bioecology of the indonesian indigenous animal : the...

Bioecology of The Indonesian Indigenous Animal : The Carnivores Indonesia Mongrel Dogs (Anjing Kampong)

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Bioecology of The Indonesian Indigenous Animal :

The Carnivores Indonesian Mongrel Dogs (Anjing Kampong)

Deni Noviana, Ph.D

Agik Suprayogi, Ph.D Huda Salahuddin Darusman, DVM

I. Introduction and Identification

Dogs are known today is not believed to natural species, but the results of domestication from wolves and have experienced breeding for thousands of years. However, it is very difficult to explain why from a single ancestral species, the wolf, now into the hundreds type of dogs that look very different. In Indonesia there are two kinds of dog, namely pure breed dog that imported from abroad and Indonesian mongrel (Sanusi 2004). Pure breed are defined as dogs that have the origin, identity and purity of lineage and recorded by a PERKIN (Sanusi 2004). Indonesian mongrel is a dog that has long lived but did not note the offspring while the local dogs are dogs whose existence has long been known and isolated in a particular location in Indonesia, so the offspring can be recognized and maintained. Both Indonesian mongrel and a local dog is a dog that has been domesticated (Supriadi Boedhihartono in 2004). Indonesian mongrel dog has the following classification (Anonimous 2004a):

Figure 1. Dogs who live in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital IPB Darmaga (left) and in Farm Kennels Cihideung Karyo Ilir

Ciampea (right).

Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrata Class : Mammalia Subclass : Eutheria Order : Carnivora Family : Canidae Genus : Canis Domestic dog : Canis familiaris. In Indonesia the village dogs are often used as experimental animals because it is relatively inexpensive

and easy to get. Utilization of dogs as experimental animals such as testing drugs, vaccines, or anesthesia (Smith and Mangkoewidjojo 1988). However, the physiological value of mongrel dog is not much


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explored. Physiological values for comparison are still using foreign references. Thus not appropriate to use in Indonesia because it has climatological and genetic differences.

Tabel 1. Biological data of Dogs

Parameters Range Normal Long life 13 to 17 years, can reach 34 years Old bunting 63 days (53 to 71 days) Married after birth interval 30 to 90 days Age weaned 8 to 9 weeks Age Adult ± 1 year Age mated 6 to 8 months Sexual cycle Monoestrus Estrus period ± 9 days Marriage At estrus Ovulation Spontaneous Fertilization A few days after mating Implantation 13 to 14 days after fertilization Adult Weight 2 to 90 kg Birth weight Depending on the breed Number of children 7 average, can reach 22 tails Activities Diurnal (daytime)

Source: Smith dan Mangkoewidjojo 1988

Types of dogs can be divided based on the size and function, which is based on the size, dogs are

divided into four groups, namely small (1-10 kg), medium (10-25 kg), large (25-50 kg), and giant (50-75 kg). Based on its function, dogs are categorized into several groups, namely: toy dogs to play, companion dogs for the family dog, guard dogs to guard houses or other property, hound dogs to hunt animals, terrier dogs to hunt small animals, gun dogs for trackers, utility dog used in a variety of purposes.

Figure 2. Fisiograf BSM-8800 (Nihon Kohden ®)

II. Biological Data

Indonesian mongrel dogs aged two months weigh an average of 2.7 ± 0.3 kg, and 2 years old adults dog weigh an average of 12.9 ± 2.4 kg (Figure 1). Another biological data for dogs were shown on table 1. Dog's ability to track an object caused by a very sharp sense of smell. The power of smell is based in olfactorius, growing 40 times better than humans (Prajanto 2004). Sanusi (2004) states that nerve cells in the dog olfactorius reach 125 to 220 million cells, whereas in humans only have five million cells. Dog eyesight is the sense that less reliable because it is only able to see clearly at a distance of 100 to 150 meters, despite the


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fact that dogs eyesight can reach 800 to 900 meters but could not be seen clearly. This weakness resulted in frequent barking dogs or chasing an object when the object is moving, even though dogs can not see the object clearly. Also dogs are color blind animals (Sanusi 2004).

