biography of presidents and prime ministers of burma 1948 1988

8/6/2019 Biography of Presidents and Prime Ministers of Burma 1948 1988

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biography-of-presidents-and-prime-ministers-of-burma-1948-1988 1/254

pmMunfhwdkufESif hokwynmXmepmMunfhwdkufESif hokwynmXmepmMunfhwdkufESif hokwynmXmepmMunfhwdkufESif hokwynmXmepmMunfhwdkufESif hokwynmXme

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH

EkdifiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwådEk difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwådEk difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwådEk difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwådEk difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ck ESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ck ESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ck ESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ck ESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ck ESpf txd)

jyKpkoljyKpkoljyKpkoljyKpkoljyKpkol

armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;

0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')

2006 ckESpf



pmMunf hwd kufESif hokwynmXmepmMunf hwd kufESif hokwynmXmepmMunf hwd kufESif hokwynmXmepmMunf hwd kufESif hokwynmXmepmMunf hwd kufESif hokwynmXme

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH?jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH?jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH?jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH?jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH?EkdifiHawmfor®wESifh0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå dEk difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwådEkdifiHawmfor®wESifh0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwå dEk difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwådEkdifiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tw¬KyÜwåd

(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ckESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ckESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ckESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ckESpf txd)(1948 ckESpfrS 1988ckESpf txd)

jyKpkoljyKpkoljyKpkoljyKpkoljyKpkol

armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;armifrif;rif;pk d;0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')0dZÆmbGJU(Oya')

pmMunf hwd kufynm'Dyvd krmbG J UtwGuf vd ktyfcsufrsm;\

wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf þusrf;i,fud kwifjytyfygonf/

2006 ckESpf



rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum

pOfpOfpOfpOfpOf taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&m pmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mtykdif;(1)tykdif;(1)tykdif;(1)tykdif;(1)tykdif;(1)

1?1/ &nfpl;vT m u

1?2/ aus;Zl;wifvT m c

1?3/ ed'gef; *-C

1?4/ jrefrmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif; i-ps

1?5/ &nf&G,fcsuf n-#

1?6/ pmwrf;pDpOfyH kESif htusHK;0ifrI X

1?7/ toH k;jyKxm;aomoauFwESif htwk dtrSwftom;rsm; !-¡

1?8/ yH ktñTef;rsm; P

tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå djynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå djynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå djynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå djynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d

(1948-1988)(1948-1988)(1948-1988)(1948-1988)(1948-1988)

2?1/ or®wrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)or®wrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)or®wrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)or®wrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)or®wrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)

2?1?1/ p0fa&Tok duf (1896-1962) 1-10

2?1?2/ a'gufwmbOD;(1887-1963) 11-21

2?1?3/ OD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armif(1916-1989) 22-27

2?1?4/ OD;ae0if;(1911-2002) 28-55

2?1?5/ OD;pef;,k(1918-1996) 56-65

2?1?6/ OD;pdefvGif(1924-2004) 66-70

2?1?7/ a'gufwmarmifarmif(1925-1994) 71-77

2?1?8/ OD;apmarmif(1928-1997) 78-98



2?2/ 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d(1948-1988)

2?2?1/ OD;Ek(1907-1995) 99-119

2?2?2/ OD;AaqG(1915-1987) 120-1322?2?3/ OD;pdef0if;(1919-1993) 133-140

2?2?4/ OD;armifarmifc(1920-1995) 141-146

2?2?5/ ol&OD;xGef;wif(1923- ) 147-151

tykdif;(3)tyk dif;(3)tyk dif;(3)tyk dif;(3)tyk dif;(3)

3/ ed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsuf 152-154

usrf;ukd;pm&if;usrf;ukd;pm&if;usrf;ukd;pm&if;usrf;ukd;pm&if;usrf;ukd;pm&if; 155-161

aemufqufwGJaemufqufwGJaemufqufwGJaemufqufwGJaemufqufwGJ

&JabmfoH k;usdyf 162

1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyf 163

a&;acwftkyfcsKyfcsKyfa&;tzG J U

1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufaeY jynfaxmifpkor®w 164

jrefrmEk difiHawmftpk d;&tzG J U

1958 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv (28)&uftdrfapmif htpk d;&tzG J U 165

1962 ckESpf? rwfv (2)&ufaeY jynfaxmifpkor®w 166

jrefrmek difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD

1962 ckESpf? rwfv (2)&ufaeY jynfaxmifpkor®w 167

jrefrmek difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzG J U

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 4 &ufaeYjynfaxmifpkor®w 168

jrefrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;tzG J U

1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH 169

jynfwGif;nDnTwfa&; tBuHay;tzG J U



1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf 170

tpk d;&tzG J U

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U 171a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm; 172

OD;Eka&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm; 173

OD;AaqGa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm; 174

uG,fvGefNyD;aomyk*¾ dKvfrsm;\ema&;aMumfjim 175

tñTef;tñTef;tñTef;tñTef;tñTef;

jrefrmpmtñTef; 176-228

t*FvdyfpmtñTef; 229



teaEÅ mteEÅ ig;yg;uk d OD ;xdyfxm;í

þusrf;pmjzif h

uefawmhtyfygonf/

u



aus;Zl;wifvT maus;Zl;wifvT maus;Zl;wifvT maus;Zl;wifvT maus;Zl;wifvT m

yxrOD;pG m uG,fvGefavNyD;aomrdbrsm;jzpfMuonfh zcifOD;ausmfvSESif hrdcif

a':cifqif h? 0dZÆ mbG J U(Oya')&&S donftxd ausmif;xm;ay;cJ haom awmifomNrdKUrS trBuD;rsm;

tm;aus;Zl;wif&S dygonf/ 'kwd,taejzif h pmMunh fwk dufESif hokwynmbG J UvGef'Dyvk drmoifwef;

ok d Y apvTwfwufa&mufcGif hay;cJ haom Ek difiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuúok dvf ausmif;tkyfBuD;tm;

aus;Zl;wif&S dygonf/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf? Ek difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d

pmwrf;uk d wifoGif;cGif hjyKcJ h&H komru uk d,fwk difBuD;Muyfvrf;nTefrIay;cJ haom pmMunf hwk dufESif h

okwynmXmerS ygarmu©? XmerSL; OD;odef;vGifESif h ygarmu© OD;odef;a&Twk d Utm;vnf;aumif;?q&mBuD;\vufaxmuftul tjzpfteD;uyfBuD;Muyfay;cJ haom pmMunf hwk dufESif h okwynmXme

vufaxmufuxdu q&mra':vJ hvJ h0if;tm;vnf;aumif;? pmMunf hwk dufESif h okwynmXme

rS q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif&S dygonf/

þpmwrf;jyKpk&mvkdtyfaomtcsuftvufrsm;ESifhpmtkyf^pmwrf;rsm;ukd

apwemxufoefpG mjzif htultnDay;cJ haom ppfynm*sme,frS nDi,ftm;vnf;aumif;?

orkdif;okawoepmMunfhwkdufrS vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rSL; a':aqGaqGjrifhESif hwuúokdvfrsm;A[kdpmMunfhwkdufrS pmMunfhwkduf(vufaxmuf-1)a':oif;oif;pkd; tm;

vnf;aumif;? xkdenf;wlpGm tultnDay;cJhMuaom EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuúokdvf

avhusif ha&;XmrS taygif;toif;rsm;ESif h pmMunf hwk dufrSoli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;?

ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmf armfuGef;wk dufrSL;&H k;? trsdK;om;armfuGef;wk duf? trsdK;om;

pmMunfhwkduf? wuúokdvfrsm;A[kd pmMunfhwkduf? pmMunfhwkdufESif hokwynmXme

pmMunfhwk duf? ta0;oifwuúokdvf pmMunfhwkduf? pmayAdrmefpmMunfhwk duftoDoD;rS0efxrf;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wif&S dygonf/

ausZl;wifxk dufolrsm;tm;vH k;uk d þpmwrf;jzif h ½k daopG m*g&0jyKí rSwfwrf;wif

tyfygonf-

usrf;jyKpkol

armifrif;rif;pk d;

cH ktrSwf- 2 'D po 13pmMunf hwk dufESih fokwynmXme

c



ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;ed'gef;]] tw¬KyÜwå d }} qkdonf ha0g[m&pum;vH k;\ teuft"dyÜ g,fESif htrsdK;tpm;uk d

t"dyÜ m,fzGif hqk d&rnfqk dvQif-

ygVdpum;vH k;\teuft"dyÜ g,ft& ]]taMumif;t&m\jzpfjcif;taMumif;t&m\jzpfjcif;taMumif;t&m\jzpfjcif;taMumif;t&m\jzpfjcif;taMumif;t&m\jzpfjcif;}} [kt"dyÜ g,fzGif hqk dygonf/

,if;ygVdpum;vH k;uk d,lí jrefrmpmayüyk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf\b0jzpf&yfwk d Yuk d

a&;om;wifjyonf hpmaytrsdK;tpm;uk d tw¬KyÜwå d [lívnf;aumif;? wpfenf; ]] tw¬KyÜwf}}

[lívnf;aumif; a,bk,stm;jzih f ac:qk dMuygonf/

]]'EÅ Ztu©&m}} xqifxl;rS ]]Ak'Ztu©&m}} X0rf;bJajymif;í tXKyÜwå d[lí

vnf;aumif;? tXKyÜwf[lívnf;aumif; ac:qk dMuygao;onf/ ,if;ok d Yxqifxl;rS X0rf;bJ

ajymif;í qk djcif;rS mvnf; a&S;a[mif;ygVdusrf;*ef t&yifjzpfygonf/11111

yk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ b0ESif hp½k dufwk d Yuk d azmfjyonf hpmonftw¬KyÜwå d yif

jzpfygonf/ tw¬KyÜwå d uk dzwfvQif pmzwfolonf pdwf0ifpm;rI&&S dEk difNyD; rdrdtwGuftusdK;rsm;

rnf h tcsuftvufrsm;uk dvnf; od&S dem;vnfEk difonf htjyif tjcm;aomyk*¾ dKvfrsm;\b0jzpf&yf

rdrdp&k dufuk d jyefvnfoH k;oyfNyD; jyKjyifoG m;oif honfuk d jyKjyifoG m;Ek difygonf/ twk,loih fonfuk d

twk,loG m;Ek difygonf/ pGef Yy,foif honfuk d pGef Yy,foG m;Ek difygonf/

ok d Yjzpfí tw¬KyÜwå dpmay a&;&mwGif 1/ ½k d;½k d;tw¬KyÜwå d ? 2/ uk d,fa&;tw¬KyÜwå d

3/ 0w¬Koabmygttw¬KyÜwå d 4/ rSwfwrf;oabm ygaomtw¬KyÜwå d [lí (4)rsdK;cG Jjcm;Ek dif

aMumif;od&S d&ygonf/22222 þtw¬KyÜwå dpmwrf;trsdK;tpm;rS m ]]rSwfwrf;oabmygaomtw¬KyÜwå d}}

jzpfí yk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;\ b0wpfavQmufvH k;wGif jzpfysufonf h pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftjzpftysuf

wpfuGufuk djzpfap? wpfuGufxufruaomtjzpftysufuk djzpfap a&;om;wifjyxm;onf h

trsdK;tpm;yifjzpfygonf/

rSwfwrf;ygaom tw¬KyÜwå d rS mrl yk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf\b0wpfckvH k;uk d NcHKí

a&;om;jcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ b0\ta&;ygonf htpdwftyk dif;wpfckcktaMumif;uk d a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;rsdK;jzpfavonf/ ta&;cHtw¬KyÜwåd &Sif\trsdK;tpm;vkdufvnf;tw¬KyÜwåd

trsdK;tpm;uk d cG Jjcm;Ek difygao;onf/ ta&;cHtw¬KyÜwå d &Sifrsm;rS m a,bk,stm;jzif h bmoma&;

qk dif&myk*¾ dKvf? Ek difiHa&;qk dif&myk*¾ dKvf? &mZ0ifqk dif&myk*¾ dLvf? vlrIa&;qk dif&myk*¾ dKvf? ynma&;qk dif&m

yk*¾ dKvf [lí trsdK;rsdK;tpm;pm; &S dMuavonf/

*

11111 OD;vSBudKif(yg&*l )? ]]tw¬KyÜwå dpmay}}/ a&;ol OD;vSBudKif(yg&*l )ESif htjcm;?

(&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1971) pm 1-3/22222 ,if;pm/



þpmwrf;&S dtw¬KyÜwå d&Sifrsm;rS mrl Ek difiHawmfuk d uk d,fwk difuk d,fus wm0ef,lOD;aqmif

tkyfcsKyfcJ hMuaom Ek difiHa&;qk dif&myk*¾ dKvfrsm;yif jzpfygonf/

þtw¬KyÜwå d pmwrf;uk da&;om;&mwGif ta&;tom;tqifwefqmryg? tzG J UtEG J U

r&S d? 0guswk duav;rsm;uk d oH k;í vk dwk d&Sif; a&;om;xm;ygonf/ a&;om;&mwGif tw¬KyÜwå d&Sif\ &mxl;? Xme? tvkyftuk dif? pGrf;aqmifcsuf? tdrfaxmifzuf? yg0ifcJ haomtzG J Utpnf;?

