Biodiesel

Biodiesel

• Biodiesel , a fuel composed of mono-alkyl

esters of long chain fatty acids derived from

variety of vegetable oils and animal fats,

designated as B-100, and conforming to

different quality standards e.g. ASTM D 6751,

EN14214 or IS 15607.

Biodiesel

The biodiesel processor mainly consists of

• 1. Transesterfication vessel

• 2. Sodium or potassium methoxide mixing pot

• 3. Stirring arrangement

• 4. Settling arrangement

• 5. Bubble wash arrangement.

• In this process triglyceride oils are converted

under heat to methyl or ethyl esters and

glycerine by alcohol and a strong base catalyst

(eg., hydroxide or lye).

• Transesterification Reaction

O = O O

O = O

O =

Triglyceride

1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol

3 MeOH

KOH Catalyst

catalyst

Glycerol

O O O

Me Me Me

O = O = O =

HO

HO

HO

Biodiesel (Methyl Ester Alcohol)

3 ester alcohol + 1 glycerine

Crude glycerine Crude Biodiesel

Glycerine

Biodiesel

Oil Pretreatment

Transesterification

Glycerine refining Refining

Methanol

recovery

Methanol + catalyst

Vegetable oil

Feed Stocks for India

Feedstock Countries

Rape seed , Sunflower EU

Soya bean U.S.A.

Palm Oil Malaysia

Coconut Philippines

Linseed & Olive oil Spain

Cotton Seed Oil Greece

Jatropha Curcas Oil Nicaragua

Used Cooking Oil Japan

Beef Tallow Ireland , USA

Used frying Oil Australia

Feed stocks used in different Countries

WHY JATROPHA THE SUITABLE CHOICE ?

• Thrives on any type of soil

• Needs minimal inputs or management

Target Output per Hectare Estimated Biodiesel production per Hectare = 3,000 litres/700Gal Potential yields of 12 tonnes per hectare and 55% oil Extraction are also attainable

2500 trees per hectare

produces

Seed 6.9 tonnes

Seedcake 4.2 tonnes

Vegetable Oil 2.7 tonnes

Glycerol 0.27 tonnes

Anti-Erosive Properties

Reduces wind and water erosion of soil Improved absorption of water by soil

Quality seedling preparation

•10 x 20 cm bag

•Germination -3 days

•3-6 months old

seedlings

VIEW OF JATROPHA PLANT NURSERY

Intercropping with Jatropha

Available potential of tree-borne

oilseeds in India

Sr. No. TBOs Seed yield (lakh

tonnes)

Oil content (%) Oil yield (lakh

tonnes)

1. Sal (Shorearobusta) 62.0 12 7.44

2. Mahua

(Madhucaindica)

5.2 35 1.82

3. Neem

(Azadirachtaindica)

5.0 20 1.0

4. Rubber

(Heveabrasiliensis)

0.79 45 0.35

5. Karanja

(Pongamiapinnata)

1.11 27 0.30

6. Kusum

(Schleicheraoleosa)

0.45 33 0.15

7. Khakan

(Salvadoraoleoides)

0.44 33 0.14

8. Undi

(Calophyllaminophyllu

m)

0.11 60 0.07

9. Dhupa (Vateriaindica) 0.13 19 0.02

10. Other* 2.0

Total 77.34

Indian Biodiesel Program

• Name of Biodiesel started making appearance at Indian Conferences, Workshops & Seminars in 1999

• ‘eport of the Co ittee o Develop e t of Biofuel – Planning Commission, GOI in 2003

• Stage I De o stratio Project use Jatropha curcas o 400,000 ha (0.5 MMT BD) Nation-wide investment $ 300mn

• Stage II – 11 mill ha (13 MMT biodiesel) for 20% blend. • Demonstration project started with initial grant of $11mn for

nursery raising rest is expected to be sanctioned late this year • First 10,000 TPA plant in Hyderabad about to start production • Garware100,000 TPA DMT plant modified for biodiesel production • A 250,000 TPA plant is being setup in Vishakhapatnam , A.P. • A 100,000 TPA plant is coming up in Kakinada , A.P.

Land requirement for different blending percentages

Product Quality

• Product quality is important – modern diesel engines are very sensitive to fuel.

• It is not biodiesel until it meets Quality Standards. • Reaction must be >98% complete. • Acid number – for degrading, oxidized fuel • Flashpoint – for residual methanol • Water & sediment – fuel fouling, deposits • Sulfated ash – for residual catalyst • Total glycerin – for incomplete conversion,

detects residual mono, di and tri glycerides • Free glycerin – inadequate fuel washing

Testing In RDSO • Bio diesel was tested on the test bed at

Engine Development Directorate of RDSO

3100 hp engine under test at RDSO

Characterization of ALCO and EMD engines

with different biodiesels at RDSO.