Normal values of physiological parameters of dogs, ie hematology, cardiopulmonary bypass, body temperature and electrocardiogram were measured using fisiograf (figure 2) and results were shown in tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Measurement of physiological value of electrocardiogram (ECG) on adult mongrel on lead II and offspring on the leads I, II and III; including P wave, QRS complex and T wave (Figure 3).

Figure 3. ECG recording position on the dog's body. Adult dogs (left); Puppy (right)

The ECG of adult dogs and puppy, showed significantly different values (Tables 5 and 7) .The

difference is probably caused by differences in age (Kertohoesodo 1987). This age difference also illustrates the anatomical heart mass between adult dogs and children. Dog child has a heart mass is smaller than adult dogs (Getty 1975). This can be seen from the value of the dog electrocardiogram children smaller than adult dogs.

Table 2. Hematology normal value parameters in dogs

Hematology parameters Refence Dogs Adult Indonesian Mongrel Blood volume

Red blood cells Hematocrit

White blood cells Neutrophils

Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils

Platelets Hemoglobin

Plasma proteins Serum cholesterol

70 - 90 ml/Kga 5.5 - 8.5 x 106/mm3a

37 – 55%a 6.0 - 18.0 x 103/mm3a

63 - 80%a 12 - 30%a 3 - 10%a 2 - 10%a

2 - 9 x 105/mm3a 12 - 18 g/100 mla

5.3 - 7.5 g/100 mla 140 - 210 mg/100 mla

- 6.05 ± 1.56 x 106/mm3b

36.94 ± 8.5%b -

6.47 ± 2.38 x 103/ml3c 2.77 ± 3.17 x 103/ml3c 0.14 ± 0.49 x 103/ml3c 0.08 ± 0.12 x 103/ml3c 2.23 ± 1.06 x 105/ml3c

18.41 ± 4.76 g/dlc 12.85 ± 1.24 g/100 mlb

- Source: a. Smith dan Mangkoewidjojo (1988); b. Hariyati (1988); c. Wirajaya (2005).

P waves on lead II adult dogs showed a longer duration (0.050 ± 0.009 seconds) compared with

values that have been reported by Edwards (1993) and Suprayogi (1988), which respectively 0.04 and 0.037 seconds. This is most likely caused by an adult dog has an electric power is less. Small electric strength is also


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evidenced by the low P wave amplitude in adult dogs (0.232 ±0.094 mV) than the value that has been reported by Edwards (1993) of 0.4 mV. The duration and P wave amplitude in adult dogs greater than a puppy with a very real differences (P <0.01).This indicates that there is a difference in electrical potential enlargement of the heart with age as a dog (Getty 1975). PR interval in adult dogs have a longer value (0.075 ± 0.013 seconds) than the value that has been reported by Suprayogi (1988) is 0.063 ± 0.017 seconds. PR interval in adult dogs also have a longer value (P <0.01) than in puppy (0.058 ± 0.007 seconds). This shows that the time and slowing the atrial depolarization atrio-ventricular (AV) in the adult dog longer than a puppy. Interval and QRS complex amplitude in the adult dog has a value of 0.068 ± 0.013seconds and 1.299 ± 0.267 mV. Value is much longer and smaller than the value that has been reported by Edwards (1993) that is 0.05 seconds and 2.5 mV. This shows the depolarization of ventricular adult dogs have a smaller power. Depolarization is derived from the AV node, HIS fibers, and Purkinje fibers (Wolff 1957). Electric power of the depolarization of heart ventricles adult dogs appear larger than the puppy. This is evidenced by the value of the interval and QRS complex amplitude at larger adult dogs (P <0.01) than values in dogs, that is, 0.060 ± 0.007 seconds and 0104 ± 0309 mV.