arG;aeY? Zmwd&yfajr? rdbtrnf? ynmoifcJ haomausmif;? ynmt&nftcsif;? om;orD;rsm;ESif h

ae&yfvdyfpmwk d Yuk d azmfjyxm;ygonf/

tw¬KyÜwå d pmayuk da&;om; jzpfcJ hMu&onf hork dif;aMumif;uk dMunf hvQif urÇ mhpmay

ork dif;wGif a,bk,stm;jzif h EkdifiHwkdif;vk dvk dtoH k;jyKaeMuaom tw¬KyÜwåd pmayonf

olawmfpifwk d Y\tw¬KyÜwå d (Hagiography )ESif hbk&if htw¬KyÜwå dwk d YrS pwifaMumif;od&S d&ygonf/

t*Fvdyfpmay\tOD;qHk;tw¬KyÜwåd rS m a,bk,stm;jzif h pdef(Saint )ac:onf holawmfpifwk d Y\tw¬KyÜwå d rsm;omjzpfaMumif; awG Y&S d&ygonf/

jrefrmwk d Y\tw¬KyÜwå d pmayonfvnf; bk&ifwk d Y\tw¬KyÜwå d ESif h &[ef;awmfwk d Y\

ax½kyÜwådrsm;rS tpjyKvmaMumif;awGU&ygonf/ yk*Hacwfjrif;uyg*lajymufBuD;bk&m;

ausmufpm? &mZukrm&fausmufpm(jrapwDausmufpm)wk dYonf jrefrmEkdifiH\tapmqHk;

tw¬KyÜwå drsm;tjzpfrSwf,lEk difygonf/

ygVdpmayvm &[ef;ax&mtyg"mef('gef )? &[ef;arax&Dtyg"mef('gef )rsdK;wGif

vnf; awG Y&S dEk difygonf/

xif&S m;ausmfMum;aomvlyk*¾ dKvfrsm;uk dvnf; vltrsm;pku pdwf0ifpm;Muygonf/

xk duJhok d Y xif&S m;ausmfMum;aom yk*¾ dKvfrsm;onf uREk fyfwkd YjrefrmEk difiHuk d tkyfcsKyfcJ haom

or®wrsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\ twk,lzG,f&mvkyfief;ESif hpGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;yg od&S dEk dif&efomru

tm;usbG,f&mrsm;uk dvnf;twk,lEk difap&ef þtw¬KyÜwå dpmwrf;uk d jyKpk&jcif;jzpfygonf/

C



jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif;jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif;jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif;jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif;jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif;

þpmwrf;onf jrefrmEk difiHuk d tkyfcsKyfcJ holrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå dpmwrf;jzpf aomaMumif h

jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;orkdif;wpfpdwfwpfa'oukd avhvmítusOf;rQwifjyxm;jcif;jzpf

ygonf/

urÇ mhork dif;rwifrDacwfumvrSpwifí tkyfcsKyfyH ktqif hqif honf jzpfwnfvm

cJ hygonf/ ork dif;wifacwfrSpwifí tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;&S dcJ h&m bk&ifpepf tkyfcsKyfa&;

rS onf rsufarS mufacwfor®wtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;xd &S dcJ honfuk davhvmawG Y&S d cJ h&ygonf/

jrefrmEk difiHtygt0if urÇ mhEk difiHtoD;oD;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;&S dcJ hygonf/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&S d tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJvmyHkukd avhvmygu

a&S;acwfa[mif;umvrsm;utkyfcsKyfa&;(Administration)onf tkyfpd k;olrsm;\tmPmpOfvrf;aMumif;(Authoritarism)jzif h tpysdK;cJ hNyD;?aES mif;yd kif;umvrsm;wGif Ed kifiHa&; tawG;tac:rsm;

ajymif;vJ vmrI ESif htwltkyfcsKyfa&;oabmw&m; (Administrative Concepts)rsm;vnf;vd kufyg

ajymif;vJvmaMumif;awG U&ygonf/ bk&ifpepftkyfcsKyfa&;? or®wpepfjzif h tkyfcsKyfa&;?

0e f BuD;cs Ky fpepf jzi f htky fcs Ky fa&;? tzG J Utpnf; jzi f htkyfcs Ky fa&;?pp ftkyfcs Ky fa&;

ponfjzif hpepftrsdK;rsdK;ud kawG U&S d&ygonf/

¤if;jyif jrefrmEk difiH[k owfrSwfjcif;r&S dao;onf htcsdefrsm;uyifpí rif;qufrsm;tkyfcsKyfvmcJ h&m tkyfcsKyfolwk d Y\ tkyfcsKyfyH kork dif;rSwfwrf;rsm;t& ork dif;wifcJ honfrsm;uk d

tusOf;rQavhvmazmfjy&aomf jrefrmEdkifiHya'o&mZfacwftkyfcsKyfa&;jrefrmEdkifiHya'o&mZfacwftkyfcsKyfa&;jrefrmEdkifiHya'o&mZfacwftkyfcsKyfa&;jrefrmEdkifiHya'o&mZfacwftkyfcsKyfa&;jrefrmEdkifiHya'o&mZfacwftkyfcsKyfa&; onf jrefrmEd kifiH [k

owfrSwfonf htcsdefrSpí ord kif;tpOftquftvk duf ud k,fyd kif,Ofaus;rIESif h wpfpkwpfpnf;

wpfckwnf;aomyx0D0ifEk difiHjzpfcJ honf/ wd kif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ES D;pG m Nrd KUjyEd kifiH

tjzpfrif;{u&mZftkyfcsKyfaom jynfaxmifBuD;rsm;toGifpnf;&H k;wnfaxmifvmNyD; vufeuf

Ed kifiHawmfBuD;txdus,fjyef YvmcJ honf/ ax&0g' Ak'bmom\,Ofaus;rIt&vTrf;rd k;cJ hojzif h

rsufarS mufb0BuD;yG m;csrf;omrI&S daom ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfrIpepfrsm;rS mvnf; jynf h0aomtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzpfaMumif; awG U&S d&ygonf/

NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;uk d tusOf;rQavhvmwifjy&aomf NAdwdoQwd k Uonf jrefrmEd kifiHud k

usL;ausmfppfyG Jtjzpf(3)Budrfwd kifwd kif qifET JcJ hojzifh1885-86 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEd kifiHonf

NAdwdoQvufatmufod k Ya&muf&S doG m;onf/1886-89ckESpfwGifjrefrm wd kif;rif;BuD;csKyf (Chief

Commissioner) wpfOD;cef Yxm;í NAdwdoQbk&ifESif h NAdwdoQtpd k;&tzG J Uud k,fpm; jrefrmEd kifiHud k

tkyfcsKyfygonf/ 1897-1919ckESpfwGif 'd kiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;csdefjzpfNyD; jrefrmEd kifiHA[d ktpd k;& tBuD;tuJjzpfaom wd kif;rif;BuD;csKyfud k jrefrmjynfe,f 'kwd,bk&ifcH tjzpfwd k;jr§if hvd kufonf/

i



xd k YtjyiftdE´ d,Ed kifiH&S dtwGif;0ef&Hk; ud kwd k;csJUíjrefrmjynfe,f 'kwd,bk&ifcHESifhjrefrmjynf

twGif;0ef&H k;ud kzGif hvSpfygonf/(1908)ckESpfwGif jrefrmEd kifiH twGif;0ef&H k; ud k"Oya'ud kjy|mef;í

4if;Oya't&twGif;0efcsKyf onftpd k;&tzG J Uud kwm0efcH ítaxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;

wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJ hygonf/ xk dpOfujrefrmEd kifiH\Ed kifiHa&;rS m NAdwdoQwd k Y\ tkyfcsKyfrIud kjrefrmtrsdK;om; tiftm;pkrsm;u qef YusifvIyf&S m;qJumvjzpfí NAdwdoQwd k YonftkyfcsKyfa&;

cd kifrmatmif BudK;yrf; wnfaqmufqJumvjzpfygonf/

1919ckESpf'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;1919ckESpf'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;1919ckESpf'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;1919ckESpf'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;1919ckESpf'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; uk day;&mwGiftdE´ d,Ed kifiH (pD&iftkyfcsKyfrI ) Oya't&

NAdwdoQtpd k;&u tdEd ,EdkifiHwGif tkyfcsKyfa&; tqifhjr§if hay;csdef wGifjrefrmrsdK;cspfwd k Y\

BudK;yrf;rIaMumifh (1923)ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGifjrefrmEdkifiH onftjcm;aom

tdEd ,jynfe,frsm;uJ hod k Y 'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;&cJhonf/ 'd kiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;onfNAdwdoQ

vufatmufcH tdEd ,tpd k;& uomtkyfcsKyfrItmPm usif hoH k;cJ h aMumif;awG U&ygonf/

1935ckESpf(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;1935ckESpf(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;1935ckESpf(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;1935ckESpf(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;1935ckESpf(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&; wGif NAdwdoQygvDrefu (1935)ckESpf? tdEd ,

tufOya' jyKvkyfí jrefrmjynfuk d csefvSyfítdEd,ud k(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;ay;cJhonf/

jrefrmjynfolrsm;u uefYuGufMuíjrefrmjynfukd tdEd´,rScGJxGufcGifhjyKNyD;(1935)ckESpf?

jrefrmEd kifiHtufOya'(The Government of Burma Act-1935) jy|mef;í(91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;

ay;onf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEd kifiHud ktdEd ,Ed kifiHA[d ktpd k;& jynfe,ftjzpfrS cG JxGufNyD;

aemufjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&onf tkyfcsKyfrI0efBuD;Xmersm;zGJUpnf;&mjynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xmetygt0if(10)Xme&Sdonf/jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme\tBuD;tuJrSm twGif;0efcsKyfjzpfí

A[d ktqif hwGiftaxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;ud kwm0ef,líe,frsm;wGif A[d ktpd k;&ud k,fpm;

wd kif;rif;BuD;? c&d kif0ef? e,fyd kif?NrdKUyd kifESif holBuD;rsm;uwm0ef,l&onf/

1942-1945 *syefacwftkyfcsKyfa&;1942-1945 *syefacwftkyfcsKyfa&;1942-1945 *syefacwftkyfcsKyfa&;1942-1945 *syefacwftkyfcsKyfa&;1942-1945 *syefacwftkyfcsKyfa&; uk d avhvmwifjy&aomf 'kwd, urÇ mppfonf

jrefrmEd kifiHod k Uul;pufíjrefrmEd kifiHonf *syefvufatmuf a&muf&S dcJ honf/ 1942ckESpfwGif

*syefppfaoeywdcsKyf*sife&,ftD'g;u jrefrmjynf A[d ktkyfcsKyfa&;tzG J Uud k zG J Upnf;ay; ygonf/tkyfcsKyfa&;tzG J UwGifa'gufwmbarmf acgif;aqmif í 0efBuD;(10)OD;yg0ifyg onf/4if;tzG J Uonf

*syefwd k Y\&kyfao;tpd k;&jzpfí trSefpifppfwGif tkyfcsKyfrItmPmonf *syef\vufxJwGif

&S donf/ xk dpOfue,frsm;wGif,ciftwd kif;tkyfcsKyfa&; 0efxrf;rsm;u qufvufaqmif&Guf

Muonf/

1945-1948 tkyfcsKyfa&;1945-1948 tkyfcsKyfa&;1945-1948 tkyfcsKyfa&;1945-1948 tkyfcsKyfa&;1945-1948 tkyfcsKyfa&; üppfNyD;acwftkyfcsKyfa&;wGiftyd kif;(3)yd kif;&S dygonf-

(u) (1944)ckESpfMo*kwfvrS(1945) ckESpfatmufwd kbmvtxd ppftkyfcsKyfa&;/

p



(c) (1945) ckESpfatmufwdkbmvrS (1946) ckESpftxdpuúLjzLpmwrf;

tkyfcsKyfa&;/

(*) (1946) ckESpf pufwifbmvrS (1948) ckESpfZefe0g&Dv txdtrsdK;om;

tpd k;&,m,DtkyfcsKyfa&;/

'kwd,urÇmppfNyD;*syefrsm;qkwfcGmNyD;aemuft*Fvdyfrsm; jyef0ifvmum

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzif h tkyfcsKyfygonf/xd k Yaemuf(1945)ckESpftukefwGifNrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;(Civil Service

Affair CSA(B)-Burma) tzG J Ujzif htkyfcsKyfygonf/tqd kygumvrsm;wGif A[d kü bk&ifcHonf

tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmud kwpfOD;wnf; ud kifwG,fusif hoH k;íe,frsm;wGifNAdwdoQ vlrsdK;tkyfcsKyfa&;

