biogas generation as a means to boost self sufficiency of a rural settlement as a part of 9th...

Biogas Generation as a means to Boost Self sufficiency of a Rural settlement

Submitted by: Pratham S. PinchaClass: X Semester, B.ArchVenue: P.I.A.D.S., Nagpur

Seminar Guide: Mrs. S.L. Swamy

Aim : To study the Appropriate method for Boosting Self Sufficiency of a Rural settlement w.r.t. energy generation.

Objective : To identify & Understand the possibilities on which Self-Sufficiency of a settlement can be further enhanced on the parameters based on Occupation, Lifestyle, by-products & Available resources at Decentralized level (Unit level) Probable method : Generation of Biogas to achieve Self-sufficiency in Energy demands.

Scope & Limitation : • To study the Concept, Working system, Types, Construction, Design considerations for the Biogas Unit.• To Study the Application of the Biogas plant with other Allied activities.• To Study the Application of Decentralized Agricultural Biogas unit.

FRAMING THE PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

<Population

Urban area Rural area

Depend for livelihood majorly on

Agriculture and cattle

rearing

Also, rural areas have large Bovine population as domestic farm animals.Female Bovine provides Milk, Male Cattle are used as Draft animals.In addition, Large quantity of Dung is Produced by Bovine Population

It is of Great value to local communities – though not given Economic importance

The Issue & NeedApproximate Traditional Utilization of Cow Dung

1/3

2/3

As cooking fuel, in form of Cow Dung cakes.

1. Inefficient utilization as a fuel. (only 11%)

2. Pollute local & Surrounding Environment.

As Organic manure

1. Inefficient utilization2. Dumped in heaps

Methane released3. Health Problems (Breading of Flies &

Mosquitoes)

In Building const., plastering etc.

Why Biogas?

A Biogas Unit:

3 Components (1,2 & 3) Form Natural Cycle All 3 has Direct Benefits to Farmer & his Economy.The cycle of Organic matter & the Benefits of an

Agricultural Bio gas Unit Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

ENVIORNMENTAL PROTECTION

BIOGAS

2

3

1

COMFORT &

SAVING

FOODER

LIQUID MANURE

Why Biogas?

Plantation: Fodder

Gas plant : Manure

Animal : Dung

The cycle of Organic matter & the Benefits of an Agricultural Bio gas Unit

Sketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

WATER


BIOGAS

DUNG + URINE

2

3

1

COMFORT &

SAVING

FOODER

LIQUID MANURE

WATER


BIOGAS

DUNG + URINE

2

3

1

COMFORT &

SAVING

FOODER

LIQUID MANURE

Why Biogas?

Biogas Significance:

Clever way of Exploiting Nature, without

Destroying

Optimizes Farm Economy

It support Self Reliance & Sustainable

Development The cycle of Organic matter & the Benefits of an

Agricultural Bio gas UnitSketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

Conditions to produce Biogas

Digestible Substrate, i.e.

Organic matter + Water

A vessel where Substrate is not in contact with air (O2 absent)

A digestion temperature

between 15*C – 35*C

A Retention time longer than 30

days

If methane producing bacteria present in the Substrate (present in Dung) Biogas production begins in 3 to 5 days.

Basic parts of Biogas plant

1

2 3

4

*Depending on the plant type & requirements Variations & Additions in components are possibleSketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

1. INFLUENT COLLECTING TANK (Mixing tank) :

- To homogenize various substrates & to setup required consistency.

2. DIGESTER- The bacteria multiply & produce

Biogas into the Digester.- Digester provides the required

conditions for this process

3. GAS HOLDER & GAS PIPE- The Biogas is stored until consumption

into the Gasholder- The gas pipe carries the Gas to the

Desired place of Consumption.

4. DISPLACEMENT PIT (SLURRY STORAGE)

- The fully Digested slurry leaves the Digester through the Outlet

pipe into it.

Types of Biogas PlantsOn the Basis of Feed method the 3 Types are:

BATCH PLANTS

- Filled & Emptied completely after a fixed

retention time.

CONTINUOUS PLANTS

- Charged & Discharged regularly- Generally used as farmers Biogas plant with automatic discharge at overflow.- Gas production is Constant & Higher

SEMI-BATCH PLANTS

- Operated when straw & dung are digested

together.

