biodiversity microbial
TRANSCRIPT
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Microorganisms: Biodiversity
and Bioprospecting
Dr. Anu Appaiah K AScientist, Food Microbiology
CFTRI, Mysore
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Biodiversity:
what is it! This gives the total range of variation and variability amongbioregional landscape, ecosystem and habitat level systems and
organisms.
Biodiversity refers to the quality, range or extent of differencebetween the biological entities in a given set
The variation may be at organism level down to species, populationand individuals and genes .
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All these changes as well as human induced modification ofbiodiversity must be seen against the background of its 3.5 billionyear history
Species and their population are in a constant state of evolutionarychange .
Biodiversity is dynamic
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How is the biodiversity valued in different Cultures?How is it influenced by human action and activity?How can biological resources be used sustainable?
How can the benefits derived from their use be shared fairly and equitably?
Global biodiversity crisis
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Designer baby
butWhere is the gene ?
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Conservative estimates state thatabout 1-3% of the microbial diversity has been
identified,classified
catalogued
.
Knowledge of our Microbial diversity
which means that more than 99% is yet to be discovered
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Described and estimated species
numberGroup Described Estimated (range) Accuracy
Plants 270,000 300,000 - 500,000 good
Chordates 45,000 50,000 55,000 goodArthropods 1,065,000 2,375,000 -100 million
moderate Nematodes 25,000 100,000 - 1,000,000 poorFungi 75,000 200,000 10 million moderateBacteria ~5,000 50,000 3 million (??) very
poor
Bull (2004) Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting
Unit of count s ecies is an undefined uantit
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Today it is widely accepted that 80% of themicrobial forms cannot be cultured with ourpresent knowledge .
Why is our knowledge about microbes solimited?
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Why is Microbial DiversityImportant?
Important values to the Earths ecosystem and to society 1. Microbes are of critical importance to the sustainability of
life on Earth, including recycling of elements, maintenanceof climate, degradation of wastes
2. Discoveries of microbial diversity expand the frontiers ofknowledge about the limits and strategies of life3. Microbial diversity represent the largest untapped
reservoir of biodiversity for potential discovery of newbiotechnology products, such as biopharmaceuticals, new
enzymes, or organisms that carry out novel processes4. Microbes often have key roles in conservation of higherorganisms and in restoration of degraded ecosystems
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MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND
BIOPROSPECTINGBiodiversity as a source of innovation in biotechnologyBiotechnology = the art of exploiting biologyInternational Convention on Biological Diversity defines genetic resources
as genetic material of actual of potential value, inclusive of whole organisms, cell component and extracts, and nucleic acids.Microbial diversity as a major resource for biotechnological products and
processes1. Food and beverage biotechnology2. Metabolites (amino acids, antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals,) 3. Enzymes4. Organic synthesis5. Single cell protein6. Environmental biotechnology7. Biological fuels Search for and discovery of novel microorganisms and properties
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Exploitation of chemical energy sour cesUptake and extrusion of small moleculesBiosynthesis pathways for intermediates
Reliable macromolecular synthesisRegulation of macromolecular synthesisSynchr ony of DNA synthesis and cel l division
Shape determination and cel l divisionResponses to environmental chal lenges
* Retained today with r elatively minor variations
Processes developed during themonophyletic period *
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Microbes have degradative mechanism formolecules yet to be synthesized
and
cure for disease yet to be discovered
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Open reading frames (ORF) prediction based on genomicsequence
Homology searches for all the predicted ORFs
Hit found No hit found
Localization predictionEnzyme &ytoplasmicocalization
AlreadyKnownantigen
Homology
to virulence protein Secreted
Outer membraneInner membrane
Periplasmiclipoproteins
cytoplasmic
Clone &Express
X X
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National Priority
With the passage of the Biodiversity Act 2002, it is the duty ofevery Biological Scientist to collect, document and preserve the
rich Biodiversity of our country.Bio-prospecting of DNA from Environmental samples and
their preservation helps in developing a DNA library for the futureneed of the country.
Global requirements
This helps in reaching the requirements of emerging and trust areaof Biodiversity Documentation.
Further with an understanding today, that 80% of the Microorganism can not be grown (uncultivable microbes); the only wayof harvesting and exploiting their genomes for the benefit ofmankind is by Bio-prospecting
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