0efxrf;rsm;uwm0efcH aqmif&Gufygonf/

1948-1958 tkyfcsKyfa&;1948-1958 tkyfcsKyfa&;1948-1958 tkyfcsKyfa&;1948-1958 tkyfcsKyfa&;1948-1958 tkyfcsKy fa&; umvrsm;uk davhvm&mü 1948 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEd kifiHvGwfvyfa&;&cJ hygonf/ 1948 ckESpftxdomygvDref tkyfcsKyfa&; umv[kowfrSwfEd kifyg

onf/ 1947ckESpfjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiHzGJ Upnf;yH k tajccHOya't&A[d kwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;

tzG J Uom ajymif;vJcJ hygonf/ tpd k;&\ vkyfuk difEk difonf h enf;pepfrS m 1941 ckESpf? rwfv(15)

&ufaeYü twnfjyKa&;qGJonfhtwGif;0ef&Hk; vufpGJygtwdkif; qufvuftoHk;jyKonfh

enf;pepfjzpfygonf/

1957 ckESpfwGiftpd k;&onf twGif;0efcsKyfwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ud k jyefvnfowfrSwf&mü twGif;0efcsKyf\yif;&if;Xmeud kjynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xmetpm; 0efBuD;csKyf&H k; vufatmufod k Y

ajymif;vJowfrSwfcJhygonf/,if;owfrSwfcsuft& 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv(13) &ufaeYrSpí

jynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmetwGif;0efonf taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;\ tBuD;tuJtjzpf

wm0ef,lcJ hygonf/

1958-1960 tkyfcsKyfa&;1958-1960 tkyfcsKyfa&;1958-1960 tkyfcsKyfa&;1958-1960 tkyfcsKyfa&;1958-1960 tkyfcsKyfa&; u@ü1958) ckESpfwGifwdkif;jynf\tajctae

t&yf&yfaMumif h Ed kifiHa&;tpd k;&rS tdrfapmif htpd k;&zG J Upnf;NyD;wd kif;jynfwm0ef uk d tdrfapmif htpk d;&

tm; vT JtyfcJ hygonf/1958ckESpf?atmufwd kbmv(28) &ufaeYygvDreftxl;tpnf;ta0;

wGiftdrfapmif htpdk;&tzG J U ud k wyfrawmfESif he,fzufqdkif&m yk*d¾KvfBuD;(14)OD; OD;aqmifí

zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tzGJUonfNidrf0yfydjym;rI &&Sd&ef tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm;

zG J Upnf;ítkyfcsKyfrI tmPmud k vkyfief;pOf(4) &yfjzif h csrSwfaqmif&GufcJ hygonf/ ¤if;wk d YrS m

(u)w&m;Oya'pd k;rd k;a&;ESif h Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;/ ( c )a&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;/ ( * )aexd kif

pm;aomufrI p&dufavQmhcsa&;/ (C)pD;yG m;a&; ysufjym;aejcif; ud k jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;wk d Yjzpfonf/

1958 ckESpf?Ed k0ifbmv(3)(4)(5) &ufaeYrsm; wGif usif;yaom tpnf;ta0;rSEd kifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;udk csrSwfíazmfjyygtwk dif; taumiftxnfazmf

q



aqmif&Guf&efpDpOfcJhygonf-(u)EdkifiHawmfvHk; qdkif&m aqmif&Gufa&;/ (c)A[dktpdk;&

&Hk;pd kuf&ma'owGifaqmif&Gufa&;/(*)wdkif;tqif hwGif aqmif&Gufa&;/ (C)c&d kifESif hNrdKUe,f

tqif hwGifaqmif&Gufa&;wk d Yjzpfygonf/

1960-1962 tkyfcsKyfa&;1960-1962 tkyfcsKyfa&;1960-1962 tkyfcsKyfa&;1960-1962 tkyfcsKyfa&;1960-1962 tkyfcsKyfa&; uk davhvm&mü 1960)jynf hESpf?azazmf0g&DvwGif

a&G;aumufyG JtEd kif&aom Ed kifiHa&;tzG J Uod k U tkyfcsKyfa&; vT Jajymif;ay;í0efBuD;(13)OD;yg0ifaom

jynfaxmifpktpd k;&rS qufvuf aqmif&Gufygonf/tkyfcsKyfa&;yH kpHrS m xl;jcm;ajymif;vJrIr&S day/

1962-1972ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1962-1972ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1962-1972ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1962-1972ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1962-1972ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&; onf xl;jcm;pG majymif;vJcJ hygonf/ 1962

ckESpfwGifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf ,k d,Gif;vmaomEd kifiHawmf\tajctaet&yf&yfud k

xdef;odrf;cJhygonf/awmfvSefa&; aumifpDonfEdkifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&; t"GefY&Snfa&;?

tcsKyftjcmwnfwH h cd kifNrJa&;? w&m;rQwrI&S daomom,m0ajymonf hqd k&S,fvpfvlUabmifwnfaqmufa&;[laom &nfrSef;csufjzifh EdkifiHawmfudkjyefvnfwnfaqmufcJhygonf/

,if;&nfrSef;csuf rsm;t&atmufygrl0g'rsm;udkcsrSwf cJhygonf-(u)tkyfcsKyfrItmPmud k

awmfvSefa&; aumifpDu usifhoHk;jcif;/( c ) EdkifiHawmfvHkNcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHudef;

csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;/ ( * )tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopfazmfxkwfjcif;/(C)qdk&S,fvpf'Drd kua&pD

tavhtusif hrsm; ysdK;axmifjcif;/

xd k YaemufawmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf(1962)ckESpf?rwfv(9)&ufaeY aeYpG Jyg aMunm

csuf trSwf(20)jzifhOya'jyKrItmPm?tkyfcsKyfrItmPm?w&m;pD&ifrI tmPmrsm;ukd

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD uusif hoH k;aMumif;aMunmcJ hygonf/

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf 1962 ckESpf?rwfv(2)&ufaeYpGJyg aMunmcsuf

trSwf(2)jzifh awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&tzGJUudkzGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúX

tm;tkyfcsKyfrItmPmtyfESif; íusifhoHk;cJhygonf/tpdk;&\tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m ta&;,l

aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESif hywfoufí 12-3-62 &ufpG JygaMunmcsuftrSwf(23)jzif h 0efxrf;

tzG J Utpnf;ud kwm0efay;tyfí 1972 ckESpftxd usif hoH k;cJ hygonf/

1972-1974ckESpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf1972-1974ckESpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf1972-1974ckESpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf1972-1974ckESpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf1972-1974ckESpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf üjrefrmEd kifiH\tkyfcsKyfa&;onf (1948)

ckESpfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;r&SdcJh ojzifhwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk

tusdK;rjyKEdkifjcif;? qdk&S,fvpfpepfxlaxmif&mwGif vd kufavsmnDaxGjzpfap&eftwGuf

tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjyKjyif&efvd ktyfjcif;wd k UaMumif h awmfvSefaumifpDonf15-3-72&ufpG Jyg aMunm

csuftrSwf (97) jzif htkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopfwpf&yf azmfxkwfaqmif&GufcJ hygonf/

1974-1988ckESpfxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1974-1988ckESpfxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1974-1988ckESpfxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1974-1988ckESpfxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1974-1988ckESpfxdtkyfcsKyfa&; umvonf A[k drSOD;aqmifí tkyfcsKyfonf hpepfjzpfcJ hygonf/ 1974ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkqd k&S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEd kifiHawmf zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'

Z



ud k jy|mef;cJhygonf/tqdkygzG JUpnf;yHktajccHOya'yk'fr28?29t& EdkifiHawmfud k A[dku

OD;aqmifjyKía'otvd kuf pDrHaqmif&Gufonf hpepfud kusif hoH k;NyD; pDrHcef YcG Ja&;a'orsm;uk d

jyifqifzG J Upnf;cJ haMumif;awG U&ygonf/tqd kygOya'yk'fr35?36 t& e,frsm;wGif Ek difiHawmf

aumifpDESifh A[dktzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk,fpm; aqmif&Guf&ef atmufygtzGJUtpnf;rsm;zG J Upnf;ygonf-

(u) jynfe,f? wd kif;? NrdKUe,f? &yfuGuf? aus;&G mtkyfpk toD;oD;wGif jynfolU

aumifpDwpf&yfpDzG J Upnf;jcif;/

(c ) jynfe,f? wd kif;? NrdKUe,fjynfol UaumifpDrsm;wGif tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J U?

w&m;olBuD;tzG J U?vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzG J UwpfzG J UpDzG J Upnf;xm;&S djcif;/

( * ) &yfuGufESif haus;&G mtkyfpkjynfol UaumifpDrsm;wGif tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J UESif hw&m;olBuD;tzG J UwpfzG J UpDxm;&S djcif;/

1988-ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1988-ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1988-ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1988-ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&;1988-ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&; uk davhvmwifjy&aomf 1988 ckESpfwGif'Drd kua&pD

awmif;qdkqEjyrIrsm;ESifhtwl rif;rJhp&dkufrsm; ay:aygufvmNyD; EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;

,EÅ &m;&yfqd kif;oG m;cJ hygonf/jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuftarS mih fya,m*rsm;aMumif h 19-9-88

aeYwGifwyfrawmfuEd kifiHawmftmPm t&yf&yfudkxdef;odrf;cJ hygonf/ 1988 ckESpfrSpí

jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&;? wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&;? tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwhHcd kifNrJa&; qkdonfhtrsdK;om;a&; 0g'csrSwfvsuf ,if;trsdK;om;a&;0g'udk

umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef twGufOya'jyKrI tmPm? pDrHcefYcGJrI(tkyfcsKyfa&;)tmPm?

w&m;pD&ifrI tmPmrsm;usif hoHk;rnfjzpfaMumif; EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;

tzGJU\ 27-7-90&ufpGJyg aMunmcsuf1^90 udkxkwfjyefí jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH\

tkyfcsKyfa&;uk d wm0efvT Jajymif;,lcJ hygonf/

þuJ hok d YtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;jzif htkyfcsKyfcJ h&mwGif 1948ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd

jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;&&S dNyD; aemufyk dif;rSpí tpOftqufOD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfcJ haom or®wrsm;

ESifh0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwådtaMumif;rsm;ukdavhvmwifjyygonf/ olrsm;taMumif;

avhvmí þpmwrf;rSazmfjycJ hjcif;jzpfygonf/ xk dok d Yavhvmwifjy&mwGif ouf&S dxif&S m;

&S daomolrsm;jzpfaeygu uk d,fwk dif oG m;a&mufar;jref;íwifjyygonf/ xk dok dUtajctae

ray;ygu rSwfwrf;rsm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;avhvmí wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/

tw¬KyÜwå duk d wifjy&mwGif acwfumvtapmqH k;jzpfonf h 1948 ckESpfrSpwifí acwfESif h

pepftrsdK;rsdK;uk d ESpftpOfvkdufwm0ef,lxrf;aqmifcJ honf h yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;uk d tpOfvkdufavhvmpDpOf wifjyxm;ygonf/

ps



&nf&G,fcsuf&nf&G,fcsuf&nf&G,fcsuf&nf&G,fcsuf&nf&G,fcsuf

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yftvk dufxl;cRefolrsm;? xifay:ausmfMum;olrsm;\

b0uk d &kef;uefcJ h&yH k? BuD;yG m;wk d;wufvm&yH kwk d Yonf omrmefvlwk d Yb0xuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m

yifjzpfonfuk d awG Y&S d&ygonf/ ¤if;wk d Yvkyf&yfrsm;atmifjrifrIrsm;uk dtm;usjcif;? erlem,lvk djcif;

wkdYaMumifh þtw¬KyÜwådpmwrf;ukd a&;om;jzpfygonf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwGif

acwftqufqufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hMuaom EkdifiHawmf tBuD;tuJrsm;ukd EkdifiHol^

Ek difiHom;rsm;taejzifh xm0pOf od&SdrSwfom;Ekdif ap&efomru twk,ltm;uszG,f&m

rsm;uk dvnf; pHerlemxm;twk,lvk dufemMuap&efvnf; &nf&G,fygonf/

Ek difiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå dpmayrsm;uk d wpfOD;csif;wpfa,mufcsif;

jzpfap? tzG J Utpnf;vk dufjzpfap jyKpkxm;&S drIenf;yg;ojzif h jynfaxmifpkjrefrmek difiHork dif;uk davhvmaeMuaom vli,frsm;? okawoDrsm;twGuf wpfaxmif hwpfae&mrS rSwfwrf;rSwf&m

wpfcktaejzif h wnf&S daeap&efvnf;&nf&G,fygonf/ pmMunf hwk duf½Iaxmif htaejzif hvnf;

&nfñTef;trsdK;tpm;jzpfaom tw¬Kywåd tbd"mef(Biographical Dictionaries )uJ hok d Yaom

EkdifiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;\tw¬Kywådudk tw¬Kywådaygif;csKyftaejzifhwifjyxm;aom

þpmwrf;onf aemiftcgtrsdK ;om;tw¬Kywå d tbd"mef(Dictionary of National

Biography )jyKpk&mwGif wpfpdwfwpfa'otaejzif h taxmuftyHhjzpfap&efvnf;

&nf&G,fygonf/

þpmwrf;onf tBuD;tuJrsm;\tw¬KyÜwådrsm;rSefuefwdusrI&Sdap&efESifh

tBuD;tuJrsm;tay:rSefuefonfhoabmxm;rsm;ukd wwfEkdiforQ&SmazGpkaqmif;jcif;?