CONTINUOUS PLANTS

- Charged & Discharged regularly- Generally used as farmers Biogas plant with automatic discharge at overflow.- Gas production is Constant & Higher

Types of Biogas Plants

On the Basis of the type of construction the 3 well performing & Mature Designs suitable for Farming Households are:

1

2A. 3B.5

C.4

A. FIXED-DOME PLANT :

1. Gas collection2. Expansion Chamber

Main Building Material Plastered Brickwork.

B. FLOATING-DRUM PLANT :

3. Gas collects in a floating steel gas holder

C. PLASTIC COVERED / BALLON PLANT:

4. The gas collected under an inflating plastic cover 5. A wooden roof to protect plastic against sunlight

On the Basis of the type of construction the 3 well performing & Mature Designs suitable for Farming Households are:

A. FIXED-DOME PLANT :

- Relatively low cost- Long life (20yrs or more)- Least Maintenance.- Simple Mechanism- No day/night temp Fluctuations so better Bacteriological processes- Labor intensive – Employment- Great care-design& workmanship.

B. FLOATING-DRUM PLANT :- Which rises according to the volume of gas production- Easy to understand & operate- Provide Gas at constant pressure- Stored Gas-volume recognizable- Expensive , Maintenance Intensive (painting, cleaning)- Drum life is Short(abt 10years)

C. PLASTIC COVERED / BALLON PLANT:

- Standardized prefabrication - Suitable for high ground water table - high digester temp -warm climate- Uncomplicated Cleaning, Emptying & Maintenance- Low gas pressure, short life, damage, not repaired locally

1

2A. 3B.5

C.4

Types of Biogas Plants

Working system of Biogas plantTHE FIXED DOME TYPE ONCE CONSTRUCTED WELL ARE ROBUST & OF RELIABLE PERFORMANCE

S y s t e m o f t h e F i x e d - D o m e p l a n tSketch/Photo source: gtz/GATE

Construction of the Biogas plant

P r i n c i p l e o f s t a ti c s o f fi x e d d o m e p l a n t

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)(7)(7)

(3)(10)

(7)

(1)

(7)

(1)


(7)

(10)

(1)

(6)(3)

(5)

(6)

The Complete Biogas unit

Components of Agricultural Biogas unit

‘BIOGAS UNIT’• Signifies the importance of integrated planning when applying Biogas technology • Describes the total package offered to the farmers


Its main components are:

1. Biogas plant2. Cattle stable3. Toilet (optional)4. Slurry distribution system5. Fodder grass or vegetable

plantation6. Place of gas consumption7. Dung & Urine collection

chamber

The Studied CaseQuantitative data & General information:

Name of the Village: Churni, Melghat, Nr. Chikaldhara, Maharashtra.

Residing communitie(s) : Gawali Community

Basic Occupation / Livelihood : Cattle Rearing & Making Milk products

Total Area of the Village: 56.22 Hectares (562200 sq. mt.)

8-12 Bovine/Residence, (abt 100 kg dung/day)Total Livestock (Cattle) Population : 459

Number of Residing Families : 61 Families

Total Human Population : 210

The Studied Case

A C T I V I T Y PAT T E R N & B U I LT U S E M A PStreet on Ridge & Fields on slope

StreetWell

Agricultural farms

Agricultural farms Cow dung

storage

Typical schematic section showing activity distribution across the Hillock

The Studied Case

Plan of a complete Dwelling Unit of Churni Village: (Residence, Cattle shed, Cow dung storage etc.)

S T R E E T

Cow dung storage

Cattle shed

Residence

Kitchen

Cattle shedMilking space

The annually collected dung

Cattle shed & Milking Space

Shed for Calves

Shed for Calves

Agricultural farms

Principles & Considerations for Layout & Design

Position of gas plant to Stable floor (1) on sloping ground, (2) on Horizontal ground

1. The sloping ground (ideal) Stable higher than gas plant


2. On Flat Ground – Stable elevated to allow Dung & urine to enter the plant by Gravity.

• The outlet of plant directed towards the fields.

• Handling Slurry demands high labor input, hence, proper planning required.

• Overflowing shall never accumulate on neighbor's or Public ground.

• Plant shall be functional even when attendance & Maintenance is poor.

Principles & Considerations for Layout & Design

A Farmyard Biogas plant

•The gas pipe shall be securely mounted on the wall and shall lead directly to the kitchen.

•The digester should be located directly beside the animal shelter, which should have a paved floor. •Urine and dung can be swept into the inlet pipe with little effort. •The plant shall has a sunny location

•The vegetable garden - situateddirectly adjacent to the digested slurry store.

