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TRANSCRIPT
Biogeography. Lecture 36
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
May 9, 2014
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 1 / 22
Outline
Biogeography of the WorldThe basics of island biogeographyBiogeography of Australian region
Biogeography of the WorldVery basics of Ocean biogeography
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 2 / 22
Outline
Biogeography of the WorldThe basics of island biogeographyBiogeography of Australian region
Biogeography of the WorldVery basics of Ocean biogeography
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 2 / 22
Biogeography of the World The basics of island biogeography
Biogeography of the WorldThe basics of island biogeography
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 3 / 22
Biogeography of the World The basics of island biogeography
The basics of island biogeography
I Immigration and extinctionI Distance effectI Species-area curve and the effect of island size
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 4 / 22
Biogeography of the World The basics of island biogeography
Species-logarea line for reptiles and amphibians inCaribbean
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 5 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Biogeography of the WorldBiogeography of Australian region
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 6 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australian region
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 7 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australia: temperatures
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 8 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australia: precipitation
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 9 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australian geology
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 10 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australia: potential biomes
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 11 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australian: 7 biogeographical regions
1. Tropical North2. Tropical East: Queensland3. Desert Center4. Australian core: South and Southeast5. Australian Southwest6. Tasmania7. Zealandia, partly submerged microcontinent: New Zealand, Lord
Howe and New Caledonia
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 12 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australian: 7 regions
Thin line is a border of ZealandiaShipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 13 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Australian regions: key features1. Tropical North: climate similar to Gran Chaco in South America, developed rain and extremely
dry seasons. Billabongs (shallow drying lakes) are common. The east of region is Australiangrasslands, home of many bird species like emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), malleefowl(Leipoa ocellata), numerous cockatoo parrots (Cacatuoidea) and Rainbow bee-eaters (Meropsornatus). Extinct “marsuplial hippo”, Diprotodon, also lived here.
2. Queensland: One of three richest regions. Wet forests. Cuscuses (Phalanger) there replacemonkeys, Agathis conifer substitute for angiosperm tree dominants. Forest “ostrich” cassowary(Casuarius)
3. Desert Center: similar to Sahara. Species-poor. Bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchidae) are probablymost famous animals here.
4. Australian core: “all what you know about Australia”, platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), koala(Phascolarctos cinereus), kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and other marsupials, Proteaceaeand Myrtaceae plants like Banksia and Eucalyptus, each with many species. Home of livingfossil Wollemi pine, Wollemia nobilis. Among birds, many “non-singing” passerines like lyrebird(Menura novaehollandiae).
5. Australian Southwest: Very small but rich region with high endemism. Many interestingmarsupials like numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus, replacement of anteater), the only Australianpitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis), grass trees (Xanthorrhoea), moloch lizard (Molochhorridus) and many others.
6. Tasmania: the temperate variant of Australian biota, the only glaciated (50%) region. Mostfamous representatives are two marsupial carnivores, Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and(now extinct) Tasmanian wolf (or tiger) (Thylacinus cynocephalus). Lots of unusual plants likeHuon pine, Lagarostrobos or Tasmannia.
7. Zealandia: shatters of microcontinent, probably close to the extinct biota of Antarctic. Nomammals. Extinct moa (Dinornis) and extant kiwi bird (Apteryx). Tuatara (Sphenodon). Themost primitive flowering plant (Amborella).
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 14 / 22
Biogeography of the World Biogeography of Australian region
Summary for Australia
I The most biogeographically isolated regionI High and dry: similar to AfricaI New Zealand (Aotearoa) has multiple “Holantarctic” connections
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 15 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Biogeography of the WorldVery basics of Ocean biogeography
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 16 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Biogeography of Ocean
I Diversity in 3D spaceI Rich cool and poor tropical watersI Rich coastal and poor open ocean watersI Whereas surface biogeography of ocean is determined by
continents and currents, biogeography of abyssal is unique.
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 17 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Ocean depths
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 18 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Ocean temperatures
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 19 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Ocean productivity
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 20 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Abyssal provinces from Watling et al., 2013
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 21 / 22
Biogeography of the World Very basics of Ocean biogeography
Short anonymous absolutely voluntary survey
1. What do you like most in biogeography course (except PuertoRico trip ;-)?
2. What do you dislike most in biogeography course?3. Which part of Puerto Rico trip do you remember most of all?4. Please grade (1—bad, 5—excellent):
A. LecturesB. Puerto Rico tripC. PresentationsD. Exams
5. Please recommend something for the next Biogeography class.
Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 36 May 9, 2014 22 / 22