qifjcifoH k;oyfjcif;jyKum tusOf;&H k;íomwifjyEkdifygonf/ ,if;okd Ywifjy&mwGif Ek difiHESif h

trsdK;om;a&;rSwpfyg; rnfonf h yk*¾ dKvfpG J? 0g'pG Juif;&Sif;pG mjzih f wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

tw¬Kywå drnfaomusrf;rsm;onf &mZ0ifork dif;\wpfpdwfwpfa'oyifjzpfí pmayavmu

wGif tzk d;xk dufwefaom usrf;rsdK;jzpfygonf/ Ek difiHawmfwGifxif&S m;aom Ek difiHa&;? pD;yG m;a&;ESif hpmayqkdif&m? ppfrIppfa&;qkdif&m ponfhynm0ef;usift&yf&yfrS toD;oD;aomxl;cRef

ajymifajrmufonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;\taMumif;t&mrsm; aysmufuG,froGm;ap&eftwGuf

þpmwrf;uk d jyKpkjcif;jzpfygonf/

þEk difiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;tw¬KyÜwå dpmwrf;onf pmayavhvmvk dufpm;olrsm;

ESif h xl;cRefaomyk*¾ dKvfrsm;taMumif;uk d raysmufrysufodvk drSwfom;xm;vk daom okawoDwk d Y

twGuf taxmuftyH hwpfck&ap&eftwGufvnf; &nf&G,fygonf/ pmayavhvmvk dol

yk*¾ dKvfwk dif;onf tcsdefukefcHí pmES H Uatmif wyifwyef; &S mazGavhvmjcif;rjyKEk difaomaMumif h

n



tcsdefoufompG mjzif h vG,fvif hwul wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;avhvm odrSwfcGif h&Murnf qk dvQif

þusrf;jyKpkoltzk d Y auseyf0rf;ajrmufrnf jzpfygonf/ ,ckacwfuJ hok dYaom owif;ESif h

enf;ynmwk d;wufxGef;um;aeaomumvwGif tcsdefuk dvkí vkyfuk difaqmif&GufaeMu&aom

umvü twdwf\tarGuk d vufvSrf;rD SorQ&weforQpkaqmif;ok drS D; xdef;odrf;vk dolrsm;twGufvnf; &nf&G,fygonf/ þtw¬KyÜwådtusOf;pmwrf;onf EkdifiHawmftwGuf

tkwfwpfcsyfozG,foHwpfyGif hyrm taxmuftyH hjyKEk difvdrfrnf[k arQmfvif hygonf/

#



pmwrf;pDpOfyHkESifhtusHK;0ifrIpmwrf;pDpOfyHkESifhtusHK;0ifrIpmwrf;pDpOfyHkESifhtusHK;0ifrIpmwrf;pDpOfyHkESifhtusHK;0ifrIpmwrf;pDpOfyHkESifhtusHK;0ifrI

1948 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmif

cJ hMuaom Ek difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå dpmwrf;uk d t"dutm;jzif h tyk dif;BuD;(5)yk dif;cG Jí pDpOfwifjyxm;ygonf/

tyk dif;(1)wGif &nfpl;vT m? aus;Zl ;wifvT m? ed'gef;? jrefrmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ork dif;

&nf&G,fcsuf? pmwrf;pDpOfyH kESif h tusHK;0ifrI? toH k;jyKxm;aomoauFwESif htwk dtrSwfrsm;?

yH ktñTef; [lí u@(8)ckjzif h wifjyxm;ygonf/

tyk dif;(2)wGif u@(2)ckcG Jíwifjyxm;&m yxru@wGif Ek difiHawmfor®w(8)OD;\

tw¬KyÜwådtm;azmfjyxm;NyD; 'kwd,u@wGif EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf(5)OD;\tw¬KyÜwådukdwifjyxm;ygonf/ xk dok d Ywifjy&mwGif Ek difiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;\"gwfyH krsm;uk d wpfOD;csif;pD\

a&S UwGif OD;pG mazmfjyay;xm;ygonf/ Ek difiHawmf tBuD;tuJrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå duk d arG;ouú&mZft&

BuD;pOfrjyKpkyJ pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf h ouú&mZfpOft& pDíjyKpkxm;ygonf/

pmwrf;wGifyg0ifaom Ek difiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå duk d wifjy&mwGif

t"dutm;jzifh acgif;pOf(7)ckjzifh cGJjcm;wifjyxm;ygonf/ i,fpOfb0? ynmoifb0?

0efxrf;b0? EkdifiHa&;b0? *kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;? jynfyc&D;rsm;ESifh rdom;pk [lí

wifjyxm;ygonf/ tBuD;tuJrsm;\ wm0efxrfaqmifcJ honf h acwfumvtay: rlwnfNyD;

t"duacgif;pOf(1)ckpD\atmufwGif vk dtyfygu acgif;pOfcG Ji,frsm;jzif h qufvufwifjy

xm;ygonf/ Oyrm? OD;ae0if;taMumif; wifjy&mwGif Ek difiHa&;b0 ü ]]&JabmfoH k;usdyf}}?

]]*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)}}? ]]vGwfvyfa&; acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-

1948)}} ponfjzif hao;pdwfwifjyxm;ygonf/

tyk dif;(3)wGif þpmwrf;\ ed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoH k;oyfcsufrsm;uk d wifjyxm;ygonf/

qufvufí þusrf;jyKpk&mwGif &nfñTef;ukd;um;xm;aompmtkyfrsm;ukd

usrf;uk d;pm&if;tjzpfwifjyxm;NyD;? azmfjy&eftvk dtyfonf[k,lqxm;aom tzG J Utpnf;rsm;

\trnfpm&if;rsm;?tBuD;tuJrsm;a&;cJhaompmtkyfpm&if;rsm;? uG,fvGefvNyD;aom

yk*¾ dKvfrsm;\ema&;aMumfjimrsm;uk d aemufqufwG Jtaejzif hwifjyxm;ygonf/ pmwrf;\

aemufqHk;tykdif;wGif þpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;xJrS xif&Sm;onfh

tcsuftvufrsm; tvG,fwulzwf½I UEk dif&ef pmMunf hwk dufynm&yfjzif h ynm&yftrsdK;tpm;

tvk dufcJ Gjcrf;pdwfjzmNyD; tu©&m0vd pDíwifjyxm;ygonf/

X



!

toHk;jyKxm;aomtwkdaumufoauFwESifhtrSwftom;rsm;

1/ unz u&iftrsdK;om;nDñGwfa&;tzG J UcsKyf

2/ p pwkwå

3/ qpwu qk d&S,fvpfpD;yG m;a&;wnfaqmufrIaumfrwD

4/ w wwd,

5/ wuo &efukefwuúok dvfausmif;om;or*¾

6/ wvnp ArmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mawmifolv,form;nDñGwfa&;

tpnf;t&Hk;

7/ 'k 'kwd,

8/ eu&z Ek difiHawmfaumufyJoD;ES Ha&mif;0,fa&;tzG J U

9/ y yxr

10/ yxp jynfaxmifpktzG J U

11/ yrnw jynfol YtrsdK;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk

12/ zqyv zufqpfqef Yusif ha&;jynfol YvGwfvyfa&;tzG J UcsKyf

13/ Auo ArmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mausmif;om;or*¾rsm;tzG J UcsKyf

14/ Awvp ArmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mawmifolv,form;rsm;tpnf;t&H k;

15/ Aru ArmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾(A[k dXmecsKyf )

16/ Avrp ArmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mvGwfvyfa&;trsdK;orD;rsm;tpnf;t½H k;

17/ A[k dvtu A[k dvH kNcHKa&;ESif htkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD

18/ r'nw trsdK;om;'Drk dua&pDnDñGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk

19/ rvny jrefrmEk difiHtvkyform;nDñGwfa&;ygwD

20/ &uo &efukefc½k difausmif;om;or*¾

21/ &wvp &Srf;jynfawmifolv,form;rsm;tpnf;t½H k;

22/ &yvz &Srf;jynfe,fvH k;qk dif&mtzG J UcsKyf



23/ &rnw &ck difjynftrsdK;om;nDñGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk

24/ K.I.A Kachin Independence Army

25/K.N.D.O Karen National Defence Organization

26/ K.N.U Karen National Union

¡



P

yH ktñTef;

apmarmif? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 78pef;,k? OOOOO D; D; D; D; D;

pdefvGif? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 66

pdef0if;? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 133

p0fa&Tok duf 1

xGef;wif? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD;? ol&-ol&-ol&-ol&-ol&- 147

Ek? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 99

ae0if;? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 28

bOD;? a'gufwm-a'gufwm-a'gufwm-a'gufwm-a'gufwm- 11

AaqG? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 120

armifarmif? a'gufwm -a'gufwm -a'gufwm -a'gufwm -a'gufwm - 71

0if;armif? ref;-ref;-ref;-ref;-ref;- 22

0if;armif? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 22

armifarmifc? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 141



tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)tydkif;(2)

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif hjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif hjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif hjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif hjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®wrsm;ESif h

0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwåd0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwåd0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwå d0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\tw¬KyÜwåd

(1948-1988)(1948-1988)(1948-1988)(1948-1988)(1948-1988)



yH k (1)p0fa&Tok duf (or®w)

[ 1948 ckESpf ]

1



2

p0fa&Tok dufp0fa&Tok dufp0fa&Tok dufp0fa&Tok dufp0fa&Tok duf

(or®w)(or®w)(or®w)(or®w)(or®w)

(arG;arG;arG;arG;ar G; 16-10-1896 uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef 21-11-1962)1/1/1/1/1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

or®wBuD; p0fa&Tok dufonf anmifa&TNrdKUü tif;wdefNrdKUpm; tz p0fcsHK ? trd

p0feef;wk d YrS 1896 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif arG;zG m;cJ honf/ p0fa&Tok duf\

trnf&if; rS m p0fa&Tqkduf jzpfonf/ taMumif;rS m 4if;arG;zGm;csdefwGif &Srf;jynfanmifa&T

a'o&S d wefckd;BuD;bk&m;wpfqljzpfaom azmifawmfOD;apwDawmfjrwfBuD; yGJawmfusif;y

aeck dufjzpfonf/ xk dtcsdeftwGif r,fawmfp0feef;BuD;onf rD;rzG m;Ek difyJ'ku©awG Yvsuf&S dyH krS m

0rf;wGif;&SdoaEom;onf bkef;BuD;oljzpfíom arG;zG m;& cufcJonf[k ,lqMuojzif h

avmuD,Mwmtjzif h a&TxD;rk d;ay;cJ haomfvnf; rD;rzG m;Ek difyJjzpfaeonf/ rD;wxdefxdeftk d;pnf

Ak Harmif;oHwnHnHjzifh vSnf hvnfvmaomf azmifawmfBuD;onf uefawmfuk d vuf,m&pf

vSnf hum apwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; uefawmhOD;wkduf qk dufrdcsdefwGif arG;zGm;cJ haomaMumif h

p0fa&Tqk duf[k trnfrSnf hcJ honf/ p0fa&Tok duf [k qk dufrS ok duftoHok d Y ajymif;vJac:cJ haMumif;

od&S d&ygonf/11111

2/2/2/2/2/ ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0

&Srf;tBuD;tuJrsm;\om;rsm;twGuf awmifBuD;wGif zGif hvSpfxm;aomausmif;ü

ynmoifMum;cJ honf/

3/3/3/3/3/ trIxrf;b0trIxrf;b0trIxrf;b0trIxrf;b0trIxrf;b0

yxrurÇ mppftwGif;u Armhaoewfuk difwyf&if;wGif 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJ honf/

xk dtcsdefu p0fa&Tok dufonf vpm 9 usyf 4yJ rQom&cJ hNyD; rMumrD t&mcHAk dvftqif htxd

xk d;jr§if hjcif; cH&onf/ xkdtcsdeftwGif yxrurÇ mppfBuD;onf ta&S Utm&Sok d Yyg ul;puf

awmhrnfh tajctaejzpfae onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonfvnf; NAdwdoQvufatmufcH

Ek difiHwpfcktaejzif h rufpDuk daw;rD;,m;ok d Y jrefrmEk difiHrS ppfwyfrsm;yk d Y&ef pDpOfvsuf&S donf/

p0fa&Tokdufonfvnf; ppfrsufESmokdYcsDwuf&ef &efukefNrdKUü oabFmxGufrnfh&ufukd

apmif harQmfvsuf&S daepOf 4if;tpDtpOfrS y,fzsufjcif;cH&NyD; jrefrmEk difiH a&Tbk dppfXmecsKyfok d Y

axmufvSrf;a&;t&m&S di,ftjzif h ajymif;a&T Ujcif;cH&onf/ p0fa&Tok dufonf jrefrmjynf\1

pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;? twGJ 1? trSwf 1? (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1952) pm153-165/



