biochemistry the chemistry of life. organic compound contains carbon and hydrogen contains carbon...
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDORGANIC COMPOUND
Contains Contains CARBONCARBON and and HYDROGENHYDROGEN Ex. CEx. C66HH1212OO6 6 is is GLUCOSEGLUCOSE
INORGANIC COMPOUNDINORGANIC COMPOUND
Does NOT contain carbon and Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together.hydrogen together. ExamplesExamples
HH22O = waterO = water COCO2 2 = carbon dioxide= carbon dioxide
ATOMSATOMS
One of the simplest units of matterOne of the simplest units of matter Made of:Made of:
ProtonsProtons-have a positive charge (+)-have a positive charge (+) ElectronsElectrons-have a negative charge (-)-have a negative charge (-) NeutronsNeutrons-have NO charge (0)-have NO charge (0)
ELEMENTELEMENT
Made of one kind of atomMade of one kind of atom Examples:Examples:
C = CarbonC = Carbon H = HydrogenH = Hydrogen O = OxygenO = Oxygen N = NitrogenN = Nitrogen
COMPOUNDCOMPOUND
Two or more atoms are Two or more atoms are chemically chemically combinedcombined and held together by and held together by bondsbonds..
FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC MOLECULESMOLECULES
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
All organic molecules are made of All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,NC,H,O,N
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
ExamplesExamples BreadBread CandyCandy BrowniesBrownies PastaPasta RiceRice BeansBeans
All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
3 different types of carbohydrates3 different types of carbohydrates MonosaccharideMonosaccharide DisaccharidesDisaccharides PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Made of one sugarMade of one sugar End in –oseEnd in –ose Source of energySource of energy Has chemical formula CHas chemical formula C66HH1212OO6 6
Ratio of H to O is 2:1Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Examples:Examples:
GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose MaltoseMaltose LactoseLactose
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
DisaccharideDisaccharide End in –oseEnd in –ose Ratio of H to O is 2:1Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Consist of 2 sugar moleculesConsist of 2 sugar molecules
Example:Example: sucrosesucrose
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides 3 or more sugars combined3 or more sugars combined Complex structureComplex structure
ExamplesExamples CelluloseCellulose StarchesStarches
HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED?HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED?
Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis The process by which molecules are The process by which molecules are
joined together by removing water. joined together by removing water.
HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN?DOWN?
HydrolysisHydrolysis The process by which compounds are The process by which compounds are
separated from each other by adding separated from each other by adding water.water.
PROTEINSPROTEINS
Made of Amino AcidsMade of Amino Acids Always contain C,H,O,Always contain C,H,O,NN All structures in an organism are made of All structures in an organism are made of
proteins.proteins. Proteins make up:Proteins make up:
EnzymesEnzymes Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Blood CellsBlood Cells Cell Growth and RepairCell Growth and Repair HormonesHormones
PROTEINSPROTEINS
• Amino Acids are bonded together Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. with peptide bonds.
• 3 Different types3 Different types Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid)Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid) Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids)Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids) Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)
AMINO ACID STRUCTUREAMINO ACID STRUCTURE
Amino Acids are made of 3 parts:Amino Acids are made of 3 parts: An amino groupAn amino group A carboxyl groupA carboxyl group An R side chainAn R side chain
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
There are 20 types of amino acidsThere are 20 types of amino acids 8 of them are essential8 of them are essential
Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline, SerineProline, Serine
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Also called fats, oils and waxesAlso called fats, oils and waxes Organic (made of C, H, O)Organic (made of C, H, O) No ratio of H to ONo ratio of H to O Found in all living thingsFound in all living things Used for Used for
energy storageenergy storage source of energysource of energy insulationinsulation ProtectionProtection sub-structure of cell membranesub-structure of cell membrane
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Lipids are made of two parts:Lipids are made of two parts: GlycerolGlycerol 3 Fatty Acids 3 Fatty Acids
LIPIDSLIPIDS
Two types of fatty acidsTwo types of fatty acids SaturatedSaturated
Fats that are NOT double bonded and are Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperaturesolid at room temperature
Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheeseEx. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese
UnsaturatedUnsaturated Fats that are double bonded.Fats that are double bonded.
Ex. Olive oil, Canola OilEx. Olive oil, Canola Oil
LIPIDSLIPIDS
In a typical lipid molecule, there are In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups carboxyl groups
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Contains genetic information (heredity)Contains genetic information (heredity) Controls cellular activitiesControls cellular activities Found in all living thingsFound in all living things It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)
NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA is made of units called DNA is made of units called nucleotidesnucleotides Nucleotides consist of:Nucleotides consist of:
A phosphate group A phosphate group A monosaccharide (ribose)A monosaccharide (ribose) A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)
DNADNA
Double helixDouble helix Bases:Bases:
Adenine (A)Adenine (A) Thymine (T)Thymine (T) Guanine (G)Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)
DNA bases are bonded using DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds
RNARNA
Carries genetic information from the Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesissynthesis
Single stranded (NOT double helix)Single stranded (NOT double helix) Smaller than DNASmaller than DNA
RNARNA
Made of nucleotides Made of nucleotides Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1
basebase Bases in RNA:Bases in RNA:
Adenine (A)Adenine (A) Uracil (U)Uracil (U) Guanine (G)Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)
ENZYMESENZYMES
Made of proteinsMade of proteins Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____
Enzymes are organic Enzymes are organic catalystscatalysts Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical
reactions occurreactions occur Enzymes remain the same during a chemical Enzymes remain the same during a chemical
reactionreaction Always end in –aseAlways end in –ase
Ex. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, LactaseEx. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, Lactase
ENZYMESENZYMES
In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes must fit their must fit their substrate substrate (enzymes are (enzymes are ““specificspecific””))
ENZYMESENZYMES
Each enzyme can work on only one Each enzyme can work on only one specific substratespecific substrate
Ex. Ex. Lipase works only on __________Lipase works only on __________ Sucrase works only on ____________Sucrase works only on ____________ Protease works only on ____________Protease works only on ____________ __________ works only on fructose__________ works only on fructose
ENZYMESENZYMES
Enzymes are effected by the Enzymes are effected by the following factors:following factors: TemperatureTemperature pHpH Concentration of enzymeConcentration of enzyme Concentration of substrateConcentration of substrate
ENZYMESENZYMES
TemperatureTemperature Enzymes work best at an Enzymes work best at an optimum optimum
temperaturetemperature Optimum temperature for human enzymes Optimum temperature for human enzymes
is ______, C or _________, Fis ______, C or _________, F Enzyme activity is slower as Enzyme activity is slower as
temperature gets too cold or too hottemperature gets too cold or too hot
ENZYMESENZYMES
TemperatureTemperature At high temperatures, enzymes will lose At high temperatures, enzymes will lose
their shapetheir shape They They denaturedenature Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock
and Key Model, so chemical reactions do not and Key Model, so chemical reactions do not take placetake place
ENZYMESENZYMES
pHpH Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by
the amount of acid or base in an the amount of acid or base in an environmentenvironment
ENZYMESENZYMES
ConcentrationConcentration Increasing the concentration (amount) Increasing the concentration (amount)
of an enzyme or substrate, will only of an enzyme or substrate, will only increase the rate of reaction, to a pointincrease the rate of reaction, to a point