Food sources

Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables

Video clips come from United Streaming: Energy and the Chemistry of Life (39:48)

LipidCharacteristics of Lipids

Monomer Fatty acids

Function Stores energy, forms membranes, some hormones

Examples Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone

Fact Lipids do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in oils

Food sources

Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy products

ProteinsCharacteristics of Proteins

Monomer amino acids

Function Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms structures, some hormones

Examples Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle tissue

Fact All proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids

Food sources

Meats, nuts, tofu

Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that are used by the cell to speed up and regulate metabolic reactions.

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that remain unchanged by the reaction.

Enzymes

The substrate is temporarily bound to its enzyme at the active site. The enzyme may change shape slightly to accommodate the substrate.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related

Nucleic AcidsCharacteristics of Nucleic Acids

Made of Nucleotides

Function Stores genetic information, directs cell activity, makes proteins

Examples DNA and RNA

Fact DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single helix

Food sources

Most foods made from living materials

• Use the following slides to go along with organic substance foldable.

Organic Substances

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Organic Substances

Carbohydrates

Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

SugarsStarches

MeatsHormones

MuscleHairNails

EnzymesBlood Cells

FatsOils

Waxes

DNARNA