BiochemistryBiochemistry

The AtomThe Atom

Smallest unit of an Smallest unit of an ________________________

Three particlesThree particles– Protons (___ charge)Protons (___ charge)– Neutrons (__ charge)Neutrons (__ charge)– Electrons (__ charge)Electrons (__ charge)

_________ contains _________ contains protons and protons and neutronsneutrons

ElementsElements Pure substance Pure substance

consisting of only consisting of only one type of one type of ______________________

Listed in the Listed in the ______________________________

Atoms of each Atoms of each element differ by element differ by the # of ___________the # of ___________

IsotopesIsotopes

Atoms of an Atoms of an element with element with different number of different number of ____________________

Atomic # is the Atomic # is the _____; mass # is _____; mass # is __________________

Most have same Most have same chemical chemical propertiesproperties

Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes

Uses of radioactive isotopesUses of radioactive isotopes– Dating of rocks and fossilsDating of rocks and fossils– Treating cancerTreating cancer– Killing bacteria on foodKilling bacteria on food– Trace movements of substances within Trace movements of substances within

the bodythe body

Chemical CompoundsChemical Compounds

Substance of two or more ________ in Substance of two or more ________ in definite proportionsdefinite proportions

__________ chemical properties than __________ chemical properties than the original elementsthe original elements

Compound composition given in Compound composition given in chemical formulachemical formula– Examples: ______________Examples: ______________

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Breaking and forming ________________Breaking and forming ________________ _______- original elements or compounds _______- original elements or compounds _______- ending elements or compounds_______- ending elements or compounds

Monomer vs PolymerMonomer vs Polymer

___________- basic repeating building ___________- basic repeating building blockblock

_________- two monomers connected _________- two monomers connected togethertogether

_________- many monomers _________- many monomers connected togetherconnected together

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Building larger molecules from smaller ones Building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy)(requires energy)

Monomer Monomer → → PolymerPolymer

HydrolysisHydrolysis

Break down large molecules into smaller Break down large molecules into smaller ones (releases energy)ones (releases energy)

Polymer Polymer → → MonomerMonomer

Carbon Carbon CompoundsCompounds

Condensation/Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Monomer

Polymer

What is So Special About What is So Special About Carbon?Carbon?

Carbon can bond with ______ other Carbon can bond with ______ other atomsatoms

Creates a great variety of different Creates a great variety of different compoundscompounds

Can for complex molecules including Can for complex molecules including ____________________________________________________

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratioMade of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio MonomersMonomers

– Monosaccharide Monosaccharide – Examples: _______________________Examples: _______________________

DimersDimers– DisaccharidesDisaccharides– Examples: _______________________Examples: _______________________

PolymersPolymers– PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides– Examples: _________________________Examples: _________________________

Carbohydrates (cont)Carbohydrates (cont)

Carbohydrates (cont)Carbohydrates (cont)

Carbohydrates (cont)Carbohydrates (cont)

Carbohydrates (cont)Carbohydrates (cont)

CHITIN

Cellulose

Uses for CarbohydratesUses for Carbohydrates

Provide ________ for body functionsProvide ________ for body functions

Used to build nucleic acidsUsed to build nucleic acids

Other ____________ functionsOther ____________ functions

Tests for CarbohydratesTests for Carbohydrates

Benedict’s Test for ________ sugarsBenedict’s Test for ________ sugars

Iodine Test for __________ SugarsIodine Test for __________ Sugars

LipidsLipids Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have

P)P) Triglyceride Triglyceride

– 1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains– Examples: _______________________Examples: _______________________

PhospholipidPhospholipid– 1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains– Example: __________________________Example: __________________________

SteroidSteroid– 4 Carbon ring structure4 Carbon ring structure– Example: ____________________________Example: ____________________________

Lipids (cont)Lipids (cont)

Lipids (cont)Lipids (cont)

Lipids (cont)Lipids (cont)

Lipids (cont)Lipids (cont)

Lipids (cont)Lipids (cont)

Cholesterol

Progesterone

Testosterone

Uses for LipidsUses for Lipids

___________ source___________ source

Padding and insulationPadding and insulation

Structural Structural

______________________________

Tests for LipidsTests for Lipids

Sudan IV TestSudan IV Test

Newspaper TestNewspaper Test

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid Made of C, H, O, N and PMade of C, H, O, N and P Monomer- ___________Monomer- ___________ DNADNA

– Sugar- DeoxyriboseSugar- Deoxyribose– Nitrogen Bases- _________Nitrogen Bases- _________

RNARNA– Sugar- RiboseSugar- Ribose– Nitrogen Bases- __________Nitrogen Bases- __________

Phosphate

Sugar

Nitrogen Base

DNA NUCLEOTIDE

= Phosphate = Deoxyribose

= Adenine

= Guanine

= Thymine

= Cytosine

Purines Pyrimidines

DNA STRUCTURE

A = TG = C

A T

G C

Nucleic Acid (cont)Nucleic Acid (cont)

RNA NUCLEOTIDE

= Phosphate = Ribose

= Adenine

= Guanine

= Uracil

= Cytosine

Purines Pyrimidines

RNA STRUCTURE

•Single-stranded

Uses for Nucleic AcidsUses for Nucleic Acids

Genetic codeGenetic code

ATP StructureATP Structure

Ribose

Phosphates

High Energy BondsAdenine

Adenosine

ADPADP

AMPAMP

Rechargeable BatteryRechargeable Battery

ProteinProtein

Made of C, H, O, S, and NMade of C, H, O, S, and N Monomer Monomer

– ___________(20 found in body)___________(20 found in body) Polymer Polymer

– ____________________________– Amino Acids are held together by Amino Acids are held together by

peptide bondpeptide bond

Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure

CH3N+

R

H

COOH

Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure

PolypeptidePolypeptide

H3N+

R

COOH

H

CH3N

+

R

COOH

H

CH3N

+

R

COOH

H

CH3N

+

R

COOH

H

C

Uses for ProteinsUses for Proteins

Structural Structural

____________________________

TransportTransport

______________________________

Test for ProteinTest for Protein

Biuret Test

Energy of ReactionsEnergy of Reactions

Reaction TypesReaction Types– Energy _____________Energy _____________

Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast)Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast) Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn

startedstarted At end of the rxn, energy released into environmentAt end of the rxn, energy released into environment

– Energy _____________Energy _____________ Rxn is not spontaneousRxn is not spontaneous _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn

startedstarted At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environmentAt end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environment

Reaction DiagramsReaction Diagrams

EnzymesEnzymes

__________ for rxn (speeds it up)__________ for rxn (speeds it up) ___________ (reactant) enters active site of ___________ (reactant) enters active site of

enzyme to form enzyme-substrate enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex; after rxn product leavescomplex; after rxn product leaves

Enzyme is unchangedEnzyme is unchanged

Action of EnzymesAction of Enzymes

Speeds up rxn by Speeds up rxn by __________________________________________________________________

Enzyme Reaction RatesEnzyme Reaction Rates

Rates can be affected byRates can be affected by

– ________________________________

– ________________________

– ________________________________________

Dissociation of WaterDissociation of Water

pH ScalepH Scale

Scale measuring amount Scale measuring amount of ______(really Hof ______(really H33OO++))

Ranges from _______Ranges from _______ Below 7- _______Below 7- _______

– Higher HHigher H++

Above 7- _______Above 7- _______– Higher OHHigher OH--

7- ________7- ________– Equal numbers of bothEqual numbers of both