BIOCONTROL OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS

DR.P.K. SUMODANLECTURER IN ZOOLOGY

GOVT. COLLEGE, MADAPPALLY

MEDICALLY IMPORTANT INSECT MEDICALLY IMPORTANT INSECT PESTSPESTS

1. DISEASE TRANSMITTERS- VECTORS1. DISEASE TRANSMITTERS- VECTORS Mosquitoes, sand flies, fleas, tsetse Mosquitoes, sand flies, fleas, tsetse

flies, black flies, head lice, reduviid flies, black flies, head lice, reduviid bugs etc.bugs etc.

2. DIRECTLY HARMFUL2. DIRECTLY HARMFUL Nasal botflies, midges, blowflies, bed Nasal botflies, midges, blowflies, bed

bugs, non-vector mosquitoes, ants, bugs, non-vector mosquitoes, ants, bees, wasps etc.bees, wasps etc.

ANNUAL MORTALITY DUE TO INFECTIOUS ANNUAL MORTALITY DUE TO INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (WHO 2004)AND PARASITIC DISEASES (WHO 2004)

(Total = 109,04,000)(Total = 109,04,000)

13%

14%

26%2%16%

10%

19%

DIORRHEA

OTHER

HIV

CHDVBD

TB

VECTORS AND DISEASESVECTORS AND DISEASESORDER MEMBERS GENUS DISEASES

DIPTERA MOSQUITOES ANOPHELES MALARIA

CULEX FILARIA, J.E., WNE Etc.

AIDES DENGUE, YELLOW FEVER

MANSONIA FILARIA

BLACKFLIES SIMULIUM ONCHOCERCIASIS

SANDFLIES PHLEBETOMUS KALA AZAR

HOUSEFLIES MUSCA CHOLERA, DIARRHOEA

TSETSEFLIES GLOSSINA AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

PHTHIRAPTERA HEAD LOUSE PEDICULUS TYPHUS

SIPHONAPTERA FLEAS XENOPSYLLA PLAGUE

HEMIPTERA REDUVIID BUGS TRIATOMA,PANSTRONGYLUS,RHODNIUS

CHAGAS DISEASE

INSECTS CAUSING INJURYINSECTS CAUSING INJURY

ORDER MEMBERS HEALTH HAZARDS

DIPTERA MOSQUITOES SUCK BLOOD

BLOW FLIES PAINFUL BITES

BITING MIDGES PAINFUL BITES

NASAL BOTFLIES MYASIS

HEMIPTERA BEDBUGS SUCK BLOOD

HYMENOPTERA ANTS, WASPS, BEES GENERAL INFLAMMATION (POISONOUS)

VECTOR CONTROL METHODSVECTOR CONTROL METHODS

CHEMICAL – D.D.T, MALATHION, CHEMICAL – D.D.T, MALATHION, SYNTHETIC PYROTHROIDS, SYNTHETIC PYROTHROIDS, FENTHION, TEMEPHOS, Etc.FENTHION, TEMEPHOS, Etc.

BIOLOGICAL – FISHES, BACTERIA, BIOLOGICAL – FISHES, BACTERIA, FUNGI Etc.FUNGI Etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL – SOURCE ENVIRONMENTAL – SOURCE REDUCTION , INSECT PROOFING, Etc.REDUCTION , INSECT PROOFING, Etc.

VECTORS AMENABLE TO VECTORS AMENABLE TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROLBIOLOGICAL CONTROL

MOSQUITOES MOSQUITOES BLACK FLIESBLACK FLIES

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MOSQUITOESMOSQUITOES

POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTSAGENTS

FISHES, BACTERIA, FUNGI, VIRUSES, PROTOZOA, NEMATODES, MITES, INSECTS, SPIDERS, TURTLES, BIRDS, LIZARDS, BATS Etc.

MOSQUITO A PROFILEMOSQUITO A PROFILE

GENERA - 37GENERA - 37

SPECIES - 3500 (APPROX)SPECIES - 3500 (APPROX)

VECTOR GENERA - 8VECTOR GENERA - 8

VECTOR SPECIES - 100 (APPROX)VECTOR SPECIES - 100 (APPROX)

NUMBER OF DISEASESNUMBER OF DISEASES

TRANSMITTED - 50 (APPROX)TRANSMITTED - 50 (APPROX)

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS IN USEIN USE

FISHESFISHES

GAMBUSIA AFFINISGAMBUSIA AFFINISPOECILIA RETICULATAPOECILIA RETICULATAAPLOCHEILUS BLOCKIAPLOCHEILUS BLOCKIAPLOCHEILUS PANCHAXAPLOCHEILUS PANCHAXAPLOCHEILUS LINEATUSAPLOCHEILUS LINEATUSOREOCHROMIS OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUSMOSSAMBICUSDANIO AEQUIPINNATUSDANIO AEQUIPINNATUSMACROPODUS CUPANUSMACROPODUS CUPANUS

..

