Biofuels end-use aspects:Maximizing impact and performance

Future Biomass-based Transport FuelsIEA Bioenergy Workshop 10.5.2011

Nils-Olof NylundVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

219/05/2011

Outline

§ Definitions and alternative ways to use biofuels§ Implementing biofuels in Finland§ Presentation of 3 research/demo projects

§ E85 optimised for cold conditions§ Paraffinic renewable diesel for buses§ the tripartite IEA Bus project

§ Summary

319/05/2011

Definitions

§ ”Blending wall”§ technical limitations for component concentrations§ the Fuel Quality Directive 2009/30/EC:

§ maximum 10 % (vol.) of ethanol in petrol (E10)§ maximum 7 % (vol.) of FAME biodiesel in diesel fuel (B7)§ both these options render only 6.5 % of renewable energy§ how to achieve 10 % or even higher energy substitution?

§ ”Drop-in” fuel§ a fuel that is compatible with the existing refuelling structure and

existing vehicles even at high concentrations without any need formodifications (e.g. BTL and HVO)

§ ”Dedicated vehicle”§ a vehicle that has been adapted to high concentration alternative fuels§ monofuel, bi-fuel or flex-fuel

419/05/2011

E10 not compatible with all vehiclesFinnish motorists dislike E10

519/05/2011

A century of FFV technology

In 1908, the Ford Model T was designed with acarburetor adjustment that could allow the vehicleto run on ethanol fuel produced by American

farmers. Ford’s vision was to “build a vehicleaffordable to the working family and powered by a fuel that would boost the rural farm economy.”

http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdfU.S. DOE EERE 2007

619/05/2011

Alternative technologies - buses

Biogas

Hybrid technology, EVs and fuel cells Ethanol

Biodiesel, synthetic biodiesel

719/05/2011

Special characteristics of Finland

§ Cold climate

§ Sparsely populated country andlong driving distances

§ Biofuels:§ ambitious obligation law meaning that we have to prepare for high volumes of biofuels§ cold winters meaning that we have to secure operability in cold conditions§ we have to evaluate every option and think how and where to best implement biofuels

Arctic Circle

Biofuel obligation

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2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

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819/05/2011

E85 optimised for cold conditions

Paraffinic renewable diesel for buses

The tripartite IEA Bus project

”Snapshot” of three projects

Optimising REFuel (RE85) composition for use in cold ambient conditions

Juhani Laurikko & Nils-Olof Nylund10.05.2011

19.5.2011 10

Target setting

§ Main objective: to choose best option from different RE85 formulations available regarding cold startablity and emissions§ Method: exhaust emission tests from +23°C to -25°C§ Scope of analysis:

§ regulated species (CO, THC, NOx), as well as CO2 (for fuel consumption) and § unregulated species like aldehydes and unburned ethanol

§ Additional emphasis on: § Startability in low ambient temperatures§ Effect of electric block heater (a standard feature for FFV’s)

19.5.2011 11

Tested fuels

§ ”the basic” E85§ EtOH 85%§ 95 RON petrol 15%

§ 8 different blends, with§ 70-85 % bioethanol§ 15-30% varying contents of

ETBE, MTBE, petrol and some specific hydrocarbon species

§ ”the reference”§ 95E10 petrol

§ volatility (RVP) adjusted separately for normal and low temperatures

19.5.2011 12

Test matrix

§ In total about 120 tests…§…each producing more than 50 “results”, means…§…over 6000 data points to analyse!

fuel Ambient temperaturePa1 +23 -7Pa2 +23 -7Pa3 +23 -7

Pa1T -15 -20 -25 -25BHPa5 -15 -20 -25Pa7 -7 -20 -25 -25BHPa8 +23 -7

Pa1wt +23 -7E10K +23 -7E10T -7 -25

wt=5% water BH= electric block heater 2 hours

19.5.2011 13

0

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-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

HC

emis

sio

[g/k

m]

@E

C20

00

“NORMI-E85”

“Kylmäoptimoidut” REFuel-laadut

Käynnistyvyysraja alle -25 Co

Lämpötila [ C]oAmbient Temperature [°C]

THC

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ons

[g/k

m]

@ E

C20

00

Startability down to -25 °C

Blends with optimized cold running performance

Straight-mix “regular” E85 (15% petrol)

E10 petrol

RE85 blend with two RVP

OPTIBIO – HVO fuels for urban buses

Nils-Olof NylundVTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

1519/05/2011

The OPTIBIO project…

The objective was to demonstrate the use of high quality renewable diesel fuel in buses in metropolitan Helsinki for:§ reduced toxic emissions

