biochemistry : structure & function of macromolecules
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Anatomy Physiology Cell Biology BiochemistryTRANSCRIPT
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Biochemistry :
Structure & Function of Macromolecules
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AnatomyPhysiology
CellBiology
Biochemistry
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I. CarbonA) Essential to lifeB) Cells are mostly carbon
molecules & waterC) Basic building block
1) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA
D) Can form very large molecules
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II. Synthesis and digestionA) Macromolecules - very large
moleculesB) Polymers - many (repeating)
units1) Made-up of Monomers - single units
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II. Synthesis and digestionC) Dehydration synthesis - builds
1) Bonds monomers together, releasing water .
D) Digestion - breakdown1) AKA: hydrolysis (water breaking)2) Adds water to broken ends
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III. CARBOHYDRATES
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III. CarbohydratesA) Monosaccharides
1) One sugar unit- molecular formula of CH2O
2) Glucose - C6H12O6; Fructose - C6H12O6
B) Main fuel for cellular workC) Disaccharides - two sugar units
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III. CarbohydratesD) Polysaccharides
1) Many sugar units2) Starch: Energy
storage in plants3) Glycogen: Energy
storage in animals4) Cellulose:
Structural molecule in plant cell walls
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IV. LIPIDS
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IV. LipidsA) Hydrophobic: Water-hating tail
B) Hydrophilic: Water-loving head
C) Fats and steroids
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IV. LipidsD) Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids; AKA:
TriglycerideE) Cushion; insulate; long-term energy storageF) Saturated - no double bonds- all possible HG) Unsaturated- double bonds - fewer H atoms
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IV. LipidsH) Steroids-
Hydrophobic; Form 4 fused rings
I) Steroids are made from cholesterol1) Turn into sex
hormones:a) Estrogen;
Testosterone2) Component of cell
membranes
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V. PROTEINS
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V. ProteinsA) Composed
of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain
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V. ProteinsB) Amino acids
linked by peptide bonds; forming a polypeptide (aka protein)
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V. ProteinsC) Primary structure
1) Is the order of the amino acids
2) 20 different amino acids found in all living creatures
3) Change can cause diseasea) Sickle cell anemia
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V. ProteinsD) Secondary and tertiary structure
1) Twisting & folding; bonding between different parts; 3-D shape of the protein
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V. ProteinsE) Quaternary
structure1)Interaction
between more than one polypeptide
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V. ProteinsF) Enzymes:
1) Kind of protein catalysts
2) Enzymes lower the energy required for a chemical reaction in the body to occur
3) Enzymes themselves are not used up in the reaction; thus, one enzyme can be used multiple times
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VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS
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VI. Nucleic acidsA) Nucleic acids are
recipes for proteins (blueprints for making things in the body).
B) Two types1) DNA -
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
2) RNA - RiboNucleic Acid
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VI. Nucleic acidsC) Made of: Sugars, Phosphates, &
Nitrogenous Bases1) Bases: Adenine – A; Cytosine – C;
Guanine – G; Thymine - T; Uracil – UD) Dehydration synthesis makes the
polymer.E) Digestion breaks down the polymer.
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