Table 3. Cardiopulmonary reference value and body

Parameters Refence Dogs Adult Indonesian Mongrel

Respiratory frequency (inspiration / min) Tidal volume (ml)

Volume of respiration (lt / min) Heart frequency (beats / min)

Blood pressure systole (mmHg) Blood pressure diastole (mmHg) Blood pressure mean (mmHg)

Oxygen consumption (ml / kg / hr) Body temperature (rectal)

15 – 18a - -

70 - 100a 110a 60a -

580a 36.7 - 40.6oCa

25.71 ± 3.86b 202.57 ± 9.6b

5.2 ± 0.67b 95 ± 14.30c

133.2 ± 9.34c 79.6 ± 11.36c 98.2 ± 8.38c

- 39.36 ± 0.53oCb

Source: a. Smith dan Mangkoewidjojo (1988); b. Sumantri (1988); c. Sudisma (2004).

T wave amplitude and R in the puppy is 0.378 ± 0.124 and 0.303 ± 0.218 mV so that when the waves

T and R are comparable then the obtained value of 1.25. This value exceeds the normal limits that have been reported by Edwards (1993), the maximum 0.33. This is probably caused by high levels of potassium in the body of the dog child (Thaler 2000).

Value of cardiac axis in adult dogs can not be calculated because only a physiological value of the lead II ECG. To be able to calculate the value of the heart axis, ECG recordings required a minimum of two different lead (Dubin 2000). Suprayogi (1988) reported that the value of adult mongrel axis is +99o which is still included in the normal interval according to Edwards (1993), namely +40o-+100 o.

Axis value is the heart electricity recordings obtained by calculating the algebraic value of the ECG, the amplitude Q, R and S, the lead I, II and III. Cardiac axis interval values in a puppy, shown in figure 4. In figure 4 shows that the value of the heart axis in the puppy looks to shift to the left compared to normal cardiac axis value in adult dogs. This shows that the value of electricity in the left ventricle puppy is greater than the right ventricle.


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Figure 4. Range of heart axis value on puppy

Getty (1975) states that puppies normally have the right ventricle is thicker than the left ventricle and

would turn his condition along with the increase left ventricular workload, especially when he became an adult. However, the value of the heart axis in Figure 11 shows that the puppy at ECG recording has a higher electricity in the left ventricle than the right ventricle. The value of this electricity is electricity available in left bundle branche and Purkinje fibers.

Table 4. Electrocardiogram reference value

Parameters Refence Dogs (Lead II) Adult Indonesian Mongrel (Lead II)

P wave (second) PR Interval (second)

QRS Interval (second) QT Interval (second) P Amplitudo (mV) R Amplitudo (mV) T Amplitudo (mV)

Heart axis

0.04ab 0.06 – 0.13ab

0.05ab 0.15 – 0.25ab

0.4ab 3ab

< 1/3 Rb wave +400 - +1000a

- 0.09 ± 0.01c 0.07 ± 0.02c 0.23 ± 0.02c 0.27 ± 0.02c 1.49 ± 0.19c

- -

Source: a. Edwards (1993); b. Nelson (2003); c. Sudisma (2004). The results of the ECG recording showed the value of a regular heart rhythm in adult dogs and

children. This indicates that during the last ECG recording values, cardiac electrical potential actions are in stable condition. Electric potential instability of the action usually occurs suddenly and in a short time so to be able to record the ECG recording is required continuously (Hampton 2003).


