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BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT 

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Natural Resources

Indestructible --- Air 

  Water 

Destructible ---  Renewable : Soil

  Forest  Wildlife

  Non-renewable : Minerals

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We Live in a most FantasticWe Live in a most Fantastic

Place !Place !

  Biological diversity or biodiversity refers to tenu!ber and variety of life for!s found witin as"ecified geogra"ic region#

  $is includes te different "lants% ani!als and!icroorganis!s% te genes tey contain% and teecosyste!s tey for!#

  $is living wealt is te "roduct of undreds of

!illions of years of evolutionary istory#

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Biodiversity - Definition

$e variability a!ong living organis!s fro! all

sources including terrestrial% !arine% and otera&uatic ecosyste!s and te ecologicalco!"le'es of wic tey are a "art( tisincludes diversity witin s"ecies% between

s"ecies and of ecosyste!s#

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1.1. Genetic diversityGenetic diversity  - genetic variability or- genetic variability or

diversity within a species, i.e. between thediversity within a species, i.e. between theindividuals of a speciesindividuals of a species

  Example ;Example ; 5, recorded varieties of mango

  !!, recorded varieties of Oryza sativa

Types of Biodiversity

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".".#pecies diversity#pecies diversity - diversity between di$erent- diversity between di$erent

speciesspecies

  Example ;Example ; FelisFelis tigristigris

  FelisFelis domesticadomestica

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%. Ecosystem diversity%. Ecosystem diversity  & diversity within a& diversity within a

regionregion

  )rassland Sola forest

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Facts related to Biodiversity

  'otal (and )rea of Earth & 'otal (and )rea of Earth &  51,*5,"!+51,*5,"!+

s.ms.m

 orest /over &orest /over & %!.0 m. s.m%!.0 m. s.m

  "*23"*23

 +2+2 of Global orest (and isof Global orest (and is

in #outh )merica, )frica,in #outh )merica, )frica,

and #outh )sia.and #outh )sia.

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Facts related to Biodiversity contd##

 There areThere are  !illio" to!illio" to #$$#$$ !illio"!illio"

  species o" earth%species o" earth%

  O"ly a&outO"ly a&out #%'#%' !illio" species!illio" species

have &ee" catalo(ued so far%have &ee" catalo(ued so far%

  There areThere are )*)*  reco("isedreco("ised

““+otspots+otspots”” i" the ,orld%i" the ,orld%

  **%*-**%*- of .lo&al /la"t species a"dof .lo&al /la"t species a"d

  )%)-)%)- of Verte&rate species areof Verte&rate species are

  prese"t i" +otspotsprese"t i" +otspots%%

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$otal land area of India - *+, !illion#a

India occu"ies #+./ of te World0s geogra"ical

area and as only */ of te forest

Facts related to Biodiversity contd##

India as *1#*/ of world u!an

"o"ulation and *2#*/ of cattle

"o"ulation

orest /over in 4ndia &orest /over in 4ndia &

"%.50"%.50

22

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India is saringIndia is saring *#2, /*#2, / ofof

world0s biodiversityworld0s biodiversity

India asIndia as ,#3 /,#3 / of grasslands%of grasslands%#4 /#4 / of ot deserts%of ot deserts% +#*+#* !#a!#a

of wetland ecosyste!s#of wetland ecosyste!s#

India is teIndia is te ..tt largest country inlargest country inte world and one a!ong tete world and one a!ong te

*.*. !ega diversity centers#!ega diversity centers#

Facts related to Biodiversity contd##

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Facts related to Biodiversity contd##

India recorded :India recorded : 

 +2%444+2%444 5 s"ecies of wild "lants5 s"ecies of wild "lants

 63%44463%444 5 s"ecies of wild ani!als5 s"ecies of wild ani!als

 At least At least ,4,4 s"ecies of wilds"ecies of wild

relatives of cro"s ave beenrelatives of cro"s ave been

  originated ere#originated ere#

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/0ANT S/E1IES IN INDIA AND 2OR0D

$a'a S"ecies

  India World

Bacteria 3$ *$$$

Viruses u"4"o," *$$$

Al(ae 5$$ *$6$$$

Fu"(i #*6$$ 786$$$

0iche"s 8$$$ #76$$$

Bryophyta 83$ #56$$$/teridophyta ##$$ #)$$$

.y!"osper!s 5* 7$

A"(iosper!s #76$$ 8$6$$$

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ANIMA0 S/E1IES IN INDIA AND 2OR0D

$a'a S"ecies

  India World

I"sects 5$6$$$ 36$$$$$

Mollusca $$$ #$$$$$

Fishes 86$$ 8)6$$$A!phi&ia"s #'$ *68$

Reptiles *$$ 56$

Birds #6#7 36*$$

Ma!!als 378 *68)#

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arnataaarnataa && !!thth largest state in the countrylargest state in the country

