biodiversity and conservation. what is biodiversity? bio = life diversity = differences among...
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Biodiversity and Conservation
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What is biodiversity?
• Bio = life• Diversity = differences among organisms
• Biodiversity = the variety of living organisms found in an area
• Where can you find biodiversity?
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Biodiversity varies around the world:
Do you see a pattern?• Number of species of mammals:– Canada – 163– US – 367– Mexico – 439
• In one hectare of forest you are likely to find:– Peru – 300 tree species– US – 30 tree species or less
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Where are you most likely to find the MOST biodiversity?
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Why is biodiversity important?
• Organisms are adapted to live together!• Ecologists know many relationships – many
have yet to be discovered
• What could happen if lack of biodiversity leads to…– Loss of a major predator?– Breaking the relationship among symbiotic
organisms?
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What is meant by the phrase “Life depends on life?”
• Animals need plants• Plants couldn’t exist without animals to
pollinate• Plants need decomposers to break down
nutrients
• Living things create niches for other living things!
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Importance to People
• What does biodiversity offer to Humans?• Biodiversity gives humans:
– Oxygen– Diverse diet – Materials (clothes, furniture, buildings)– Medicinal supplies (world pharmacy)
• Penicillin cam from the mold Penicillium• Antimalarial drug came from the cinchona tree
Preserving biodiversity ensures there will be living things to use in the future!
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Loss of BiodiversityExtinct Endangered Threatened
Disappearance of a species
numbers so low that extinction is possible
Population declining rapidly
Ex) Dodo Bird, Tasmanian tiger
Ex) Peregrine Falcon, Black Footed Ferret
Ex) Polar Bear, Boreal Toad
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Extinct Animals and Plants
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Endangered Plants/Animals
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Threats to Biodiversity
• Species are usually well adapted to their habitats…
• What happens when these habitats are changed?
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Threats to Biodiversity
• Habitat loss• Habitat
fragmentation• Habitat
degradation• Water/Land
pollution• Introduction of
exotics
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Habitat Loss
• Habitat loss = removal/disappearance of habitat
• Effect: organism are displaced (must go somewhere else)
• Ex: – deer in your yard – bears in garbage
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Habitat Fragmentation• Habitat fragmentation = obstruction (road,
development, etc) that separates a habitat into sections
• Example: Road through a forest prevents animals/plants from moving to other side
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Habitat Fragmentation
• Can cause problems with– Migration– “island effect” or – smaller less biodiversity– Invasion of exotic species– Lack of reintroduction after fires– Changes is climate– Edge effect
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Habitat Fragmentation
• Edge Effect= changes along ecosystem boundaries
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Habitat Fragmentation
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Habitat Degradation= to make a habitat unlivable
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Habitat Degradation: Pollution
• Pollution can be air, water, or land• Examples:• Acid Precipitation• CFC’s in atmosphere
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Acid Precipitation
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CFC’s, ozone, and global climate change… oh, my!
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Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species
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Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species
• Do not belong in habitat
• Few/no predators in new habitat
• Reproduce/spread out of control
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Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species
• Woolly Aldegid
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Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species
• Kudzu
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Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species
• Pythons in Everglades
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Conservation of Biodiversity
• Conservation biology = a new field that studies methods and implements plans to protect biodiversity
• Effective strategies are based on ecological principles
• Many species are threatened because of people, so working with humans is a major part of conservation biology
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Legal Protection• US Endangered Species Act• CITES (Convention on International Trade of
Endangered Species)
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Habitat Preservation
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Habitat Preservation
• What does it mean to be sustainable?
• Sustainable use = using resources wisely – waste less
• Habitat Corridors = connect pieces of land to overcome habitat fragmentation
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Preservation
• What does a reintroduction program try to do?
• Example: California condors
• What does a zoo/captivity aim to do?
• What is a seed bank?
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Preservation
• Captivity – under human control
• Reintroduction – putting species back in natural environment
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What kinds of problems are there with reintroduction?
• Animals may lose natural instinct
• Loss of natural instincts is harder on animals than plants
• What kinds of problems might plant reintroductions have?