BiochemistryBiochemistry

Matter & ElementsMatter & Elements•All matter made of elements (atoms)All matter made of elements (atoms)•All atoms have structureAll atoms have structure•Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)•# of protons in nucleus determines atom’s identity# of protons in nucleus determines atom’s identity•IonsIons atoms that gain or lose electrons atoms that gain or lose electrons

HemoglobinHemoglobinAtomAtom

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

ProtonsProtons carry a +1 charge, mass of 1 AMU carry a +1 charge, mass of 1 AMUNeutronsNeutrons carry a 0 charge; mass of 1AMU carry a 0 charge; mass of 1AMUElectrons Electrons carry a –1charge; mass of 0 AMU carry a –1charge; mass of 0 AMUNucleus Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons; central part consists of protons and neutrons; central part of the atomof the atomElectrons Electrons move around the nucleus move around the nucleus

Why Atoms Form BondsWhy Atoms Form Bonds•2 or more elements = compound2 or more elements = compound

•1st 20 elements have up to 3 energy levels/ 2 electrons on 1st 20 elements have up to 3 energy levels/ 2 electrons on 1st level, up to 8 on 2nd level, and 8 on the 3rd level1st level, up to 8 on 2nd level, and 8 on the 3rd level

•Most elements want to have 8 electrons in outer shellMost elements want to have 8 electrons in outer shell

•Atoms will share or steal to get 8 electrons in outer shellAtoms will share or steal to get 8 electrons in outer shell

•Sharing electronsSharing electrons covalent bonds covalent bonds•Stealing electronsStealing electrons ionic bonds ionic bonds

Covalent Bond In ActionCovalent Bond In Action

Ionic Bond In ActionIonic Bond In Action

NaCl- Ionic BondNaCl- Ionic Bond CHCH4-4- Covalent Bond Covalent Bond

Chemical Changes, Chemical Chemical Changes, Chemical Symbols, & FormulasSymbols, & Formulas

Chemical Symbols-Chemical Symbols- look at P.T. look at P.T.Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas group of symbols together group of symbols together

Exp. HExp. H22O, COO, CO22, 5H, 5H22OO

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

Pure water has equal amounts of H+ and OH-Pure water has equal amounts of H+ and OH-If equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is neutralIf equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is neutral

pH ScalepH Scale

Scale measures amount of H+ ions Scale measures amount of H+ ions in solutionsin solutions

pH = 7-neutralpH = 7-neutral

pH< 7 –acidicpH< 7 –acidic

pH > 7--basicpH > 7--basic

Polarity of WaterPolarity of Water

Structure of water is VERY uniqueStructure of water is VERY unique

HH22OO•Oxygen has 8 protons & 8 electronsOxygen has 8 protons & 8 electrons

•Opposites attract, and electrons are pulled in close to the Opposites attract, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleusnucleus

•Hydrogen has 1 proton & 1 electronsHydrogen has 1 proton & 1 electrons

•Not held together very closelyNot held together very closely

Water’s StructureWater’s Structure•In HIn H22O, Oxygen slightly pulls the electrons away from O, Oxygen slightly pulls the electrons away from

the 2 Hydrogen moleculesthe 2 Hydrogen molecules

•Oxygen becomes partially negativeOxygen becomes partially negative

•Hydrogen becomes partially positiveHydrogen becomes partially positive

•Water is a POLAR molecules (slightly charged)Water is a POLAR molecules (slightly charged)

•Polarity makes water stick together Polarity makes water stick together

Polarity of WaterPolarity of Water

Polarity of WaterPolarity of Water

Physical Properties of water

•Ice floats

•Water absorbs and retains heat

•Water molecules stick to each other

•Water molecules stick to other polar substances

Ice floats:•When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a structure that has empty spaces, making it less dense than liquid water

Water absorbs and retains heat

Because of hydrogen bonds, water can absorb large amounts of energy

Absorbs lot of heat before it boils

Helps keep cells at an even temperature despite changes in the environment – homeostasis again!!

Allows large bodies of water to maintain a relatively constant temperature.

EnergyEnergyIn living organisms, energy is stored as chemical, In living organisms, energy is stored as chemical, mechanical, and thermal energy mechanical, and thermal energy

Types of EnergyTypes of EnergyPotential Energy – stored energy; energy of positionPotential Energy – stored energy; energy of position

Kinetic Energy- Energy of motionKinetic Energy- Energy of motion

Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not created Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction (1or destroyed in a chemical reaction (1stst Law of Law of Thermodynamics)Thermodynamics)

Energy & Chemical ReactionsEnergy & Chemical Reactions

Reactants = substances that begin a chemical reactionReactants = substances that begin a chemical reaction

Products = substances that are made from a chemical Products = substances that are made from a chemical reactionreaction

A + B A + B AB ABReactantsReactants ProductsProducts

Different Types of ReactionsDifferent Types of Reactions

Exergonic Reaction = releases energyExergonic Reaction = releases energy

Endergonic Reaction = absorbs energyEndergonic Reaction = absorbs energy

Oxidation Reactions = reactant loses electronsOxidation Reactions = reactant loses electrons

Reduction Reaction = reactant gains electronsReduction Reaction = reactant gains electrons

Organic ExamplesOrganic ExamplesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates•provide energy to cellsprovide energy to cells•help build cell structureshelp build cell structures•monosaccharides= 1 sugar unitmonosaccharides= 1 sugar unit•disaacharides = 2 connected sugar unitsdisaacharides = 2 connected sugar units•polysaccharides = more than 2 connected sugar unitspolysaccharides = more than 2 connected sugar units

Glucose- The Ultimate CarbohydrateGlucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate

LipidsLipidsFats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)Used for energyUsed for energyLong chain moleculesLong chain moleculesTriglyceride = 3 FA’s + glycerolTriglyceride = 3 FA’s + glycerolSaturated= not easily broken down (all single bonds)Saturated= not easily broken down (all single bonds)Unsaturated= easily broken down (double bonds)Unsaturated= easily broken down (double bonds)

The Phospholipid BilayerThe Phospholipid Bilayer

ProteinsProteinsTHE structural material of the body!THE structural material of the body!1.1. HormonesHormones2.2. ReceptorsReceptors3.3. EnzymesEnzymesMade from Amino Acids (connected via peptide bonds)Made from Amino Acids (connected via peptide bonds)

CollagenCollagen

HemoglobinHemoglobin

Levels of organization:

Keratin-The Protein of Hair and Fingernails

Hemoglobin = Transport Protein

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids•Make our genesMake our genes•Instruct body which proteins to makeInstruct body which proteins to make•Made from nucleotidesMade from nucleotides•DNA + RNADNA + RNA