 'otal (and )rea of arnataa & 'otal (and )rea of arnataa & 1,61,0611,61,061

s.ms.m

arnataa7s orest /over &arnataa7s orest /over & "." 2"." 2

/oastal area-/oastal area-

5+"5 s.m5+"5 s.m

8ominated by mangrove8ominated by mangrove

forest forest * s.m* s.m33

Facts related to Biodiversity contd7

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+otspots+otspots

  #% E"de!is!9#% E"de!is!9 

:$%- or #$$ species of the ,orld;s ):$%- or #$$ species of the ,orld;s )

0a4h /la"t species as e"de!ics should0a4h /la"t species as e"de!ics should

&e prese"t

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Threate"ed Species> The ter! is used i" co"servatio"

co"te?t for species ,hich are i"

  o"e of the cate(ories =

E"da"(ered

Vul"era&le

  Rare

I"deter!i"ate

  RED DATA BOO@

I1N cate(ories

E?ti"ct

A species "ot defi"itely located i"

the ,ild a"d "ever si(hted eve"

o"ce i" the last $ years

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Wy Biodiversity is i!"ortant8

9rovides food% fodder% fruit% fuel% ti!ber% !edicine

 *#o!!ercial value :

  ;il% Fertili

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,#Recreational =alue:

  an not be !easured in ter!s of   !oney#

 +# Aestetic =alue:

  Art% 9oetry% >iterature#

 2#Scientific =alue:

  )ene 9ool% ?volution%

@u!an Welfare% etc%#

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=alue of a $ree A tree tat lives for 24 years generates:

Rs# 2#, las wort of o'ygen

Facilitates Rs# 1#+ las wort of soil erosion control

reates Rs# *4#2 las wort of air "ollution control

9rovides Rs# 2#, laswort of selter for birds

  and ani!als

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Recycles Rs# 1#+ las wort of fertility

Besides "rovide flower% fruits and ti!ber 

Wen a tree is fell it is so!eting wort!ore tan Rs# ,,# 3 las#

7#=alue of a $ree

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$reats to Biodiversity

*# Deforestation and overgra

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,# 9oacing and unting for fles% fur%

  sin% orn% naiI and recreation#

+# Forest fires including s!oing in te

woods#

2# ;ver e'"loitation‑

  of te resources#

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1# Natural cala!ities lie floods% ig wind velocities% eart&uaes% etc#%#

.# 9ollution of various inds and release of to'ic substances#

6#Soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients#

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 3#9o"ulation "ressure and une&ual

  distribution of te resources

*4# Agricultural e'"ansion

**#S"reading urbani

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*,# li!atic canges lie de"letion of o

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I!pact of 0oss Of BiodiversityI!pact of 0oss Of Biodiversity

.lo&al ,ar!i"( a"d cli!ate cha"(e 

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I"creased pollutio"

Soil erosio" a"d loss of fertility

Deco!positio" rate

&y !icro&es is altered

Nutrie"t cycli"( is altered

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Reduces (e"e pool 9 affects speciatio"

Food chai" is altered

Alteratio" i" +ydrolo(ic

1ycle

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Conservation Measures:Conservation Measures: 

1. Maintenance of the integrity1. Maintenance of the integrityof the habitat and improvementof the habitat and improvementof habitat in productivity andof habitat in productivity andquality for the desired speciesquality for the desired species

to grow and reproduce well.to grow and reproduce well.

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88 /reve"tio" a"d co"trol of /reve"tio" a"d co"trol of 

  forest fires% Bur"i"( offorest fires% Bur"i"( of

(rassla"ds has to &e co"trolled%(rassla"ds has to &e co"trolled%

By co"trolli"( the forest fire6By co"trolli"( the forest fire6

protectio" ca" &e (ive" toprotectio" ca" &e (ive" to

,ildlife%,ildlife%

)) E?cessive cutti"( shouldE?cessive cutti"( should

&e eli!i"ated a"d o"ly !ature&e eli!i"ated a"d o"ly !ature

trees should &e harvested% Ne,trees should &e harvested% Ne,

seedli"(s should replace theseedli"(s should replace the

harvested trees%harvested trees%

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** Fra(!e"tatio" of the forest area or ,ildlifeFra(!e"tatio" of the forest area or ,ildlife

ha&itat6 ,hich decreases the &iolo(ical diversityha&itat6 ,hich decreases the &iolo(ical diversity

