biofuels solutions for ag machinery - peter pickel
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Peter Pickel - John DeereBioMotion Tour congress at Agritechnica, Hannover - 13 november 2009TRANSCRIPT
BIOFUELS - Solutionsfor Ag Machinery
The JD Approach within the EU-funded Project 2ndVegOil
BioMotion CongressAGRITECHNICA 12.11.09Prof. Dr. Peter Pickel
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EU Energy Mandate 20/20/20
EU policy binding targets for 2020:• 20% less energy consumption• 20% reduction of GHG emissions
(compared to 1990)• 20% energy from renewable
resources (non nuclear)• 10% biofuels orother renewable resourcesin tansport (min.)
2005 total consumption
Hydro9.8%
Thermal8.1%Wind
12.6%
Biomass67.5%Renewables
20%Rest80%
2020 total consumption
Nuclear14.3%
Crude oil37.1%
Renewables6.5%
Natural gas24.4%
Thermal4.6%
Wind5.3%
Hydro21.2%Biomass
67.1%
Solid fuels17.4%
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Basic assumptions
• Diesel engines will stay basic drive technologyfor mobile agricultural machines at least for amid term prospective
• As a fuel vegetable oil can support globalsustainability(but usage is strongly limited)
• The highest energy density produced byphotosynthesis is found in natural vegetable oil
• We find optimal agricultural conditions forproduction of rapeseed oil in Central Europe
• JOHN DEERE‘s colours are colours of rape
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Not available inindustrial scale
Pure Bio Fuels= B100: Bio fuel 100 %
conform to Diesel= no adaption on vehicle
less conform to Diesel= Adaptions on vehicle
BtL= Bio mass to Liquid
Biodiesel= FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)Native vegetable oils
Rapeseed oil Further vegetable oils
Cold pressed
Fully refined
PME= Plant methyl ester
Vegetable & animalused oils and fats as
base material
RME= Rapeseed methyl ester
SOME (SME)= Soybean Methyl Ester
GtL= Gas to Liquid Others
Further PMEs
DIN EN 14214
tolerates mixtures
out of different
sources!
Preliminary DIN standard“Rapeseed oil as fuel” availableDIN V 51605
General prepositionsfrom the fuel side(idealized)
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4JDWM PETRACTOR APPLICATIONS
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Energetic equivalentvolume of fuels
Energetic equivalent volume of fuelper 1l of oil l/l OE
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
fossil
e diese
l
rapes
eed o
il
and B
100 co
al
ethan
ol
Source: TFZ Straubing (Bavaria, Germany)Modified
gaso
line
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Basic Assumptions – Energy Balance
Plantprotection
Fuel Fertilizer
Seed
Transportation
Production of fuel
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Central European alternativesbeyond ethonol from sugar caneEnergy balance for productionof different renewable fuels
Agricultural Conversion Suminput
Sumoutput Balance Ratio
MJ/ha MJ/ha MJ/ha MJ/ha MJ/haOutputInput
InputOutput
Rapeseedoil 14812 529 15342 36450 21108 2,38 0,42
RME 14812 4474 19287 36360 17073 1,89 0,53
Ethanolfromwheat 12025 41689 53714 62726 9012 1,17 0,86
Ethanolfromsugarbeet 14680 63315 77995 127020 49025 1,63 0,61
Methanefrom corn 15158 72395 87553 192456 104903 2,20 0,45
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Basic AssumptionsEnergy Balance Results
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0Output / Input - Ratio
Rapeseed oil RMEMethanefrom corn
Ethanol fromSugar beet
Ethanol fromwheat
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Mandatory co-usage
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Basic Assumptions – Potential Savings
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Basic AssumptionsPotential (Self-)Supply
Diesel consumption of German agricultural sector
1,55 Mio t = 6,65 · 1010 MJ
1.82 Mio. ha
10% of cultivated areaMaximum possible area for
rapeseed:
1.8 Mio ha per year.(UFOP)
Charles Deere demonstrating a walking plow
= 2,2 % of totaltransport= 5% of totaldieselconsumption
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Theoretical biofuels market chances from ag sector
• Ag production of plant oil could be completely consumed in ag sector, so• Plant oil (and Biodiesel) have principally highest market potential• Plant oil production is protein production (for animal nutrition)• Integrated approach for highest sustainability• Plant oil promises highest customer value
Ag machinery manufactures have strongest interest in keeping upplant oil marketsOil producers (farmers, oil mills) and ag machinery manufactures mustwork jointly together to overcome today‘s and future problems!