•The well - an adequate distance away from the biogas plant.


Deciding criteria for Gas holder volume:

• Regular & equally distributed gas consumption over D-N & from D-D – Gas storage can be smaller.

• Irregular & Concentrated gas consumption – larger gas holder

Mtr cu.?

The Proposed

The Zero Grazing unit (Cattle shed)

The Residence

The Biogas plant

Fodder grass or vegetable plantation

Toilet

Kitchen

Expansion chamberSlurry Distribution system

Gas pipe

Layout of Biogas Unit, Residence & Cattle shed

The Proposed

P l a n o f t h e Z e r o G r a z i n g U n i t ( C a tt l e s h e d )

Management of ResourcesUtilization of Biogas for Cooking and LightingThe group of 10 cows (milking and non-milking) will produces daily 100-125 kg dung.

• This is sufficient to produce 4 m3 biogas daily.• One person needs 0.24 m3 biogas daily for cooking food (5 person requires 1.2 m3 biogas daily).• One mantle lamp of 100 candle power needs 0.13 m3 biogas/h (for 4 h lighting 0.52 m3 biogas requirement).• Total biogas requirement for cooking and lighting is 1.72 m3 biogas daily for a family of 5 members.• Along with above 1 kWh electricity can be generated from 0.75 m3 biogas.

Slurry management• Along with 4 cubic meter biogas 30 kg dry slurry will be produced daily. • This will amount 10.95 tones per year per biogas plant. • This biogas spent slurry is used for organic farming and cultivation of medicinal plants.

Factors Hindering Spread Of Biogas

Technical, Economical & Cultural.Technical:

• Too large a capacity plant - under feeding - failure to produce gas.

• Low winter temperatures

• Faulty construction

• Cheaper trainees or those with no training at all.

Factors Hindering Spread Of Biogas

Economical:

•It is more profitable to maintain a community-size system as a fertilizer plant - than as a source of cooking gas - subject to the viable provision of an alternative energy source for cooking.•Macro-environment which determines price structures of conventional fuels most likely acts as a disincentive to adopt renewable technologies.•The system of grants and loans may hinder the correct choice of plant for different users.

Cultural:

•Cultural practices may also hinder general uptake - particularly regarding the use of latrines in biogas systems.•Traditional cooking practices may also need to be altered.

References• Consultancy project report on:Integrated cycle of Cow- Project for Rural Self Sustainable Economic DevelopmentPrepared by: Dr. Virendra Kumar VijayCentre for Rural development & TechnologyIndian Institute of Technology, New Delhi

• ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND OTHER POSITIVE IMPACTS OF BUILDING HOUSEHOLD BIOGAS PLANTS IN RURAL INDIABy: Raymond Myles, Secretary General-cum-Chief Executive, INSEDA, St. Soldier Tower, Vikas Puri, New Delhi- 110018

• Improved Biogas Unit for Developing Countriesby Ludwig Sasse, Christopher Kellner & Ainea KimaroA Publication of the Deutsches Zentrum für Entwicklungstechnologien – GATE in: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH – 1991 • Biogas Digest - Volume IIBiogas - Application and Product Development

AcknowledgmentsFirst and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my guide, Mrs. S.L.Swami who has supported me in the project with her patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way.

I also benefited by discussion with Prof. Ajay Thomare, Prof. Ketan Kimmatkar & Prof. R.K. Bhargava for the study & Research on related works. I gratefully thank Salman Khan & Pranav Pathrabe for spending their valuable time for Preliminary Study Trips.

I also gratefully acknowledge Mr. Sunil Deshpande & Mrs. Nirupama Deshpande for their advice & the time spared for Valuable Discussions.Many thanks go in particular to the Residents of Churni & Lavada village, Melghat for their support.

Where would I be without my family? My grandparents , parents , uncles, aunts & Siblings deserve special mention for their inseparable support and prayers. My Mother is the one who sincerely raised me with her caring and gentle love knowing and providing me with all my needs always.

Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the making of the project.

Thank You.

Explanation of the Terms

The big-chemical process of anaerobic digestion

BIOGAS :

• Produced by Bacteria during Digestion under Airless condition

• Mainly consists of CH4 & CO2• Combustible if > 50% CH4 • Biogas from Animal Dung = 60% CH4

SLURRY : (N,P,K)

• Digester content or Digested Substance flowing out of the plant.

• Found in different conditions inside the Digester as shown in the figure.
