biofuel production process

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    BIO-FUELS PRODUCTION PROCESSES

    BY

    NAVED AHMED

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    PRODUCTION PROCESS

    BIOETHANOL

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    BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

    Pretreatment Process:a. To soften the cellulosic material, reduction of

    cellulose crystallinity, increase in the surface area

    and porosity of pretreated substrate resulting inincreased hydrolysis rate.

    b. Goal is to remove lignin and hemicellulose.

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    BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

    Process reactions

    C12H22O11+H2O 2C6H12O6.

    C6H12O6+Zymase 2C2H5OH+2CO2. Distillation (EtOH BP=78.3,Water=100).

    Dehydration (concentrate up to 99%).

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    BIODIESEL

    Produced from Lipids such as

    1.Vegetable Oil

    2. Soya bean Oil

    3.Animal Fat

    4. Jatropha plant(Non Edible)

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    WHAT IS JATROPHA? Shrub: 2-3meters in height

    Starts producing after 2-3 years of plantation

    (produces for 35-40 years)

    Seeds contain 50% oil (approx. 40% is extractable).

    Oil: non-edible.

    Seed production: 0.8 to 5.2 tons per acre per annum

    (depending on soil and irrigation).

    1kg of fruit contains 1100 seeds . 794kg fruits are grown in one hectare of land.

    1 hectare of Jatropha produces 1892lit of fuel.

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    PRODUCTION FROM JATROPHA

    Biodiesel produced from Jatropha by three

    processes.

    Plantation stage

    Extraction stage Transesterification

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    PRODUCTION FROM JATROPHA

    Extraction stage

    ) Mechanicaly

    Oil presses have been used for the purpose of oil

    extraction.

    Yield=60-70%

    ) Chemically(Solvent extraction Process)

    After grinding, use N- Haxane solvent for extractingoil.

    Yield=90-95%

    ) Ultrasonication process

    This process save time and give high yield.

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    PRODUCTION FROM JATROPHA

    Transesterification

    Remove glycerol from triglycerides.

    Chemical reaction of oil(Triglycerides)with an

    alcohol in the presence of catalyst. Catalyst : NaOH/KOH

    Products : Bio Diesel + Glycerin

    Reaction temperature: (55-60)C

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    PRODUCTION FROM JATROPHA

    Transesterification:

    Separating Glycerol from Jatropha Oiland form

    Methyl Ester(Biodiesel).

    (CH2-O-CO-R)3 + 3(CH3-0H )NaOH/( 55-60)C

    Triglycerides Methanol

    3(CH3-O-CO-R ) + (CH2OH)2-CHOH

    Methyl Ester(Biodiesel) Glycerol

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    PURIFICATION PROCESS

    Glycerin is separated from methyl ester by gravity

    separator.

    After separation biodiesel contains 3%-6% CH3OH and

    some soap.

    CH3OH can be removed by vaporization and recycle

    back to reaction.

    Then biodiesel is washed with water to remove

    residual free glycerin,CH3OH,soaps and catalyst.

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    PURIFICATION PROCESS

    Biodiesel:water=1:2 we can reduce water

    quantity by adding acid with water.

    Flash vessel is used for remove water from oil.

    As water boiling point is 100C and boiling pointof biodiesel is 255C so water is converted in

    vapour and biodiesel is separated.

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    BIODIESEL VS CONVENTIONAL

    DIESEL

    Property Jatropha Oil Biodiesel Diesel

    Density ----------- 0.87 0.84

    Viscosity@30C 55 5.35 4.0

    Calorific Value

    MJ/Kg

    39.5 41 45

    Cetane No 43 57-62 47

    Solidifying

    PointC

    -10 ------------- -14

    Boiling PointC 286 255 248

    Flash PointC 66-70 52-67

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    GREEN DIESEL

    Produce from

    1. Soyabean oil

    2. Rapeseed oil

    3. Palm oil4. Tallow oil

    5. Jatropha

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    GREEN DIESEL

    Process:

    Hydro-processing of Jatropha oil with refinery

    gas in the presence of hydrotreating catalyst

    namely Titanium, Molybdenium and Nickle.