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Tabel 5. Electrocardiogram reference value for Adult Indonesian Mongrel Dog Parameters Lead I Lead II Lead III

P wave (second) PR Interval (second)

QRS Interval (second) Segmen ST (second) RR Interval (second) P Amplitudo (mV) Q Amplitudo (mV) R Amplitudo (mV) S Amplitudo (mV) T Amplitudo (mV)

0.047 ± 0.028 0.063 ± 0.015 0.051 ± 0.001 0.092 ± 0.053 0.425 ± 0.069 0.070 ± 0.020 -0.060 ± 0.120 0.660 ± 0.320 -0.040 ± 0.050 - 0.050 ± 0.130

0.037 ± 0.007 0.063 ± 0.017 0.042 ± 0.007 0.029 ± 0.024 0.451 ± 0.083 0.200 ± 0.070 -0.390 ± 0.190 2.000 ± 0.410 -0.210 ± 0.230 -0.180 ± 0.280

0.032 ± 0.007 0.068 ± 0.019 0.044 ± 0.006 0.044 ± 0.035 0.445 ± 0.116 0.160 ± 0.060 -0.560 ± 0.430 2,010 ± 0.200 -0.200 ± 0.250 -0.040 ± 0.360

Source: Suprayogi 1988

The heart frequency of adult dogs and puppies are very real different (P <0.01). This is probably due

to differences in body weight. The greater weight of the animal, the lower the value the heart frequency (Guyton and Hall 1997; Biauw 1977). However, according Anonimous (2006a) values of heart frequency or adult dog puppy is still in the normal range, ie 60 to 160 beats / min. This value is still in the normal range.

Value of blood pressure adult dogs and puppies in a very real differ (P <0.01). This is probably due to adult dogs have a metabolic rate higher than the puppy. The pup was originally to have a low metabolic rate and the new will be increased significantly when the age of six months (Cunningham 1997). Value of respiratory frequency in adult dogs greater than a puppy. This is probably because the rate is proportional to the value of a higher metabolism in adult dogs (Cunningham 1997). However, differences in respiratory frequency was not significantly different and according Frandson (1992) included in the normal interval, ie 10 to 30 inspiration / min.

Table 6. Physiological value of: heart frequency, blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature in Indonesian

adult mongrel and puppy

Note: * Significantly different (P <0.01) with the same physiological parameters value in adult dogs

Value of rectal temperature adult dogs look bigger than a puppy. It is also possible because the rate is

proportional to the value of a higher metabolism in adult dogs (Cunningham 1997). High metabolic rate which will produce energy for the body and heat. In addition, adult dogs have a weight value is higher than the puppy so that body heat is lost due to low temperature research space can be minimized (Cunningham 1997). Research room temperature is set at a temperature of 23 ° C.

Value of blood pressure (SAP, DAP and MAP) in adult mongrel bigger than a puppy, but the value of heart frequency in puppies appear larger than in adult dogs. This can be understood because the frequency of the heart is not an absolute in influencing blood pressure values.Cunningham (1997) convey that the arterial

Parameters Adult Puppy Heart frequency (beats / min)

Blood pressure systole (mmHg) Blood pressure diastole (mmHg) Blood pressure mean (mmHg)

Respiratory frequency (inspiration / min) Rectal temperature (oC)

95.93 ± 23.7 129.68 ± 24.45 72.96 ± 20.33 91.82 ± 24.34 28.21 ± 14.34 38.23 ± 0.73

152.50 ± 14.76* 83.93 ± 13.29* 37.50 ± 16.31* 58.21 ± 13.30* 26.50 ± 7.93

37.53 ± 0.29*


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blood pressure is influenced by several factors, namely cardiac output, peripheral resistance, heart frequency and stroke volume.

Tabel 7. Electrocardiogram reference value for Puppy Indonesian Mongrel Dog

Parameters Lead II Lead I Lead III Duration (Second)

Amplitudo (mV)

Duration (Second)

Amplitudo (mV)

Duration (Second)

Amplitudo (mV)

P wave Q waves R wave S wave QRS complex T wave PR interval QRS interval RR interval QT interval ST segment Axis heart Heart rhythm