Following biodiesels have been chosen for Engine Characterisation: -

• WFFAME (Waste Fish fatty acids Methyl Esters)

• WCFAME (Waste Cottonseed fatty acids Methyl Esters)

• MFAME (Mahua fatty acids Methyl Esters)

• PFAME (Pongamia fatty acids Methyl Esters)

• JFAME (Jatropha fatty acids Methyl Esters)

• CPFAME (Crude Palm oil fatty acids Methyl Esters)

Test Procedure

• Necessary instrumentation was provided for measuring

the exhaust gas temperature, engine oil temperature, fuel consumption and various other engine parameters.

• The performance of biodiesel was evaluated in terms of fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, and power.

• Fuel consumption and power was measured for each of the engine operating notch.

• The engine was run for a sufficiently long duration to ensure thermal stabilization before taking the specific fuel consumption and the emission measurements.

Performance studies on

different blends of biodiesel

on 3100 hp ALCO Engine

Summary of results for critical

parameters at 8th Engine Notch Biodiesel blends with Normal HSD

PARAMETERS Normal High

Speed Diesel

B10 B20 B50 B100

Horsepower(HP) 3105 3114 3117 3104 3109

BSFC(gm/bhp-

hr)

153.48 155.49 157.62 162.04 170.43

Exhaust gas

temperature (°C)

409.45 402.22 418.16 405.28 406.01

Firing pressure

(bar)

112.99 111.71 111.59 113.36 107.52

• The engine maintained full horsepower with all the biodiesel blends including pure biodiesel, i.e. B100.

• The specific fuel consumption increased from 153.48 gm/bhp-hr to 170.43 gm/bhp-hr, an increase of 11 %. This is in agreement with the lower heating value of biodiesel, about 10-11%.

• The exhaust gas temperature in general showed a downward trend. This will be discussed graphically also.

• The firing pressure did not change significantly and are therefore not discussed.

• Since testing was carried out at different ambient temperatures, this may have affected the test results to some extent.

• There is no change in power for various blends of biodiesel. Even B100 i.e. pure biodiesel is capable of developing full horsepower on the ALCO DLW engine.

• In general the bsfc showed an increased trend with higher blends of biodiesel. No optimisation of injection timing was carried out, but from previous experience it can be said that the bsfc can be reduced with optimised timing.

• The NOx emissions in general increase with higher blends of biodiesel.

• The hydrocarbon emissions also revealed a decreasing trend with higher blends of biodiesel with as much as 44 % reduction with B100 as compared to Normal HSD.

• The CO emissions also showed a decreasing trend with higher blends of biodiesel with as much as 89.3 % reduction with B100 as compared to Normal HSD.

• The Smoke Opacity of the exhaust also showed a decreasing trend with higher blends of biodiesel with as much as 20 % reduction with B100 as compared to Normal HSD.

• Average Cylinder head exhaust temperatures are lesser than Normal HSD for B10 blend and highest for B20 blends. B20 tests were carried out at the highest ambient temperatures. However all the temperatures are below the upper limit of 450°C. Exhaust gas temperatures for B100 blend are very close to the plain diesel.

• Based on above results, it is concluded that WFFAME and its blends upto B100 can be used as a fuel on ALCO DLW diesel engines. Some adjustments to the injection timings and change of natural rubber component parts to synthetic rubber and bronze parts to stainless steel parts may be required.

Engine development studies Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with biodiesel blends Thermal Efficiency with biodiesel blends

NOx emissions with biodiesel blends

Summary

Biodiesel is an renewable fuel for diesel engines that can be made from virtually any oil or fat feedstock.

Biodiesel with a potential consumption of 15000 million litres can have a retail turnover of more than US$ 9000 mn per year

It can provide huge rural employment potential of 40 to 50 million families and transform the rural economy

Remote village electrification and power for agriculture application – Energy grown & used by village.

The technology choice is a function of desired capacity, feedstock type and quality, alcohol recovery, and catalyst recovery.

Summary

The dominant factor in biodiesel production is the feedstock cost which around 70%, with capital cost contributing only about 7 % of the product cost. Therefore high FFA, lower quality feedstock should be promoted for biodiesel production in India.

For meeting energy security and electricity for all, it is necessary to develop and commission small to medium capacity biodiesel unit at village & community level..

Maintaining product quality is also essential for the growth of the biodiesel industry in India.

Thank You all for

your precious time