3

ta&S Uajrmufyk dif;ppfXmecsKyfü 1920jynf hESpfrS 1923ckESpftxdaqmif&GufcJ honf/ 1929

wGif OD;&D;awmf qmapmarmifewf&G mpHí anmifa&Te,f\ apmfbG m;tjzif h wifajr§mufjcif;

cH&NyD; 1929 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif todtrSwf jyKjcif;cH&onf/ e,fole,fom;rsm;\

cspfMunfav;pmrI uk d cHcJ h&onf/ þok d Yya'o&mZfbk&if apmfbG m;&mxl; t½k duft&muk dqufcHNyD;onfh aemuf 1937 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif odED éapmfbG m;\ESrawmf p0f[kefcef;tm;

r[ma'0Dtjzif h wifajr§ mufcJ h onf/ p0fa&Tok dufonf ppfrIa&;&mrsm;om pdwf0ifpm;onf

r[kwf abmvk H;uefjcif;? a&;ul;jcif;? a[mfuD u&duwf½k dufjcif; ponfrsm;tjyif awmvk duf

ypfcwfjcif; ukdvnf;0goemygcJhonf/ yxrurÇ mppfBuD; NyD;aomtcg ppfrIxrf;tjzpfrS

tem;,lcJ honf/ 'kwd,urÇ mppfjzpfcgeD; 1939 ckESpfwGif ppfrIxrf;aqmif&efjyefvnfac:

aqmifcJ hojzif h 1942 ckESpfxd ArmhwyfawmfwGif trIxrf;cJ honf/

4/4/4/4/4/ EkdifiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0

or®wBuD; p0fa&Tok dufonf 1945 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,urÇ mppfBuD;NyD;qH k;aomftcg

NAdwdoQe,fcsJ Ut&if;&Sifwk dYvufatmuf rS vGwfajrmuf&ef Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;wk d YESif htwl

wk dif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnTwfa&;&&S datmif txl;BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ honf/ jrefrmEk difiHtm;

vGwfvyfa&;ay;&mwGif awmifwef;om;rsm;\qE rnfok d Y&S donfuk d vufawG UavhvmpH kprf;

Ek dif&ef t*Fvdyfeef;&if;0efrpöwmtufwvDu 'kdrDeD,HtwGif;0efuav; rpöwm

tmomabmhwGefvD 11111 uk d azazmf0g&Dvqef;wGif jrefrmEk difiHok d Y vTwfvk dufonf/ xk Y daMumih fAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf c&D;a&mufrqk dufyif1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif

yifvH knDvmcHBuD;uk d taqmwvsif usif;y&jyefonf/ xk dyifvH knDvmcHNuD;ok d Y

t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm;? tar&dueft&m&Sdrsm;? ucsifESif h csif;ukd,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;?

e,f&SifapmbG m;rsm;? usrk dif;rsm;? &Srf;vlxkuk d,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;tjyif ppfbuft&m&S drsm;

ponfwkd Ywufa&mufcJ h Muonf/ xk dnDvmcHBuD;onf wk dif;&if;om;vlrs d K;rsm;\

pnf;vHk;rItiftm;ukdtxl;xif&Sm;apaom nDvmcHBuD; yifjzpfonf/ xk dnDvmcHBuD;u

awmifwef;a'orusef jrefrmwpfEk difiHvH k; BudK;yrf;rIork dif;wGif trSwfw& armfuGef;wk difBuD;

wpfck taejzif h owfrSwfum azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYuk d ]] jynfaxmifpkaeY }}[lí

Ek difiHawmftpk d;&u owfrSwfxm;cJhonf/

1947 ckESpfwGif Ek difiHawmfzG JUpnf;yH ktajccHOya'rlMurf; a&;qG Ja&;aumfrwD

11111 (u) Mr. A. G. Bottomley.

( c ) Ak dvfrSL; baomif;(armifokw)? ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;/&efukef? t½kPfOD;pmay? 1967/ pm 337/



4

tzG J U0ifESif h Oya'jyKtzG J UOuúXwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1947 ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGif

jrefrmEkdifiHukd wkdif;jyK jynfjyKvTwfawmfzGifhvSpfaomtcg p0fa&Tokduftm;OuúXtjzpf

wnDwnGwfwnf;wifajr§ mufcJ hMuonf/11111

ESif;aqmif;onf h jymok dNyDNyDavxJwGif ESif;rI Huav;rsm;ysH0Jvsufavmu"mwf

wcGifvH k;uk d tat;"gwfpk d;rk d;ok dif;NcHKvsuf&S dav&m/ þav;em&Dxk d;tcsdefonf omreftcsdef

onfjzpfygrl txl;udpör&Sdygu rnfolrqkd rdrdwkd Ytdyf&mpufcef;wGif aEG;axG;pGm

tdyfpufvsufaeMurnfrSefaomfvnf;? þwe*FaEGaeY eHeuf 4 em&DtcsdefwGifrl

Ek difiHwpf0ef;vH k;&S d tdrfwk dif;ü tdrfwHcg;rsm;uk dzGif haomtoHrsm;/ tdrfom;csif;[pfatmf ac:EI d;

aeMuaom toHrsm;uk dMum;&onf/ rnfonf htaMumif;xl;&S daomaMumif h þok d Ycsrf;at;

vSaom t&kPfrwufrDtcsdefBuD;wGif jrefrmEk difiHawmfol Ek difiHawmfom; taygif;wk d YonfvIyfvIyf&G&G xx<u<u jzpfaeMuygoenf;/

taMumif;um;xl;vSonf/ woufESif hwuk d,fru q,foufESif hq,fuk d,fyif

BuHKawmif BuHKcJvSaomtaMumif;xl;BuD;wpfck&SdcJhygonf/ xkdtaMumif;xl;BuD;rSmum;

þwe*FaEGaeYeHeuf 4 em&D rdepf 20 tcsdefwGif olwyg;vufatmuf uRefoabmuftjzpf

ESif h tESpf 60-ausmfaevmcJ haom jrefrmvlrs d K;onf tcsKyftcsmtmPmyk dif

vH k;0vGwfvyfaomvlrsdK;tjzpfokd Ya&mufMuawmhrnf[laom taMumif;xl;BuD;aywnf;/

&kwfw&ufyDwdzHk;í tNyHK;BuD;NyHK;um 0rf;omvH k;qk d YaeMu&mrS owduk d qnfvk dufEk difaomwcPwGif ]]vGwfvyfNyD...'k d YwawGvGwfvyfNyD }} [kwpfOD;ESif hwpfOD; ½Tifvef; 0rf;ajrmufpG m

ajymvk dufMuaom pum;oHrsm;rS m r*Fvm&S dvSayonf/

jrefrmEk difiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;atmifyG Jtcrf;tem;wGif yg0ifqifEGJ&eftwGuf?

eHeuf 4 em&DtcsdefwGif wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrsufESmpm&S dtvHwk dif\&ifjyifjrufcif;ü

Ek difiHawmf,m,D or®wBuD; p0fa&Tok dufonf uk d,f&HawmfAk dvfrsm;jzpfMuaom ume,f-

jrif hodef;? ume,fxifpD? xk dYjyif twGif;0ef OD;a&Tabmf? tdrfawmf0ef OD;pHazwk d YESif htwl<ua&mufvmNyD;onfhaemuf? ,m,Dtpdk;& 0efBuD;csKyf? ,m,DygvDref(wkdif;jyKjynfjyK

vTwfawmf)OuúX/ ,m,Dtpdk;&0efBuD;rsm;ESifh [kdufukwfvTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf?

r[mrif;BuD;rsm;/ EkdifiHjcm;txl;oHwrefrsm;/ z-q-y-v trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;?

,m,DygvDref(wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf )trwfrsm;? ,m,DygvDref (wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf )

t&m&S drsm;? wk dif;rif;BuD;rsm;? &mxl;0eftzG J UOuúXESif h&mxl;0efrsm;? tpk d;&XmetBuD;tuJrsm;?

11111

armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJjrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJjrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJjrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJjrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJ/ (&efukef? EG,feDpmay?2002) pm 175-177/



5

twGif;0efrsm;? a'oEÅ &tzG J Uukd,fpm;vS,frsm;? a&S Uaea&S U&yfqk dif&muk d,f pm;vS,frsm;/

ukefonfBuD;toif;av;oif;rSuk d,fpm;vS,frsm;/ aejynfawmf&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;rsm;

ausmapmudwåd&S daomtjcm;{nf honfrsm; a&muf&S dpk&Hk;vsuf&S dMuonf/

EkdifiHawmfor®wBuD;onf taqmifta,mifESifh vTwfawmfqif0ifa&SUokdY

xGufvmonfwGif pnfawmfoH&yfpJoG m;avonf/ or®wBuD;onfyk d;tjzLa&mifa&Tcsnfxk d;

abmif;ukd qif,ifvsuf ykd;ok d&if;jzLESif h pum;0gEka&mifa&Tcsnfxk d; ykqk d;awmif&Snfwk dYuk d

oyfoyf&yf&yf cef Ycef Ynm;nm; qifjref;xm;cJ honf/11111

,m,Dor®wBuD; p0fa&Tokduf ukd,f,Hawmfrsm;OD;aqmifvsuf Munf;wyf?

a&wyf? avwyf? aomif;usef;rI ESdrfESif;a&;wyf ESifh vufeufukdifykvdyftzGJUrsm;ukd

wpfwyfNyD;wpfwyf vSnfhpm;½Ipm;avonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif u&iftrsdK;om;wyfubifc&mwD;rIwfavonf/ ,m,DygvDref vTwfawmfa&S U&S d tvHwk difay:rS? NAdwdoQwk dY\

,leD,H*suftvHrS m eHeufcif;tcsdefwoH koH kwk dufcwfvsuf &S daom aqmif;avat;aMumif h

wzsyfzsyfvIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdonf/ eHeuf 4em&D 19 rdepftcsdefwGif <ua&mufvmaom

y&dwfowftm;vHk; NidrfoufpGmaeMu&ef rD;a&mifjyítcsufay;vk dufavonf/

eHeuf 4 em&D rdepf 20 wdwdtcsdefwGif &efukefjrpfqdyfurf;ü qk dufuyfaeaom

bmrif[rf ppfoabF mBuD;rS tcgawmfMum;tajrmufrsm;ypfazmufvk dufonfESif hwNydKifeuf

u&ifbifc&mtzG J Uu xH k;pHtwk dif;wD;rIwfí NAdwdoQa&wyfAk dvfwpfOD;u NAdwdoQ,leD,H*suf

tvHukd wjznf;jznf;qGJcsav onf/ xdktcsdefwGif t*Fvdyfbk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;rsm;rS

acgif;avmif;oHrsm; oabFmOMoqGJoHrsm;? aoewfazmufoH? rD;tkd;-aAsmuftkd;oHrsm;

wNrdKUvH k;Ncdrf UNcdrf UtHk;rQ qlnHoG m;avonf/ rD;usnfrD;yef;rsm; vnf; aumif;uif,HwGif

½lrNiD;atmif xdefvif;aeayonf/

NAdwdoQ,leD,H*suftvHukd csNyD;onfESif h wNydKifwnf; Armha&wyfrSm

t&m&Sdapmcspfpdef\ vufwGif;rS jynfaxmifpkArmhtvHawmfBuD;onfxkd;xGufvsuf?w k di fx dy fo k d Yw jznf ; jznf ; wufoGm;avonf/ xk dtcs de fw Gi f pp fw D ;0 k di f ;r S

trsdK;om;oDcsif;oHonf r*Fvmtaygif;ESif h Nidrf YNidrf Yav;av;ay: xGufvmonf/

tvHawmfBuD;onf wkdifxdyfokd Ya&mufonfESif h wNydKifeuf ykPÖm;awmfrsm;onf

c&koif;rsm;ukd wD;rIwfumqkdif&mwyfzGJUtoD;oD;ESifh rif;y&dwfowf taygif;wkdYonf

11111

jrefrmEk difiH?jyefMum;a&;ESif htoHvTif hXme jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJatmifyGJatmifyGJatmifyGJatmifyGJ/ (&efukef? &efukefa*ZufvDrdwuf? 19 -) pm-4/



6

tvHawmfuk d tav;jyKMuonf/ pnfawmfuk dvnf; &Grf;vsuf&S donf/

þok d Yjzif h anmifa&TapmbG m;BuD; p0fa&Tok dufonf 1948 ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv 4

&ufaeYwGif vGwfvyfa&; &aomtcg jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;xJrS yxrqHk;aom

jrefrmEk difiHor®wBuD;tjzpf wifajr§ mufjcif; cH&jcif;jzpfNyD;EkdifiHawmfor®wBuD; yxrqH k;

opömqk dcsufrSm atmufygtwk dif;jzpfonf-

]] uREk fyfp0fa&Tok dufonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH\ zG J Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk

tajccHOya'uk d wnfNrJatmif xdef;odrf;í jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH\

w&m;Oya'rsm;ukd apmif ha&S mufygrnf/ uREk fyfonf zGJ Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k

tajccHOya' ESif hwuG w&m;Oya'wk d YESif havsmfnDpG m rdrd\wm0ef0wå&m;

rsm;ukd ,HkMunfav;jrwf ajzmifhrwfrSefuefpGmaqmif&Gufygrnf/jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH ab;&eftEÅ &m,f taygif;wk d Yuk d wGef;vSefz,f&S m;