    Reaction Temperature=300-400C

    Pressure=60-80 bar

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    PRODUCTION OF GREEN DIESEL

    1.Hydro processing (Hydro-deoxygenation)

    . Oxygen must be removed from the feedstock to achieve liquid

    fuel with a high thermal stability and combustion property

    similar to petroleum fuels.. remove oxygen as water by adding hydrogen.

    . Reaction Temperature=300-600C

    Reaction Pressure=70bar

    Catalyst=Ni,Mo/Al2O3

    Triglycerides +H2 GreenDiesel+H2O

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    PRODUCTION OF GREEN DIESEL

    2.Decarboxylation Carboxyl group is removed from a molecule as CO2 by Hydrogen

    and catalyst.

    Triglycerides+H2

    3CO2 +Green diesel

    + light HC (Propane).

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    DecarboxylationAdvantages:

    Required H2only to saturate olefins

    Catalytic stability increases because water does not

    form in the reaction.Hydro-DeoxygenationDisadvantage:

    HDO uses H2not only to saturate olefins but also to

    remove O2as H2O.

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    ADVANTAGES OF GREEN DIESEL

    OVER BIODIESEL

    High heating value and high energy density.

    Have high Cetane number 80-90 as compared to

    biodiesel 50.

    Has lower Nox emission compared to biodiesel.

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    BIO-ETHERS

    Produced from

    1.Glycerol(by product in biodiesel production).

    Bioether produce by reacting TBA

    (Tertiary butyl alcohol) with Glycerol usingdistillation.

    2.Syn Gas (Produced from Jatropha Seed Husk)

    CO+2H2 CH3OH

    2CH3OH (CH3)2O+H2ODimethyl Ether substitute for propane in LPG or

    DME as an economical alternative to LPG.

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    BIOETHER PRODUCTION

    DME PRODUCTION

    This is two step process.

    1.Methanol Synthesis

    Syngas passed through cu based catalyst at a

    temperature of 250C produce methanol.CO+2H2 CH3OH

    2.Methanol Dehydration

    2CH3OH CH3-O-CH3+H2O

    This reaction occur in the presence of

    alumina based catalyst at 310C.

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    SYNGAS

    Produced from

    1.Coal

    2.Material that would be rejected as waste.

    3.Jatropha Seed HuskJatropha seed contains 42% seed husks.

    Husk contain 4% ash,71% volatile matter and

    25% fixed carbon. Its calorific value is 16MJ/kg.

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    SYNGAS

    Processes:

    1. Briquetting via combustion.

    2. Gasification.

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    1. BRIQUETTING PROCESS

    Raw materials are compressed under high

    pressure to form a round or square briquette that

    can be used for heating purpose.

    briquettes made by extrusion.

    The extrusion production technology of briquettes

    is the process of extrusion Jatropha husk under

    high pressure when heated from 160 to 350C.

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    2. GASIFICATION PROCESS

    A set of chemical reactions that uses limited oxygen to

    convert a carbon-containing Jatropha seed husk into

    a synthetic gas, or syngas.

    Syngas produced in downdraft gasifier by several

    different process.

    1. Dehydration

    2. Pyrolysis

    3. Combustion C+O2 CO2

    4. Gasification

    C+H2O H2+CO

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    GASIFICATION PROCESS

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    BIOGAS

    Produced From

    1.Cattle Dung

    2.Bagasse

    3.Jatropha seed cake(Press-Cake)

    RM CH4Content %

    Cattle Dung 60

    Bagasse 56.9

    JCL seed cake 67.5

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    BIOGAS

    Jatropha Press-cake is high in organic matter

    and has good potential for biogas production.

    Biogas production from JCL (Jatropha carcass

    leen)press-cake was about 60% higher than cattle

    dung.

    Biogas generated from Jatropha oil cake has

    better calorific value than cattle excreta because

    it has more methane.

    Produced by two process

    1.Pyrolysis

    2.Anaerobic Digestion

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    BIOGAS PRODUCTION

    Anaerobic Digestion of Jatropha seed

    cakeAccomplished in four stages.

    1.Hydrolysislarge polymers converted into simpler monomers

    2.Acidogenic Fermentation

    simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids.

    3.Acetogenesis

    volatile fatty acids are converted into acetic acid, carbon dioxide,

    and hydrogen.

    4.Methanogenesis.

    Acetates, formaldehyde, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are converted

    to methane and water.

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    Thank You