§ increased share of renewable fuels

§ The first project in the world involving use of high quality renewable diesel in high concentration§ 30 % and 100 % renewable paraffinic diesel (HVO) made through

hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats

§ original initiative from the municipal organisations responsible forprocurement of bus services

§ example of a public-private partnership

§ Testing within a research project spanning more than three years(September 2007 – December 2010)§ a comprehensive test programme to verify performance

as well as actual reductions in emissions levels over time

(NExBTL is the trade mark of Neste Oil’s HVO)

1619/05/2011

..The OBTIBIO project

§ Some 300 buses running on HVO fuels§ the bulk of the fleet on a 30 % blend§ 10 vehicles on 100 % HVO

§ Paraffinic HVO also depicts the end-use performance of future BTL qualities

§ The project was part of the BioRefine technology programme by TEKES, – the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, and the initiative for development of 2nd generation biofuels by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy

1719/05/2011

§ Screening§ 13 vehicle types (11 buses, 2 refuse trucks)§ Euro II – EEV§ summer and winter grade diesel fuel§ 0, 30, 50 and 100 % HVO

§ Follow-up emission testing§ 22 vehicles§ Euro II – EEV emission classification§ annual measurements

§ Catalyst testing§ 4 vehicle types§ 3 fuel blends§ wide range of catalytic converters and filters

§ Non-regulated emissions testing§ 3 vehicle types§ 2 fuel types

Measurement programme

1819/05/2011

NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle

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Euro 2

Euro 4

EEV

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Screening results - Summary

1919/05/2011

Particulate numbers

Particulate size distribution over the Braunschweig test cycle, Scania Euro 3

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1.0E+14

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dN

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DIR -5/-15NExBTL

Particulate size distribution over the Braunschweig test cycle, Scania Euro 4

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dN

/dlo

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p (

#/km

)

DIR -5/-15NExBTL

Particulate size distribution over the Braunschweig test cycle, Volvo EEV

0.0E+001.0E+132.0E+13

3.0E+134.0E+135.0E+136.0E+137.0E+138.0E+139.0E+13

0.01 0.1 1

Aerodynamic diameter (€m)

dN/d

logD

p (#

/km

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DIR -5/-15NExBTL

2019/05/2011

Field test..

§ Commenced with some 50 buses on a 30 % HVO blend in September 2007

§ 4 new Scania EEV vehicles on 100 % HVO entered the test in March 2008(in addition 2 new reference vehicles on conventional diesel)

§ Expansion to full scale (300 buses) in the autumn of 2008, most of them on a 30 % blend fulfilling the EN590 specifications

§ 3 older Euro III level Scania vehicles started operation on 100 % HVO in April 2009

§ 3 EEV level Irisbus vehicles started operation on 100 % HVO in February 2010

2119/05/2011

..Field test

§ All in all, the vehicles accumulated some 50 million kilometres, of which some 1.5 million kilometres on 100 % HVO.

§ The amounts of fuel were some 22 million litres of blended fuel and 1 million litres of straight HVO.

§ No problems whatsoever in the field,not even during the extremely cold2009/2010 and 2010/2011 winters

§ Some indications that more work isneeded to enhance the lubricity ofneat paraffinic diesel in engines withextremely high injections pressures

Mininum temperature in Helsinki September 2007 - December 2010

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2219/05/2011

Reports coming up

§ Final report in English (VTT’s series of publications)

§ Conference papers, e.g., SAE 20119172 and 20119239(2011 JSAE/SAE International Powertarins, Fuels & Lubricants, Kyoto 30.8 – 2.9.2011)

FUEL AND TECNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES FOR BUSESOverall energy efficiency and emission performance

Update on AMF Annex XXXVII/HEV Annex XVI/Bioenergy Task 41/Project 3

5.5.2011Nils-Olof Nylund

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

2419/05/2011

Bus project objective

§ To produce data on the overall energy efficiency, emissions and costs, both direct and indirect costs, of various technology options for buses

§ Provide solid IEA sanctioned data for policy- and decision-makers

§ Bring together the expertise of various IEA Implementing Agreements:§ Bioenergy: fuel production§ AFC & Hydrogen: automotive fuel cells§ AMF: fuel end-use§ AMT: light-weight materials§ Combustion: new combustion systems§ HEV: hybrid power-trains

2519/05/2011

Well-to-tank•AMF•Bioenergy Task 39•ANL•NRCan•VTT

Overall assessment of energy, emissions,externalities and costs•ADEME•ANL•EC•NRCan•VTT

OutlookAFC

OutlookAMF

OutlookAMT

OutlookHEV

OutlookCombustion

OutlookBiofuels

OutlookHydrogen

Task and cost sharing Task sharing

Tank-to-wheel•EC•VTT•AVL MTC (on-board)•VTI (engine tests)