&ef BuD;pGmaom owd0d&d,jzif h tm;xkwfygrnf/ uREk fyfonf

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH\tusdK;iSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtm;

uREk fyf\toufESif h ukd,fukd tyfESif;onf[k av;eufwnfMunfpG m

ausnmí uwdopö mjyKonf/}}11111

Ek difiHawmfor®wBuD;\aMunmcsufwGif

]] jrefrmor®wEk difiHawmfBuD;onf vGwfvyfaom wk dif;jynfjzpfonfESif htnD wpfOD;ESif hwpfOD; ES dyfpufjcif;? wpfOD;uk dwpfOD;aMumuf&T UH&jcif;rSpí

raumif;aom tavhqk d;rsm;uk d vH k;0y,fzsuf&ef uREk fyf&nf&G,fonf/

&mZ0ifwGif a&S;tcgupí a&S;rif;rsm;\ tmPmpufaMumif h 'Gef;p@m;?

olawmif;pm;? bk&m;uRef? ausmif;uRef? oifcsD ponfwk d Yuk d ,aeYrSpí

a&S;rif;wk d Y\tmPmuk d uREf kyf y,fzsufí xk dolwk d Y\ vkyfuk difEk difMuap[l

í uREk fyftrdef YcsrSwfonf/ þjynfaxmifpkEk difiHawmf twGif;

&S d&S dorQaom Ek difiHom;rsm;onf zG JUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k Oya'wGif

yg&S donf htwk dif; wpfOD;ESif hwpfOD; tcGif hta&;wlnDMuap}}22222[kyg&S donf/

or®wBuD; p0fa&Tok dufvufxuf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;jrefrmjynfwGif zqyvtpd k;&

11111&JabmfvSrsdK;? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;

rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;/ (&efukef? vSrsdK;pmay? 1968) pm 294/2/2/2/2/2/ ,if; pm/



7

uk d jzKwfcsí Ek difiHawmftmPmuk d &,lvk daom ocifoef;xGef;acgif;aqmifonf h uGefjrLepf

ygwDonf zqyvtpk d;& &,lcJ haom vGwfvyfa&;onf tppfr[kwf/ twkomjzpfonf[k

pGyfpG Jíwk dufck dufcJ honf/ &uftenf;i,ftwGif;rS myif uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf

vufeufpG Juk difykefuef awmhrnf[laom owif;uk d&&S donfESif hwNydKifeuf 1948 ckESpf? rwfv28 &ufaeYeHeufwGif uGefjrLepfygwD0ifacgif;aqmifrsm;uk d zrf;qD;&ef ta&;,l&mwGif

vGefcJ haom nuyif awmck doG m;cJhaMumif;od&onf/11111 uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwk d Y awmck doG m;NyD;

aomtcg jynfol Y&Jabmf wk dYu zqyvESifh uGefjrLepfwk d Yuk d aphpyfay;&ef BudK;pm;cJ honf/

uGefjrLepfwk d Uonf olwk d YEk difacs&S donf[k wGufqcJ hMuonf/ jynfol Y&Jabmf wk d YutpwGif

aphpyfa&;uk darQmfvif hMuaomfvnf; zqyvuGefjrLepfrsm; vufeufuk difvrf;pOfuk d pGef YNyD;rS

om awG YqH kaqG;aEG; Ek difrnf[k qk donf/ tay;t,lrwnf hyJ tmCmwjyif;xefaecsdefwGif

jynfolY&JabmfwkdYuGJí Akdvfzkd;uGef;? Akdvfxdef0if;ESifh AkdvfxGef;vif;wkdYacgif;aqmifaom&JabmfjzLrsm;onf ZGefv 26 &ufaeYwGif awmck d Mu onf/ Ak dvfrSL;atmif?

Ak dvfpdefrSefwk d Yacgif;aqmifaom &Jabmf0gwk d YtzG J Uonf zqyvESif husefcJ honf/22222 o&ufNrdKUESif h

r*Fvm'H kwGif toD;oD;wyfpGJaeonfh wyfrawmfwyf&if; 1 ESif h 3-rS uGefjrLepfwk dYESifh

&JabmfjzLwk d Y\ 0g'oabmxm;atmufü &kef;xGufír&aom wyfom;rsm;onf 1948

ckESpf? Mo*kwfvqef;wGif awmckdoGm;Mujyefonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&cgp jrefrmEk difiHwGif

a&mifpH kolykefrsm; qlyl aomif;usef;vmcJ hojzif h wk dif;jynftajctaerSm twk dif;rodqk d;0g;

vsuf&S donf/ txl;ojzifhaemufqH k; ü u&ifolykefwk d Y\ aomif;usef;rI ay:aygufvm

aomtcgwGif wjynfvHk;aoG;acsmif;pD;avawmhonf/ Ek difiHjcm;owif;pmrsm;u

]]&efukeftpk d;&}} [kac:a0:cH&avmufatmifyif (&efukefNrdKUteD;ywf0ef;usif rSwyg;)

wwk dif;jynfvH k;uk d a&mifpH k aomif;usef;olrsm;u odrf;yk dufxm;Ek difcJ havonf/ 1948 ckESpf?

Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYnbufwGif Ek difiHawmf or®wBuD;onf jrefrmjynftajctaeqk d;ok d Y

a&muf&S daeNyD jzpfaMumif;ESif h ta&;BuD;aom raumif;qk d;0g; b0a&mufaeNyDjzpfaMumif;uk d

jrefrmjynftoHvTif hXmerSaeí aMunmcJ honf/33333

or®wBuD; p0fa&Tok duf vufxufwGiftcuftcJrsm;pG mESif h &ifqk difcJ h&onh fMum;rSyif 1948-1949 ckESpfrsm;wGif a&mifpH kolykefwk d Y

11111odef;azjrif h? awmfvSefa&;umv tawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umv tawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umv tawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umv tawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umv tawGUtBuHKrsm;/ 'k- Budrf?

(&efukef? ,rkem pmay/ 1967)? pm 403/22222a'gufwmarmifarmif? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/

(&efukef? yk*H pmtkyfwk duf? 1969)? pm 308/33333

OD;jrif ha0 (wyfrawmfjrif hoEÅ m)? ArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mef/(&efukef?py,fOD;? pmay? 1972)? pm 129/



8

onf tpkd;&ukdtikdufzrf;í NrdKU&Gmrsm;ukdodrf;NyD; qufum qufum atmifyGJcHEkdifcJh

aomfvnf; 1950 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg wyfrawmf\xk d;ppfuk d cHEk difpGrf; r&S dawmhay/

,if;wkdYodrf;ykduf xm;cJhaom NrdKU?&Gmrsm;ukd wpfckNyD; wpfckvufvTwfcJh&onf/ 1951

ckESpfukefcgeD;wGif a&mifpHkolykefwkdY\ qlylaomif;usef;rI,kwfavsmhusqif;oGm;ojzifhEk difiHawmf Nidrf;csrf;a&; onf pdwfat;zG,f&m jzpfvmcJ honf/ ok dYaomf jynfyusL;ausmfrI

udpöwpf&yf ay:aygufvm jyefonf/ 1950 ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif autrfwDwyfom;

17,000 cef Yonf usdKif;wH ka'owGif;okd Y tvH k;t&if;jzif h 0ifa&muf vmMuonf/ 1951

ckESpf? arv 25 &ufaeY wGif twifh&Jvmaom autrfwDrsm;onf jrefrme,fpyf&Sd

usLukwfNrdKUuk d wk dufck dufzsufqD; cJ hMu onf/11111oHvGifjrpf\ ta&S Ubufa'o&S d rk dif;qwfNrdKUuk d

tcdkiftrm wyfpG Jaeonf/ jynfaxmifpktpk d;&u ,if;wk d Ytm; vufeufcs&ef(ok d Yr[kwf )

azmfrk dqmok d Yjyefyk dYay;jcif;uk d oabmwl&ef &mZoHay;onfuk d vufrcHcJ hay/ xk d YaMumifhtpkd;&rS ukvor*¾okd YwkdifMum;í wzufwGif jrefrmwyfrawmfu ]]bk&ifhaemif}}

]]&efBuD;atmif}} ]]e*g;Ekdif}} ppfqifa&;rsm;jzif h autrfwDwk d Ytm; acsrIef;wk dufckdufEkdifcJ hNyD;

or®wBuD; p0fa&Tokdufonf 1951 ckESpf? ZGefv 12 &ufaeYrSpwifNyD; ygvDref

a&G;aumufyG Juk dusif;yay;Ek difcJhonf/

or®wBuD;p0fa&Tokdufonf aA'ifynmukd t,HktMunfr&Sd twdwfedrdwf

t,lonf;rIuk d vnf; rBudKufay/ &ckdifjynfok dYwkdif;cef;vSnfh&ef tdrfawmfrSxGufcJhpOf

ajreDukef;t0k dif;teD; ü uk d,f&Hawmfrsm;vk dufygcJ haom *spfum;arS mufojzif h uk d,f&Hawmf

wpfOD; 'Pf&m&&S dcJ honf/ or®wBuD;onf uk d,fwkdifoGm;a&mufMunfh½INyD;aemuf r*Fvm'H k

avqdyfok d Y c&D;qufcJ honf/ wpfzef avqdyfwGif av,mOfysHxGufrnf htjyKwGif av,mOfysH

puftenf;i,fcRwf,Gif; aeojzifh &kwfw&ufwGufír& jzpfcJhjyefonf/ or®wBuD;

p0fa&Tok dufonf edrdwftwdwfponfrsm;uk d r,H kMunfoljzpfojzif h c&D;pOfuk d rzsufcJ haMumif;

od&S d&ygonf/

or®wBuD;onf bmoma&;uk douf0if,H kMunfolwpfOD;jzpfNyD; Ek difiHawmfor®BuD;tjzpfESifhyif om;awmfrsm;tm;omoemabmifok d YoGwfoGif;csD;jr§if hay; cJ honf/ or®wBuD;

ukd,fykdifaiGjzifh yJcl;a&Tarma"mapwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; 666 usyfwdwdESifh urÇmat;

apwDawmfjrwfBuD; tm; 333 usyf vSL'gef;cJhonf/

jrefrmowif;q&mwpfOD;rS or®wtjzpf&aomvcESifhywfoufí ar;jref;&m

11111

OD;oef Y? jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)/ (&efukef? jrefrmEk difiHbmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1961) pm246-247/



9

]] or®wtjzpf vc 7000 usyf&w,f? 'gayrJ h 4 ESpfMumor®wvkyfNyD;vk d Y

pm&if;&Sif; vk dufawmh wpfjym;rSrpkaqmif; rdwJ htjyif &Srf;jynfu,lvm

wJ h 5 aomif;avmufyg ukefcef;wmuk dawG U&w,f? bmawGukefrSef;vJ

rodbl; 'Dvk dbJ wwdwd b,fa&mufukef;rSef;rodbl; }} 11111 [kajzMum;cJhygonf/

1952 ckESpf? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif or®woufwrf;ukefqH k;aomtcg vlrsdK;pk

vTwfawmfem,uBuD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cH&onf/ 1959 ckESpf?atNyDv 29&uf

aeYwGif tjcm;e,f&Sif p0fzvH kwk d YESif htwl apmfbG m;qk daom tmPmuk dpGef YvTwfcJ h&onf/22222

5/ *kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;

or®wBuD;p0fa&Tok dufonf trsdK;bmom omoemynmwGif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI

aMumif h t*¾r[moa&pnfolbG J Utjyif t*¾r[moD&dok"r®bG J UwHqdyfukdyg csD;jr§if hjcif;cH&

onf/

6/ jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;

1929-30wGif t*Fvef? Oa&my? a[mifaumif? w½kwfEk difiHokd Y oG m;a&muf

cJ honf/1947ckESpfwGif tJvDZAufrif;orD;\ vufxyfyG Jtcrf;tem;ok d Y r[ma'0DESif htwl

oG m;a&mufcJ honf/ 1931 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmvwGif t*Fvefü usif;yonf h jrefrmjynftwGuf

oD;jcm;rsufES mpH knD tpnf;ta0;ok d Y wufa&mufonf huk d,fpm;vS,f 23 OD;wGif wpfOD;tyg

t0ifjzpfonf/ 1958 ckESpf? arv 22 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfok d YoGm;cJ honf/ 1960jynf hESpf?

Mo*kwfvwGif jrefrmhcspfMunfa&;tzGJUukd acgif;aqmifí csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;EkdifiH

ok d YoG m;a&mufcJhonf/

7/ rdom;pkrdom;pkrdom;pkrdom;pkrdom;pk

1937 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif ajrmufodefeDapmfbGm;\ESrawmf p0f[kef;crf; ESifhvufxyfcJ hNyD; OD;,l*sif;ok duf(c) p0faq;0k dif(c)p0fqk dvefz tygt0if om;orD; (11)a,muf

11111pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;? twG J 1? trSwf 1? (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1952) pm

153-165/22222a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;/ 'kBudrf?