0.036 ± 0.006** - - - - -

0.058 ± 0.007** 0.060 ± 0.007** 0.281 ± 0.046** 0.183 ± 0.024** 0.018 ± 0.012**

- regular

0.100 ± 0.024** -0.162 ± 0.118* 0.303 ± 0.218** -0.040 ± 0.037

0.104 ± 0.309** +0.378 ± 0.124

- - - - -

(+56) – (-95)o

-

0.033 ± 0.008 - - - - -

0.056 ± 0.011 0.055 ± 0.010 0.300 ± 0.041 0.179 ± 0.017 0.024 ± 0.012

- regular

0.072 ± 0.033 -0.047 ± 0.039 0.328 ± 0.157 -0.037 ± 0.030 0.246 ± 0.193

+0.214 ± 0.107

- - - - - - -

0.035 ± 0.009 - - - - -

0.114 ± 0.162 0.054 ± 0.012 0.290 ± 0.041 0.180 ± 0.042 0.022 ± 0.011

- regular

0.051 ± 0.015 -0.132 ± 0.137 0.159 ± 0.196 -0.030 ± 0.039 -0.003 ± 0.280

+0.218 ± 0.113

- - - - - - -

Value of blood pressure and heart frequency was also highly correlated with respiratory frequency, associated with the humoral control. Respiratory frequency in adult dogs greater than a puppy. This can be understood as they relate to the speed of the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the internal and external respiration. High metabolic rate in adult dogs requires the value of blood pressure and high respiratory frequency to the value of PO2, PCO2 and blood acidity under control (Frandson 1992). Blood pressure and respiratory frequency in adult mongrel has a value equal to the value that has been presented by previous researchers, namely Sudisma (2004) and Sumantri (1988). This is probably due to genetic similarity, age, gender and bioklimat value. Anonimous (2006b) states that greatly affect the value bioklimat animal physiological value. Humidity values in the second kennel looks quite high and very normal in the tropics. Anonimous (2006b) reported that the air humidity in the Bogor area is 66% to 92%. High humidity values indicate the value of moisture content and high oxygen in the air. This causes the animals do not have to do breathing with high frequency because the body oxygen consumption requirements are met quickly. Physiological value of electrocardiogram (ECG), heart frequency, blood pressure systole, diastole and the average, the frequency of respiration and rectal temperature in adult mongrel dogs and children is specific.


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Table 8. Comparison of age between dogs and humans Dog age Human age 6 months 10 years 8 months 13 years

10 months 14 years 12 months 15 years 18 months 20 years

2 years 24 years 4 years 32 years 6 years 40 years 8 years 48 years

10 years 56 years 12 years 64 years 14 years 72 years 16 years 80 years 20 years 96 years

Source: Sanusi 2004 Cardiovascular physiological value EKG and blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal

temperature in adult dogs is higher than the frequency of pup but the pup heart showed a higher value.

Figure 5. Ultrasound Equipment (Sonoscape SSI-1000®) (left) and special animal lay for echocardiography

examination (right).

III. Husbandary

Sanusi (2004) states that life expectancy in the past dogs only 8 - 10 years, whereas at the present time can reach 18 to 20 years (Table 8). Some of the factors causing the increase of the development of veterinary science, the discovery of various drugs, the prevention of disease by vaccination, the dog food quality improvement, and how to better maintenance by the owner.When compared to the age of equality, the following is a list of age comparisons between dogs and humans. Dogs living in cages will feel safe, comfortable, and quiet as protected from various disturbances. In addition, for the dog owners themselves, dikandangkan dog will not cause a problem if there are guests. Kennels should be divided into two rooms, the open space and closed space, and has an area which depends on the size of the dog's body as the occupant (Sanusi 2004). Smith and Mangkoewidjojo (1988) states that the closed-cage size is the minimum size of 1.0 x 0.75 meters for a dog that weighs 14 kilograms body reaches, while the dogs body weight between 14 to 23


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pounds is a size 1.3 x 1 , 0 yards. The average value of humidity and air temperature at the kennels in the Bogor region ranges: 97-99% the morning and 16-19oC; 62-84% during the day and 25-30; afternoon and 79-87.3% 21-24oC.

