biocompuestos atomos y biomoleculas
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Biocompuestos, atomos y
biomoleculas
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Difieren en el número de
neutrones
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A living cell is composed of a restricted set of
elements, four of which (C, H, N, and O) makeup nearly 99% of its weight.
Nearly all of the molecules in a cell are carbon compounds,
which are the subject matter of organic chemistry.
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CARBONO
Carbon is outstanding among all the elements on earth for itsability to form large molecules; silicon is a poor second.
The carbon atom, because of its small size and four outer-shell
electrons, can form four strong covalent bonds with other atoms.
it can join to other carbon atoms to form chains and rings and
thereby generate large
and complex molecules with no obvious upper limit to their size.
The other abundant atoms in the cell (H, N, and O) are also small
and able to make very strong covalent bonds.
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The best evidence for this comes from laboratory
experiments.
If mixtures of gases such as CO2, CH4, NH3, and H2 are
heated with water and energized by electrical discharge or
by ultraviolet radiation.
Among these products are compounds, such as hydrogen
cyanide (HCN) and formaldehyde (HCHO), that readily
undergo further reactions in aqueous solution
Most important, representatives of most of the major
classes of small organic molecules found in cells are
generated, including amino acids, sugars, and the
purines and pyrimidines required to make nucleotides.
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As competition for the raw materials for
organic syntheses intensified, a strong
selective advantage would have beengained by any organisms able to utilize
carbon and nitrogen atoms (in the form of
CO2 and N2) directly from the
atmosphere.
But while they are abundantly available,
CO2 and N2 are also very stable. It
therefore requires a large amount of
energy as well as a number of
complicated chemical reactions to convert
them to a usable form - that is, intoorganic molecules such as simple sugars.
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In the case of CO2 the major mechanism that evolved toachieve this transformation was photosynthesis, in which
radiant energy captured from the sun drives the
conversion of CO2 into organic compounds.
The interaction of sunlight with a pigment molecule,
chlorophyll, excites an electron to a more highly energized
state. As the electron drops back to a lower energy level,
the energy it gives up drives chemical reactions that arefacilitated and directed by protein molecules.
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One of the first sunlight-driven reactions was probably the
generation of "reducing power." The carbon and nitrogen
atoms in atmospheric CO2 and N2 are in an oxidized and
inert state.
A typical covalent bond in a
biological molecule has an energy
of 15 to 170 Kcal/mole, depending
on the atoms involved. Since the
average thermal energy at body
temperature is only 0.6 kcal/mole,even an unusually energetic
collision with another molecule will
leave a covalent bond intact.
Certain simplecombinations of atoms -
such as the methyl (-CH3),
hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-
COOH), and amino (-NH2)
groups - recur repeatedly
in biological molecules.
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The atomic weights of H, C, N, and O are 1, 12, 14, and
16, respectively. The small organic molecules of the cell
have molecular weights in the range 100 to 1000 and
contain up to 30 or so carbon atoms.
They are usually found free in solution, where some of
them form a pool of intermediates from which large
polymers, called macromolecules, are made. They are
also essential intermediates in the chemical reactions
that transform energy derived from food into
usable forms (discussed below).
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The most abundant substance of the living cell
is water. It accounts for about 70% of a cell'sweight, and most intracellular reactions occur
in an aqueous environment.
Life on this planet began in the ocean, and the
conditions in that primeval environment put a
permanent stamp on the chemistry of living
things.
All organisms have been designed around the
special properties of water, such as its polar
character, its ability to form hydrogen bonds,
and its high surface tension.
Water will completely surround polar
molecules, for example, while tending to push
nonpolar molecules together into larger
assemblies.
El Agua
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