( &efukef? 0if;jrif hatmifpmay? 1997) pm 51-53/



10

xGef;um;cJhonf/ om;awmftBuD;qkH; p0fpHzonf t*Fvefjynfbk&ifhwuúokdvf ?

urf;b&pfcsfuifwm&D wuúok dvfwk dUrS ynmoifcJhonf/ 4if;\nDawmfp0fpHtkef;uvnf;

uif;b&pfcsESif h x&ded'uf wuúok dvfrS ynmoifMum;cJ hMuonf/ om;awmfBuD;p0fpHzonf

anmifa&Te,fawmftm; tkyfcsKyfae&mrS tcGif h,lí t*Fvefjynfü tem;,laecJ honf/om;awmfp0fpHtkef;onf anmifa&Te,f\ pk dufysdK;a&;t&m&S dtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/

orD;awmfp0fpH'g;onf t*Fvefjynf urf;b&pfcsfwuúokdvfü ynmoifcJh onf/

jrefrmjynfwGif or®wBuD;ESifh twlaecJhaomom;orD;rsm;rSm -p0fqkdcHz? p0fqkdvkHz?

p0feef;&if&if? p0feef;a[rm? p0frnfrnf? p0fjynf;jynf;? p0feef;,if;,if; wkd YjzpfMuonf/

or®wBuD; p0fa&Tok dufonf 1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeYawmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;

vT Jajymif;,lNyD;aemuf xk dESpf Ek d0ifbmv 21 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJ honf/trSwf(74)?

urÇmat; bk&m;vrf;? &efukefwGif aexkdifcJ haMumif;od&S d&ygonf/



yHk (2)a'gufwm bOD; (or®w)

[ 1952 ckESpf ]

11



12

a'gwfwmbOD;a'gwfwmbOD;a'gwfwmbOD;a'gwfwmbOD;a'gwfwmbOD;


(arG; -arG; -arG; -arG; -arG; -26-5-1887 uG,fuG,fuG,fuG,fuG,f 9-11-1963 )1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

or®wBuD; a'gufwmOD;bOD;onf 1887ckESpf? arv 26 &ufaeYwGif ykodrfNrdKUü

arG;zG m;cJ honf/ bk d;ab;rsm;onf rif;rsdK;rif;EG,frsm;jzpfaMumif; or®wBuD;uk d,fwk difa&;aom

My BurmapmtkyfwGif &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onfuk dawG Y&S d&ygonf/ 11111zcifrS m ta&;yd kif OD;bd k;vS

(pD-td kif-tD;? au-tuf? trf-at)jzpfNyD; rdcifrS m a':ñGef Yjzpfonf/ a'gufwmOD;bOD;onf

om;tBuD;qk H;jzpfonf/

2/ ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0armifbOD;\zcifonf NrdKUtkyfjzpfojzif h wm0eft& a'owpfckrS aemufa'o

wpfckokdY ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;aqmif&oljzpfonf/ i,fpOfu ykodrfNrdKU t*Fvdyf-jrefrm

ESpfbmomoif ausmif;wGif pmoifcJ h&onf/ xd krSwpfqif h armifbOD; 9 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif

zciftrIxrf;aqmif&m rtlyifNrdKU&S d t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESpfbmomoif tpk d;&tv,fwef;

ausmif;wGif wufcJ h&jyefonf/ 9-vcef YMumaomtcg zcif uomNrdKUok d Y ajymif;&jyefonf/

xk d YaMumif h armifbOD;ESif hnDjzpfol armifbBuL;uk d rdcifbufrS bk d;bG m;rsm;jzpfaom OD;qdwfESif h

a':&dyfxHtyfESHí ynmoifMum;apygonf/ armifbOD;wkdY nDtpfukdtm; atbDtrf

(tar&duefrufo'pf omoejyK)tv,fwef;ausmif;ü yxrwef;rS pwifwufa&mufcJ h&

onf/ armifbOD;onf atbDtrfausmif;aepOfwGif xl;qef;aom tdrfrufrsm;uk drufcJ honf/

yxrtywf aomMumaeYnwGif ]]aumif;uif,HrS aerif;BuD; xdefvif;pG m

xGef;awmufaeonf[k rufcJhonf/}} 'kwd,aomMumaeYnwGif

]]vrif;BuD; xdefxdefomaeonfukd jrifonf[k vnf;aumif;?

wwd,aomMumaeYnwGif Mu,fawGay:vmonf[kvnf;aumif;?pwkw¬aeYnwGif pGeftjrifhBuD;vTif h&m tjcm;pGefrsm;u armifbOD;\

pGefBudK;em;ywfvnfwGif 0k dif;vsuf OD;ckdufaeoa,mif awG Y&onf[k

vnf;aumif;? yOöraeYnwGif armifbOD;onf vlom;pm;NyD; ykodrfNrdKU

tdrfacgifrk d;rsm;ay: avQmufysHoef;onf[lívnf;aumif;}}22222

11111 U Ba U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President. (USA:

Taplinger Publishing Co,Inc.,1958). p. 1-5.

22222U Ba U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President.p. 12.



13

tdrfrufrsm; rufcJhygonf/ tdrfrufrsm;taMumif;ukd tbdk;jzpfol

OD;qdwftm;ajymjycJ h&m tbk d;jzpfolrS

]]ighajr;? om;wpfaeYvlBuD;wpfa,ufjzpfvdrf Ur,f? bmjzpfr,fqk dwmawmh

tbkd;rodbl;? tbdk;wk dYwpfawG vGwfvGwfvyfvyfae&NyDqkd&ifawmhrif;wpfaeY Ek difiH hacgif;aqmifjzpfvdrf Yr,f/ 'gayrJ h tckolrsm;vufatmuf

jzpfaeawmh 'DvkdawmhrajymEkdifao;bl;/ tdrfrufawG taMumif;ukd

tjcm;olawGuk d oGm;rajym aveJ Y}} 11111

[k rSmMum;cJ hygonf/

xk dtcsdefrSpí armifbOD;onf a&S UaeESif hw&m;olBuD;jzpf&rnf[k oEé dXmefcsrSwfcJ h

onf/ armifbOD;owårwef; atmifjrif aomtcg ykodrftpk d;&txufwef;ausmif;ok dY

ajymif;cJh&onf/ xkdrSwpfqifh rdbrsm;onf armifbOD;wkdYnDtpfukdtm; &efukefNrdKUaq;&H kBuD;ESif hrsufES mcsif;qk dif aumfr&Sifem;vrf; (Ak dvfcsKyf vrf;)ay:wGif&S daom tpk d;&aumvdyf

ausmif;ok dYyk dYcJhonf/ armifbOD;onf ausmif;pmuk d pdwfrygawmhbJ 0wfvH kjzpfvkdaom

qEjzpfvmcJ honf/ xk d YaMumif h bdvyfok d Yyk d Yay;&ef rdbrsm;tm; awmif;yefcJ honf/ zcifjzpfolrS

&mxl;wufvQifyk d Yayrnf[k uwdjyKcJ honf/ zcif\t&nftcsif;uk dodaom armifbOD;onf

bdvyfokdYynmoifoGm;&ef jyifqifcJhawmh onf/ rpöpf[ife&D0k'f 22222? *kdifbkofbD 33333?

tmomuk deef'G dKif;vf 44444? uyÜwdefrm;,uf 55555ponfhpma&; q&mrsm;a&;aom 0w¬rsm;uk d

pwifavhvmzwf½IcJ honf/ we*FaEGaeYwk dif; Ak'bmom uvsmP,k0toif;rS OD;pD;usif;y

aom aumvdyfpum;&nfvkyG Jrsm;uk dvnf; wufa&mufcJ honf/ toif;\aMunm xm;aom

OD;wnfcsufrS m bmoma&;avhvmrIukdjr§if hwif&ef jzpfaomfvnf; a&G;cs,faomacgif;pOf

trsm;pkrS m vlrIa&;? Ek difiHa&;rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ xd k Yaemuf &efukef aumvdyfod k Y

wufa&mufí wuúodkvfynmrsm;udk oif,lcJhonf/ 1907ckESpf pufwifbmv wGif

t*Fvefjynf urf;b&pfcsfwuúod kvf66666ok d Y ynmoG m;a&mufoif,lcJ honf/ a&aMumif;c&D;jzif h

xGufcG mcJ h&m uk dvrfbk d? at'if? yk d Yqufwk d Yjzwfoef;cJ h&onf/ *sDba&mfvfwm a&vufMum;uk djzwfNyD; aemufwpfaeYwGif wif;(rf )jrpfxJ0ifcJ honf/ wDvfbm&DrS vef'efok d Y &xm;jzif hoG m;í

11111U Ba U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President.p. 13.

22222Mrs. Henry Wood

33333Guy Boothby

44444Arthur Conan Dayle

55555Captain Marryat

66666University of Cambridge



14

xk drS ajratmuf&xm;ajymif;pD;cJ honf/ qGpfaumhwdwfcsfblwm&H ka&mufaom tcg qif;NyD;

bwfpum;pD;cJ hMuonf/ *dk;vf[mpfwJa&pfxdyfü qif;NyD; ¤if;\oli,fcsif; armifwif

tdrfokdYvrf;avQmufcJhonf/ vef'efa&mufNyD; oHk;ywfcefYtMumwGif 0wfvHkausmif;

taMumif;pH kprf;&ef bwfpfum;pD;íxGufcJ honf/ trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf &yfaevQif ae&mz,fay;&rnf[laom ¤if;\oli,fcsif;armifwifpum;uk d owd&um ae&may;&ef xvk dufpOf

wGif rdef;uav;rSm &SufaoG;jzmNyD; acgif;&rf;cJ honf/ aemufwpfBudrfxyfajymaomfvnf;

jiif;qefaeojzif h c&D;onfonfrsm;rS avS mifovk d0k dif;&,fMuojzif h bmvkyfrSef;rodatmif

t&Suf&cJ h&onfhjzpfpOfESifh BuHKcJ h&onf/ zcif\rdwfaqGjzpfol a'gufwm Ak dtJv,fum11111

xHok d YoG m;vnfcJ h&m npm pmNyD; pum;0k dif;zG J U MupOf tdrf&Sif\uav;wpfOD;rS cifAsm;wk d Ytm;vH k;

]]vlom;pm;Muovm;}}[k &kwfw&uf ar;vk dufaomtcg tMuH&cufum pdwf"gwfusoG m;cJ h

onf/ armifbOD;onf uav;rS rdrdwkd YvlrsdK;tm; tmz&duefrsm;ESif h wpfwef;pm;wnf;xm;&rnfvm;[k pdwfraumif;jzpfcJ honf/ q&m0ef\ZeD;u tar;&k dif;rSef;odojzif h jrefrmawG

vlom;rpm;aMumif;? olwk d YuJ hok d Yyif tifrwef,Ofaus;aMumif;? tmz&duefrsm;yif vlom;rpm;

awmhaMumif; 0ifajymay;cJ h&m armifbOD;rSvnf; jrefrmork dif;ESif hab;awmf? bk d;awmfbk&ifrsm;

taMumif;rsm;taMumif;uk d uav;tm;&Sif;jyay;cJ haMumif;od&onf/ urf;b&pfcsf a&mufae

onfrS m wpfveD;yg;&S daomfvnf; rnfonf haumvdyfrS rwufEk difcJ hay/ uHaumif; axmufrpG m

yif xifeDwDa[m(vf )(0g) a,½Iaumvdyfok d Y 0ifcGif h&&S dcJ honf/ urf;b&pfcsfok d Y jyefvmcJ honf/

jyefa&mufvQif *&if;vrf;&S d oH k;xyftdrfwpfvH k; tay:xyfü tcef;&&S dcJ honf/ wpfaeYwGif

vS Jvsuf wk dif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;taMumif;pOf;pm;&if; at'D 10 &mpk? 11 &mpk? xkd Yaemuf 18

&mpk? 19 &mpkOD;qDu ta&S UwpfvT m;wGif jrefrmwk d Ytqif htwef;uk d *syefESif hEI dif;,SOfMunf hcJ h

onf/ xk dpOfu ta&S Uawmiftm&SwGif xdyfqH k;uaecJ hNyD; tdrfeD;csif; w&kwfjynfBuD;uk dyif

tefwkEk difcJ honf/ xk dtajctaerS wjznf;jznf; qkwf,kwfvmNyD; tqH k;ü wk dif;wpfyg;zdES dyfrI

atmufok d Ya&mufcJ h&onf/ vlxk? txl;ojzif h acgif;aqmifrsm;rS m trsm;aumif;pm;a&;xuf

yk*¾ dKvfa&; MoZmBuD;rIuk d yk dpOf;pm;cJ hMuonf/ jrefrmwk d Yb0rS m tdEd ,ESif h rsm;pG mqifwlcJ honf/bkef;rD;aevrk d;xdyfü xGef;yNyD;aemuf vl YtzG JUtpnf;rS m NydKusysufpD;cJ h&onf/ ok d Yaomf

opö m&S dom;aumif;wpfpkrS m trdajruk d NAdwdoQxrf;yk d;atmuf &kef;xGufí rlvtaetxm;ok d Y

jyefvnfa&muf&Sdatmif BuHaqmifaeMuaMumif; awG UEk difonf/ xkdtkyfpkuk d b*Fvm;rS

ql&efN'meofbem*sD (aemif qmql&efN'm) ESif h yef*syfrS vm;vf&m*sm yGwf&k dif;wk d YrS OD;aqmifonf/