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Rapeseed oil (RO) powered tractorsMandatory side conditions
1. Minimum farm size2. or farming societies3. or increasing diesel price4. Tax regulations must fit5. Rape cake usage6. Decentralized/self supply7. Manufacturer supply
Minimum farm size:Currently about 100 habut decreasing with timeand with increasing diesel price
Tax regulations:in some countries andoften only for agriculture
Calculatory income is needed
Connection tolive stock farming needed!
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Demonstration of 2nd GenerationVegetable Oil Fuels inAdvanced Engines
2ndVegOIL
1. Emissions (NOx)2. Emission after treatment3. Engine lubrification4. Fuel viscosity5. Thermal characteristics6. Cold start behaviour7. Transient behaviour8. Motor power/characteristic9. Storage of fuel10.Quality of fuel and blends
Plant oil (PO) powered tractorThe challenges
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Flexfuel prototype tractorCurrent state of the art
1. Emissions EU stage 3A(TIER 3)
2. First promising resultsindicate that we willbe able to meet (i)TIER 4with an integratedapproach (2nd VegOil):1. Tractor adaptation2. Oil quality
management
Adapted enginesoftware
Internalcold startsystem
Modified fuel feedsystems
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DIN V 51605The Germanpreliminary standard for RO
Current version hardly meetscurrent requirements and doesnot apply to the TIER 4 future 0,075-% (m/m)Water content
0,01-% (m/m)Oxid ashes
20-mg/kgMagnesium +Calcium
12-mg/kgPhosphorus
-6,0hStability againstoxidation at 110 °C
2,0-mg KOH/gAcid number
24-mg/kgTotal contamination10-mg/kgSulfur
12595g Iod100g ROIod number
0,40% (m/m)Residual coke
-39-ignitability-36000kJ/kgnet calorific value
36,0-mm²/sKin. viscosity at 40 °C-220°CFlashpoint
930,0900,0kg/m³Density at 15 °C
Free of apparent impurity,sediments or water-Visual assessment
MaxMinUnitCharacteristics
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Conclusion
• Emission policies contradict GHG reduction goals(hard to fulfill for „real“ biofuels)
• Emission policies demand new technologies• There is no reasonable upper limit for alkali /
alkali-earth metals in fuels• Ca, Mg, Na, K and P have to be eliminated from
biofuels• Change of standards needed• Modified standards might offer chances for
domestic biofuels• Long term prospective for biofuels stay good
Today‘s alternative two ways of thinking*) have to merge to meet future demands
*) Either change the fuel (biodiesel) or the engine (pure plant oil) – both sides have to move again
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John Deere Werke Mannheim (D)
Vereinigte Werkstätten für Pflanzenöltechnologie (D)
Technical University of Munich, Internal Combustion Engines(D)
Lubrizol Ltd. (UK)
Waldland Vermarktungsges. m.b.H. (AU)
Rhônalpénergie-Environnement (F)
Fédération Régionale des CUMA Rhône-Alpes (F)
Instytut Budownictwa, Mechanizacji i Elektryfikacji Rolnictwa (PL)
Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut NEN (NL)
EU Project Proposal 2ndVegOil:2nd Gen. Plant Oil Powered Tractor
The 2ndVegOil Partners
Other scientific partners
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Summary
• 2ndVegOil is an integratedtechnological approachcontributing to …
• … sustainability and …• … agricultural economy
…. and …• … to (local) business