:&oth (e"etic diversity a"d ecolo(ical diversity

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55 Measures to chec4 the velocity of ,i"d i"Measures to chec4 the velocity of ,i"d i"

  deserted areas6 pla"ti"( ,i"ddeserted areas6 pla"ti"( ,i"d

&rea4s across the directio" of ,i"d is helpful%&rea4s across the directio" of ,i"d is helpful%

Trees a"d shru&s !ay &eTrees a"d shru&s !ay &epla"ted i" several ro,s to chec4 the &lo,i"(pla"ted i" several ro,s to chec4 the &lo,i"(

a,ay of the fertile top soil6a,ay of the fertile top soil6

,hich deter!i"es the ve(etatio"al (ro,th%,hich deter!i"es the ve(etatio"al (ro,th%

 77 O"e should "ot s!o4eO"e should "ot s!o4e

  i" the ,oods% 1a!ps firei" the ,oods% 1a!ps fire

  a"d trash fires shoulda"d trash fires should

  &e carefully te"ded a"d&e carefully te"ded a"d

thorou(hlythorou(hly

e?ti"(uished%e?ti"(uished% 

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33 .rasses such as.rasses such as Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon

are utilised as erosio" resisti"( pla"ts%are utilised as erosio" resisti"( pla"ts%

1o"servatio" of !a"y such types of1o"servatio" of !a"y such types of

(rasses help i" i!provi"( the soil(rasses help i" i!provi"( the soil

fertility of the re(io" for lu?uria"t (ro,th of thefertility of the re(io" for lu?uria"t (ro,th of the

pla"ts%pla"ts%

 

'' Reforestatio" i" de(raded forest a"d a(riculturalReforestatio" i" de(raded forest a"d a(ricultural,astela"ds ,ith suita&le,astela"ds ,ith suita&le

strai"s of tree species6strai"s of tree species6

,hich are via&le6 (e"etically,hich are via&le6 (e"etically

superior a"d disease resista"tsuperior a"d disease resista"t

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  #$%/rotectio" of forest fro! illicit felli"( a"d#$%/rotectio" of forest fro! illicit felli"( a"d

over(raCi"(%over(raCi"(%

  ##%Esta&lish!e"t a"d !ai"te"a"ce of##%Esta&lish!e"t a"d !ai"te"a"ce of

(er!plas! &a"4s of ,ild species for future(er!plas! &a"4s of ,ild species for future

(e"etic i!prove!e"t a"d &reedi"((e"etic i!prove!e"t a"d &reedi"(

pro(ra!!e%pro(ra!!e%

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#8%#8% The !ai"te"a"ce a"d preservatio" ofThe !ai"te"a"ce a"d preservatio" of

(er!plas! of ve(etatively propa(ated(er!plas! of ve(etatively propa(ated

species is ofte" a difficult tas4% +e"ce tospecies is ofte" a difficult tas4% +e"ce to

co"seve these (e"epool develop!e"tco"seve these (e"epool develop!e"t

of tissues culture tech"iues should &eof tissues culture tech"iues should &e

(reatly e!phasiCed%(reatly e!phasiCed%

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#)% I!prove!e"t of the heredity#)% I!prove!e"t of the heredity

  of trees a"d proper adoptio" of of trees a"d proper adoptio" of 

  &reedi"( tech"iues%&reedi"( tech"iues%

#*% The Ma"a(e!e"t of "atural#*% The Ma"a(e!e"t of "aturalforests6 ,hich ,ill e"sureforests6 ,hich ,ill e"sure

  future productivity a"dfuture productivity a"d

e"viro"!e"tal sta&ility6 shoulde"viro"!e"tal sta&ility6 should

&e practiced%&e practiced%

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#% If the pri"ciples a"d procedures of#% If the pri"ciples a"d procedures of

Social Forestry are follo,ed6 theSocial Forestry are follo,ed6 the

stress o" the e?ploitatio" of re"e,a&lestress o" the e?ploitatio" of re"e,a&leforest resources ca" &e !i"i!ised%forest resources ca" &e !i"i!ised%

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#5% 1o"servatio" of e"da"(ered a"d e"de!ic species#5% 1o"servatio" of e"da"(ered a"d e"de!ic species

i" "atural forests6 ,hich are the (uardia"s ofi" "atural forests6 ,hich are the (uardia"s of

diversityG6 should &e (ive" pri!e i!porta"ce%diversityG6 should &e (ive" pri!e i!porta"ce%

#7% /roper utiliCatio" a"d !a"a(e!e"t of "o" ,ood‑#7% /roper utiliCatio" a"d !a"a(e!e"t of "o" ,ood‑

  &ased resources a"d esta&lish!e"t of E"er(y&ased resources a"d esta&lish!e"t of E"er(y

/la"tatio"s%/la"tatio"s%

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#3% I!ple!e"tatio" of effective a"d scie"tific#3% I!ple!e"tatio" of effective a"d scie"tific