BACTERIABACTERIA

BACILLUS THURINGIENSISBACILLUS THURINGIENSISBACILLUS SPHAERICUSBACILLUS SPHAERICUS

FEEDING EFFICACY OF SOME INDIGENOUS FEEDING EFFICACY OF SOME INDIGENOUS FISHES (SUMODAN & KUMAR 1998)FISHES (SUMODAN & KUMAR 1998)

Fish species Average length (cm)

Daily av. Consumption of larvae/fish

Aplocheilus blocki 3.8 102.6

Aplocheilus lineatus 4.8 225.4

Rasbora daniconius 6.8 464.3

Puntius vittatus 3.7 154.4

Puntius amphibious 7.4 237.4

Puntius melanampyx 2.7 164.8

Danio aequipinnatus 6.1 191.8

Macropodus cupanus 3.6 189.4

PREFERRED QUALITIES OF PREFERRED QUALITIES OF LARVIVOROUS FISHESLARVIVOROUS FISHES

SMALL IN SIZESMALL IN SIZE

SURFACE FEEDERSSURFACE FEEDERS

NON EDIBLENON EDIBLE

HARDYHARDY

EASY TO CULTUREEASY TO CULTURE

CARNIVOROUSCARNIVOROUS

INDIGENOUSINDIGENOUS

GAMBUSIA AFFINISGAMBUSIA AFFINIS

APLOCHEILUS BLOCKIAPLOCHEILUS BLOCKI

RASBORA DANICONIUSRASBORA DANICONIUS

POECILIA RETICULATAPOECILIA RETICULATA

IMPACT OF INTRODUCTION OF APLOCHEILUS IMPACT OF INTRODUCTION OF APLOCHEILUS BLOCKI ON ANOPHELES STEPHENSI IN GOA BLOCKI ON ANOPHELES STEPHENSI IN GOA

DURING 1994-1995(Kumar et al 1998)DURING 1994-1995(Kumar et al 1998)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

% H

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ve/P

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dip

den

sit

y

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Per Dip Density

% Habitat Positive

YEAR

BACILLUS THURINGIENSISBACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

BACILLUS SPHAERICUSBACILLUS SPHAERICUS

BACILLUS THURINGIENSISBACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

ISOLATION – 1976ISOLATION – 1976IMPORTANT VARIETY – IMPORTANT VARIETY – BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSISISRAELENSISTARGET STAGE – LARVAETARGET STAGE – LARVAEMODE OF ENTRY – INGESTIONMODE OF ENTRY – INGESTIONPATHOLOGY – LYSIS OF MIDGUT PATHOLOGY – LYSIS OF MIDGUT CELLS, LEAKAGE OF DIGESTIVE CELLS, LEAKAGE OF DIGESTIVE JUICES INTO HAEMOCOEL.JUICES INTO HAEMOCOEL.

BACILLUS SPHAERICUSBACILLUS SPHAERICUS

ISOLATION – 1978ISOLATION – 1978IMPORTANT VARIETY – IMPORTANT VARIETY – BACILLUS BACILLUS SPHAERICUS H5a, 5bSPHAERICUS H5a, 5b

TARGET STAGE – LARVAETARGET STAGE – LARVAEMODE OF ENTRY – INGESTIONMODE OF ENTRY – INGESTIONPATHOLOGY – SWELLING OF MIDGUT PATHOLOGY – SWELLING OF MIDGUT WALL, DAMAGE TO MIDGUTWALL, DAMAGE TO MIDGUTSYMPTOMS – TREMORS, SLUGGISH.SYMPTOMS – TREMORS, SLUGGISH.

IMPACT OF WEEKLY SPRAYING OF BACILLUS IMPACT OF WEEKLY SPRAYING OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS IN GOA DURING THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS IN GOA DURING

1994-1995 (Kumar et al 1998)1994-1995 (Kumar et al 1998)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

YEAR

%HA

BITA

T PO

SITI

VE/P

ER D

IP

DENS

ITY

00.511.522.533.544.5

% Habitat PositivePer Dip Density

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BLACK BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BLACK FLIES (VECTOR OF FLIES (VECTOR OF ONCHOCERCIASISONCHOCERCIASIS))

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSISISRAELENSIS

USE: WEST AFRICA FROM 1982-97: 5 USE: WEST AFRICA FROM 1982-97: 5 MILLION LITRES AGAINST SIMULIUM MILLION LITRES AGAINST SIMULIUM DAMNOSUMDAMNOSUM

IN BRAZIL AGAINST S. PERTINAXIN BRAZIL AGAINST S. PERTINAX

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF FISHESASPECTS OF FISHES

POSITIVE: NON POLLUTANT, POSITIVE: NON POLLUTANT, MOSQUITOES DO NOT DEVELOP MOSQUITOES DO NOT DEVELOP RESISTANCE, LESS EXPENSIVE, LONG RESISTANCE, LESS EXPENSIVE, LONG LASTINGLASTINGNEGATIVE: EXOTIC SPECIES MAY NEGATIVE: EXOTIC SPECIES MAY DISTROY INDIGENOUS FAUNA, NOT DISTROY INDIGENOUS FAUNA, NOT SUITABLE FOR POLLUTED WATER, SUITABLE FOR POLLUTED WATER, NOT EFFECTIVE IN HABITATS WITH NOT EFFECTIVE IN HABITATS WITH VEGETATIONVEGETATION

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF BACTERIAASPECTS OF BACTERIA

POSITIVE: NON TOXIC, SPECIFICITYPOSITIVE: NON TOXIC, SPECIFICITY

NEGATIVE: EXORBITANTLY EXPENSIVE NEGATIVE: EXORBITANTLY EXPENSIVE ( COMPARED TO TEMEPHOS IT IS 100 ( COMPARED TO TEMEPHOS IT IS 100 TIMES COSTLIER)TIMES COSTLIER)

NOT SUITABLE FOR POTABLE WATER NOT SUITABLE FOR POTABLE WATER SOURCES, CUMBERSOME SOURCES, CUMBERSOME APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

THANK YOUTHANK YOU