IV. Feeding/Nutrition

Type of feed dogs can be divided into two, namely feed and feed a mixture of his own. The feed was better known as dogfood, ie fast food is usually purchased at pet store (Table 9). The feed of a mixture of his own is the result of feed ingredients made from various materials made by the owner (Prajanto 2004). The number and frequency of feeding depends on the type, weight, and growth phase the dog in question. The feed should be given to dogs is dogfood, because in addition to practical, even a complete nutritional content (Prajanto 2004).

Table 9. Nutritional dogfood on the type used as the feed dogs

Nutrition Values (%) Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Water content Calcium Phosphorus

22 8 4 10 1.2 1

V. Clinical Diagnostic Procedure Echocardiography

Normal reference value of echocardiographic is needed for comparison and evaluation of dogs suspected heart disease. Some references values of echocardiographic for dogs based on breed and body size have been published (Cornell et al. 2004, Gooding et al. 1986, Kayar et al. 2006). However, these references range obtained from several dogs are highly specific for their breeds and could lead to inaccuracy when applied to the other breed (Kayar et al. 2006). The equipments used are ultrasound devices (Sonoscape SSI-1000), small footprint convex transducer with a frequency of 3.7-5 MHz (figure 5).

Figure 6. The dog laid on the examination of the particular lay echocardiography (left) and Probe placement for image capture

(right).

Echorcardiography was performed in awake and unsedated, in right lateral recumbent (figure 6). Intracardiac dimensions and calculation derived from the measurement of m-mode. left ventricular internal dimension at diastole 27.22 ± 3.30 mm, left ventricular internal dimension at systole 16.31 ± 2.78 mm and


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fractional shortening 0.41 ± 0.06 (figure 7). Wall thickness measurements. interventricular septal at diastole 6.39 ± 0.29 mm, interventricular septal at systole 0.52 ± 8.73 mm, left ventricular wall at diastole 7.50 ± 1.03 mm and left ventricular wall at systole 10.84 ± 2.02 mm. Luminal dimension measurements. aortic root dimension 13.22 ± 1.32 mm, left atrial dimension 15.49 ± 1.29 mm, and left atrial to aortic root ratio 1.18 ± 0.10. Mitral valve end point to septal separation was 3.14 ± 0.82 mm. The measurement results are shown the species specific, however, some parameters can still be compared with the normal range of dogs from previous research. Although there are marked differences in the two parameters namely IVSs and EPSS, however generally the sex differences factor have no effect on cardiac dimensions and and calculation of derivatives.

Figure 7. (A). Position calculation LVIDd, LVIDs, LVWd, LVWs, IVSd and IVSs, (B). Position calculation EPSS and

(C). AOD calculation positions and LAD (Penninck & d'Anjou 2008). References Anonimous. 2004a. Klasifikasi hewan: suatu hal yang penting. http://klasifikasi/hewan/norm.html [24 Desember 2005] _________. 2004b. A guide to reading and understanding to EKG. http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/student-org/erclub/ekghome.html [24 Desember 2005]. _________. 2005. Si kecil dan binatang kesayangannya. http://jakartapets.com/content/view/29/28/ [10 April 2006]. _________. 2006a. Understanding the ECG (EKG). http://www.lond.ambulance.freeuk.com/ecg/ECG.htm [29 Februari 2006]. _________. 2006b. Hutan kota untuk pengelolaan dan peningkatan kualitas lingkungan hidup. http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/HUTKOT/hutkot.htm [20 Mei 2006]. Biauw AS. 1977. Diagnostik klinik hewan kecil. Bogor: Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bishop YM. 1996. The veterinary formulary. Ed ke-3. London: The Pharmaceutical Press. Coleman MG, Robson MC. 2005. Evaluation of six-lead electrocardiograms obtained from dogs in a sitting position or sternal recumbency. WWW Am J Vet Res 66(2): 233-7 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15757120&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum [1 Maret 2006].

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