!ethods to !i"i!ise the pollutio" of ,ater6 soil!ethods to !i"i!ise the pollutio" of ,ater6 soil

a"d air to e"sure hi(h productivity of thea"d air to e"sure hi(h productivity of the&io!ass i" this re(io"% /reve"tio" of ,ater&io!ass i" this re(io"% /reve"tio" of ,ater

pollutio" ,ill protect the auatic a"i!al life%pollutio" ,ill protect the auatic a"i!al life%

#'% I!proper la"d de(radatio" due to !i"i"(#'% I!proper la"d de(radatio" due to !i"i"(

activities should &e stopped%activities should &e stopped%

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8$% Se"si&le a"d ,ise use of forest products a"d8$% Se"si&le a"d ,ise use of forest products a"d

the pu&lic a,are"ess a&out the i!porta"ce ofthe pu&lic a,are"ess a&out the i!porta"ce of

forest ,ealth to !a"4i"d a"d ecosyste! ca"forest ,ealth to !a"4i"d a"d ecosyste! ca"

pro!ote the co"servatio"pro!ote the co"servatio"

8#% 1o"trol of soil erosio" a"d esta&lish!e"t of8#% 1o"trol of soil erosio" a"d esta&lish!e"t of

ve(etative cover ,ill provide fruit or &ro,se forve(etative cover ,ill provide fruit or &ro,se for

,ild a"i!als%,ild a"i!als%

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88% Efforts should &e i"te"sified88% Efforts should &e i"te"sified

to cur& the destructiveto cur& the destructive

activities of poachers%activities of poachers%

8)% Sta&iliCatio" of ,ater levels

i" pools6 po"ds a"d la4es

should &e u"derta4e" so

as to preve"t seaso"al

destructio" of auatic life throu(h evaporatio"%

8*% Develop!e"t of re"e,a&le

resources i" a" area accordi"(

to the "eed of or(a"is!s

i" the sa!e area%

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8% /rey 9 predator relatio" should &e ,or4ed out

&ased o" the carryi"( capacity of the ha&itat%

This ,ill help i" pro!oti"( the ha&itat

i!prove!e"t% 

85% 1o"servatio" also i"cludes restoratio" of those

species6 ,hich ca" a"d should &e restored%

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87% Esta&lish!e"t of Natio"al /ar4s6 Natio"al

Sa"ctuaries are e?celle"t areas for the

preservatio" of "atural &iotic co!!u"ities%

83% Esta&lish!e"t of Biosphere Reserves%

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29.  Develop!e"t of electro"ics as a tool i" the

  co"servatio" of ,ildlife should &e (ive"

pri!e i!porta"ce as electro"ic devices are  helpful i" aerial photo(raphy6 data

  collectio" of pla"ts a"d a"i!als6 detectio" of 

  forest fires6 educatio"al pro(ra!!es a"d

!o"itori"( of a"i!al !ove!e"ts%

)$ I!ple!e"tatio" of educatio"al pro(ra!!es to

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)$% I!ple!e"tatio" of educatio"al pro(ra!!es to

pro!ote the 4"o,led(e of co"servatio" a"d

preservatio" of ,ildlife :i"cludi"( flora a"d fau"a<

should &e do"e throu(h literatures6 scie"tific

e?hi&itio"s6 audio visual aids a"d co"fere"ces‑stressi"( upo" e"viro"!e"tal co"servatio"

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 Natio"al /ar4

 2ildlife Sa"ctuaries

 2etla"ds

 Ma"(roves

 Sacred .roves

 /rotected 0a"dscapes

 Eth"o&iolo(ical Reserves

 Reserve a"d /rotected Forests

 /reservatio" plots

 Biosphere Reserves

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)#% Tea! of scie"tists fro! various discipli"es li4e)#% Tea! of scie"tists fro! various discipli"es li4e

Bota"y6 Hoolo(y6 A(riculture6 +orticulture6 SoilBota"y6 Hoolo(y6 A(riculture6 +orticulture6 Soil

Scie"ce6 /har!acolo(y6 E"(i"eeri"(6 SilvicultureScie"ce6 /har!acolo(y6 E"(i"eeri"(6 Silviculture

a"d Eco"o!ics a"d trai"ed foresters6a"d Eco"o!ics a"d trai"ed foresters6

ad!i"istrators6 forest lovers all should &e‑ad!i"istrators6 forest lovers all should &e‑

i"te(rated i" !a"a(i"(6 pro!oti"( a"di"te(rated i" !a"a(i"(6 pro!oti"( a"d

i!ple!e"ti"( co"servatio" pro(ra!!esi!ple!e"ti"( co"servatio" pro(ra!!es