2619/05/2011

WTT values analyzed for the following fuels:

GREET (USA) GHGenius (Canada) EU Renewable energy directive (RED)

low-sulfur diesel from conventional petroleum low-sulfur diesel from conventional petroleum fossil fuel comparator (EU average)natural gas to Shell GTL and SASOL FT diesel oil sands crude to low-sulfur diesel remote NG to synthetic diesel (remote plant)natural gas to CNG (SI engine) canola/rapeseed to biodiesel rapeseed to HVOsugar cane and/or grain to ethanol tallow to biodiesel rapeseed to FAMEsoybeans to biodiesel (FAME) soybeans to biodiesel palm oil to HVO (process not specified)soybeans to renewable diesel (NExBTL/HVO) soybeans to HRD palm oil to HVO (process with methane capture at oil mill)

canola/rapeseed to HRD palm oil to FAME (process not specified)natural gas to CNG palm oil to FAME (process with methane capture at oil mill)natural gas to LNG sugarcane to ethanollandfill gas to CNG wheat to ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler)landfill gas to LNG wood to FT-diesel (farmed wood)anaerobic digestor to CNG wood to FT-diesel (waste wood)anaerobic digestor to LNG wood to DME (farmed wood)natural gas to FT diesel wood to DME (waste wood)coal to FT diesel jatropha to FAMEbiomass (wood) to FT diesel biogas from wet manure

biogas from organic waste

2719/05/2011

Vehicles measured so far§ Diesel

§ Volvo Euro 2§ Scania Euro 3§ Volvo SCR EEV§ Scania EGR EEV§ Solaris/Eaton parallel hybrid§ Volvo parallel hybrid§ Golden Dragon hybrid (supercaps, Cummins engine)

§ CNG§ MAN EEV

§ Ethanol § Scania EEV

§ DME § Volvo (truck, simulated as a bus)

§ Still to be measured:§ CNG Iveco Euro 6§ Iveco hybrid

§ Full fuel matrix measured with some of the vehicles

2819/05/2011

Effect of vehicle technology - NOx

NOx emission/Braunschweig

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2919/05/2011

Effect of vehicle technology - PM

PM emission/Braunschweig

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3019/05/2011

Effect of vehicle technology – energy consumption

Energy consumption/Braunschweig

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3119/05/2011

Fuel effects on NOx, Euro 3 technology

Euro3 bus NOx-emission in different cycles with various fuels

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EN590 30 % HVO+70 % EN59050 % HVO + 50 % EN590 HVO 100%GTL 100 % 7% FAME + 23% HVO + 70 % EN5907 % FAME + 93 % EN590 30 % FAME + 70 % EN59030% FAME + 70 % HVO FAME 100 %Jatropha *

+29 %

3219/05/2011

Fuel effects on PM, Euro 3 technology

Euro3 bus PM-emission in different cycles with various fuels

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EN590 30 % HVO+70 % EN59050 % HVO + 50 % EN590 HVO 100%GTL 100 % 7% FAME + 23% HVO + 70 % EN5907 % FAME + 93 % EN590 30 % FAME + 70 % EN59030% FAME + 70 % HVO FAME 100 %Jatropha *

-65 %

Fuel and Technology Alternativesfor BusesOverall energy efficiency and emission performance

AMF Annex XXXVII

Environment Canada

Debbie Rosenblatt

Environment Canada (EC) - Update

• To date EC has completed measurements on 6 buses

• Buses were tested with a combination of drive cycles and fuel types:– Primary cycles: HD UDDS & Manhattan– Additional cycles: Braunschweig & ADEME/RATP– Fuel types: commercial Canadian ULSD (ultra low sulphur diesel); oilsands

derived commercial ULSD, HVO, and low level blends of FAME (varying feedstocks)

• A MY 2002 bus was tested in November 2010 to serve as an average baseline reference

• Additional tests will be performed on a second conventional driveline bus meeting US EPA 2010 equipped with SCR technology

• All tests included measurement of NOX, Total PM, CO, HC,CO2, CH4, N2O; particle size distributions were performed on selected tests

• Data analysis on-going

3519/05/2011

3619/05/2011

NOx & PM emissions

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3719/05/2011

PM mutagenicity – TA98

Extracts (left) Condensates (right)

3819/05/2011

Summary

§ There are challenges in producing sufficient amounts of sustainable and cost-effective biofuels

§ However, do not forget end-use requirements

§ Blending of conventional biocomponents only provide limited substitution

§ ”Drop-in” fuels or alternative dedicated vehicles are needed to really make an impact

§ In biofuels development, VTT is looking at production as well end-use, in good cooperation with industry as well as the public sector

§ When developing alternative fuels, check all aspects of end-use performance, including unregulated exhaust emissions!