*k dac;vftrSL;jyKaom rZd Ñr0g'Drsm;uvnf; uk d,f henf; uk d,f h[efESif h wk dif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif

11111Dr. Voelker



15

0ifa&mufcs,fvS,fEk difatmif MuHaqmifaeMuonf/}} tdE´ d,vlrsdK; awGawmif vkyfEk dif&if

igwk d Yaum bmaMumif hr&Ek dif&rS mvJ? uk d,f hwk dif;jynfvGwfajrmufzk d YtwGuf pGef UvTwftepfemcHzk d Y

toif h\&Sdr,fh jrefrmvli,fwpfpk &Sd&r,f/ bdvyfrSm&S dwJh jrefrm ausmif;om;awGukd

Ek difiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif vkyf&if&Ek difw,f}}11111[kawG;cJ honf/ xk dok d YBuHpnfxm;onf h twk dif;bm;rm;-urf;b&pfcsfwuúok dvfuvyfatmifjrifatmif pwifBudK;pm;cJ honf/ xk dpOfu opö m&S d

&k d;ajzmif holtjzpf &yfwnfcJ haom bk&ifraumvdyfrS t*Fvdyfwpfa,mufu ulnDtm;ay;cJ h

onf/ bm;rm;-urf;b&pfcsfwuúok dvfuvyftwGuf jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; wk dif;a&;jynfa&;

pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif vH I Uaqmfay;Ek difonf h acgif;pOfrsm;uk d a&G;cs,fcJ honf/ Oyrm- ]]or®wpepf

u bk&ifpepfxuf ykdaumif;onf}}? ]]jrefrmjynfwGif bdef;ukeful;jcif;onf vlxk\

usef;rma&;ESif huk d,fusih fw&m;uk d ysufjym;aponf}}? ]]wk dif;jynfwpfjynfu tjcm;wk dif;jynf

wpfjynfuk d uRefjyKtkyfpk d;jcif;onf usif h0wft&a&m Oya'taMumif;t&yg ravsmfuefay}}ponfwk d Yjzpfonf/ jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; wk dif;jynftajctaeESif h olwk d Yb0tqif htwef;uk d

*syef? w&kwf? ,k d;',m;ausmif;om;rsm; tajctaeESif hwjznf;jznf; EIdif;,SOfoH k;oyfpjyK

vmMuí a[majymrIrsm;atmifjrifonf[k qk d&rnf/ *syef? w&kwfESif h ,k d;',m;ausmif;om;

rsm;rS m wef;wl&nfwl tqufqHcH&aomfvnf; jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;rSmrl ajymifajymif

wif;wif; tapmfum;rcH&vQifyif awmfvSNyD[k atmif htnf;onf;cHcJ h&aMumif; od&S d&ygonf/

urf;b&pfcsfrSm tdE´d,ausmif;om;trsm;BuD;aomfvnf; raygif;oif;cJhyg/ tcsdKUrSm

tcsif;csif;axmufvSrf;&ef tdE´d,oH&Hk;rS ay;xm;aMumif;ESifh vef'ef&Sd tdE´d,rsdK;cspf

ausmif;om;rsm;ukd t,fvfa&mfbifqif22222rSwpfqifh qufoG,fzk d Y BudK;pm;cJ honf/

]]qmumZkef0k difvD}}33333 uk dvkyfBuHcHcJ h&NyD;aemuf tdE´ d,ESif h jrefrmausmif;om;rsm;uk d wif;wif;

usyfusyf apmih fMunf haejcif;cHcJ h&onf/ armifbOD;tm;vnf; tdE´ d,&H k;rS ykefuefrI? qef YusifrI

(0g) tH k<uatmif rD;xk d;olwpfa,muf[k oHo,&S daecJ honf/ wpfBudrfwGif ypfu,f',fvD

qufuyfok d Y bwfpfum;jzif hoG m;&m axmufvSrf;a&;wpfa,muf aemufrS uyfvk dufvmaMumif;

od&onf/ xk dpOf zcifvnf; iok dif;acsmif;rS ZD;ukef;ok d Yajymif;&NyD; bdvyfwGif armifbOD;onfrdrd Ek difiHa&;vkyfaeí tpk d;&u zciftm; zd htm;ay;aeonf[k oHo,&S dcJ honf/ xk d YaMumif h

Ek difiHa&;ESif hrywfoufatmifaeNyD; jrefrmjynftjyefwGif BuHKawG U&rnf h[k arQmfvif hxm;aom

tcuftcJrsm;twGuf jyifqifxm;&efqH k;jzwfcJ honf/ xk dpdwful;ESif h yifrbmom&yfjzpfaom

11111 jALwDr*¾Zif;? Beauty Magazine? twG J 6? trSwf 73 (rwf 2006) pm 116/

22222L. Robinson

33333Sir. Curzon Wylie



16

Oya'uk d odyftav;rxm;bJ Ek difiHa&;ESif hork dif;uk d pwifzwfcJ honf/ armifbOD; aMumif hMu

ae&jcif;wpfcsufonf aiGjzpfonf/ zcif\vconf enf;enf;ESif h pm;tk d;u BuD;vSonf/

wpfrdom;pkvH k; a>cwmpG moH k;pGJ&if; armifbOD;twGuf wpfvvQif aygif 20 yk d Y&onf/

xk d YaMumif hausmif;wuf&iftyk d0ifaiG&&Sd&ef pdwful;cJ honf/ ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif vef'ef&S d*wf0pf11111jrif;yGJokdYíupm;&m aygif 40 avmufEkdifcJhonf/ aEGausmif;ydwf&ufwGif

enf;jyrpöwm&S J&yfpf22222ESif htwl 0I dufaemhwvD33333ok d YoG m;cJ honf/ wpfnwGif npmpm;NyD;aemuf

bmrupm;bJ cGifhawmif;um tdrfeHab;u ocFsdKif;xJxGufcJhonf/ armifbOD;onf

vrf;avQmuf&if; vGwfvyfa&;qH k;cJ h&onf h taMumif;w&m;rsm;uk d awG;cJhonf/ tqH k;ü

taMumif;ESpfcsufukd aumufcsufcscJhonf/ ]]rnDñGwfrIESifh rif;pkd;&mZmavmu\

usih f0wfazmufjyefrIwk d Yyifwnf;/ rif;aoG;ygaom rif;om;wk dif;rS m xD;arGeef;&m wk duf&k duf

qufcHcGif h &S d&S d r&S d&S d aemufvk dufAk dvfyg&S dvQif &Zmyv’ifuk d rSef;wwfMuonf/ tusdK;qufumrif;om;wk dif; vufeufvlolukd,fpDukd,fiSESif h &Sifbk&ifuk d eef;cszkd Y BuHpnfMuawmhonf/

jynfwGif;ppf rMucPjzpfwwfí wk dif;jynfum; 0g;tpnf;ajy&S dvSonf/ qk d;Mur ® mwk d;zk d U&m

zefvmonfu ,ckacwftjriftm;jzif h tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfaumif;r&S djcif; yifjzpfonf/ NrdKU0efrSpí

rnfonfhrif;rIxrf;rS yH kaovpmr&ay/ tcGeftwkwfaumufí &yfwnfMuonf/ }}44444

or®wBuD;onf tdyf&m0ifaomfvnf; wk dif;a&;jynfa&;pOf;pm;cef;0if&if tdyfraysmfEk dif

jzpfcJ honf/ 1912 ckESpfwGif urf;A&pfcsfwuúok dvfrS r[m0dZÆ mbJ G Uuk d &&S dcJ hNyD; xk dESpfarvwGif

vef'efok d Y oG m;cJ honf/ ¤if;ESpfwGifyif 0wfvH kjzpfcsifaomfvnf; wpfbmomwnf; atmifojzif h

usefESpfbmom qufajzcJ h&onf/ 1913ckESpfwGif 0wfvk Hpmar;yJ Gud k atmifjrifcJ honf/55555

3/ 0efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b0

0wfvH kbG J U,lNyD;aemuf jyifopf? qGpfZmvef? tDwvD? tD*spfEk difiHrsm;rSjzwfí

jrefrmEkdifiHokdYjyefcJhonf/ oHk;ywfcefYtMumwGif &efukefNrdKUokdYjyefvnfa&muf&SdcJhonf/

&efukefta&mufwGif zcif\tbk d;? nDi,farmifbBuL;ESif htjcm;nDwpfa,muf qH k;aMumif;

11111Gatwick

22222Mr. Shirres

33333White Notley

44444 jALwDr*¾Zif;jALwDr*¾Zif;jALwDr*¾Zif;jALwDr*¾Zif;jALwDr*¾Zif; ; Beauty Magazine? twG J 6? trS wf 77 (Zlvk difv 2006) pm

164/

55555a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJ haomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; (&efukef? a&Todrfom;yef;csDESif hpmay? 1986) pm 164-167/



17

od&S dcJ h&onf/ &efukefüoH k;&ufcef YaeNyD;aemuf rdbrsm;&S d&m ykodrfNrdKUok d Y &xm;jzif h c&D;xGufcJ h

onf/ rdbrsm;tm; &efukefjyefí a&S Uaevk dufvkdaMumif;wk dufwGef;cJ h&m zcifrS oabmwl

aomfvnf; ykodrfwGif vkyfapcsifcJhonf/ a'gufwmOD;bOD;onf 1922ckESpf? {NyDvwGif

&efukefNrdKUü tpd k;&trIvd kufa&S Uae tjzpf 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ xd kESpf 'DZifbmvwGifzsmyk Hc&d kif (,ck-{&m0wDwd kif;) puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; tjzpf aqmif&GufcJ hNyD; xd krSwpfqif h awmifil?

rtlyif? rauG;? ajrmif;jrc&d kif rsm;wGif c&d kifpuf&Sif w&m;olBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJ honf/

,if;aemuf 1930jynh fESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif w&m;vTwfawmf? w&m;0efBuD;tjzpf

cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ xd kESpf pufwifbmvwGif &efukefc&d kif? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? Ed k k0ifbmvwGif tif;pdefc&d kif puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif; cef Ytyfjcif;

cH&onf/ xd kESpfrsm;onf awmifolv,form;ta&;tcif;rsm;jzpfí q&mpHESif h taygif;tyg

awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; x<uaomESpfrsm; jzpfonf/1931ckESpfwGif ppfaq;a&;txl;ck H&k H;tzJ G U0iftjzpf cef Ytyfjcif;cH&NyD; 1932ckESpf?

{NyDvtxd? tif;pdef jynf? o&uf c&d kifrsm;\puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;ESif h txl;w&m;olBuD;tjzpf

cefYtyfjcif;cH&jyefonf/ 1932ckESpf? {NyDvwGif w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD;tjzpf

tNrJwrf;wd k;jr§if hcef Yxm;jcif; cH&onf/ ,if;&mxl;onf 'kwd,urÇ mppfjzpfonftxd jzpfonf/

4/ Ek difiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0

a'gufwmOD;bOD;onf w&m;0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf 1937ckESpfwGif

a&G;aumufyJ Gqd kif&m txl;ck H&k H; OuúXtjzpf aqmif&GufcJ h&onf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif *syefwk d YrS

tkyfcsKyfa&;u@wGif w&m;a&;bufrS 0ifa&mufwm0ef,lxrf;aqmif&ef urf;vSrf;cJ honf/

a'gufwmbOD;onf *syefwk dYurf;vSrf;csufuk d jiif;y,fcJ h&m *syefrsm;u zdhtm;ay;ojzif h

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ haMumif; awG Y&S d&ygonf/ ,if;aemuf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf tpd k;&

vufxufwGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfw&m;0efBuD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ t*Fvdyf

wk d Y jrefrmEk difiHtm;jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcsdef 1945 ckESpf? {NyDwGif &efukefNrdKUtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG J UwGif

tzG J U0iftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/11111

1945 ckESpf? ZGefv 20 &ufaeYwGif e,fcsJ Uwk d Yonf&efukefjrpf twGif;&Sd urf;bmvif;22222 ppfoabFmay:okdYzdwfac:í puúLjzLpmwrf;yg

tcsuftvufrsm;uk d jrefrmwk d YvufcHatmifpnf;&H k;cJ honf/ aqG;aEG;yG JwGif jrefrmwk d YbufrS

11111a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;

(&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969) pm- 243/

22222 Cumberland



18

Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h twl a'gufwmbOD;vnf; wufa&mufcJ honf/11111 1947 ckESpf? arv

26 &ufaeYwGif touf 60 jynf h&m Oya'ESif hxH k;wrf;t& tNidrf;pm;,l&efjzpf aomfvnf;

bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef Yu qmbOD;tm; wpfESpfoufwrf;wk d;ay;cJ honf/22222

ppfNyD;aomtcgrSpí vGwfvyfa&;r&rDpyfMum; 1948ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 3&ufaeYtxd vuf&dSw&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD;tjzpf qufvufwm0ef,laqmif&GufcJ h

&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;r&rD uav;wGif NAdwd,Qtpdk;&wdkYu ]qm}bJGUjzifh

olaumif;jyKjcif;ud k cH&onf/ tm&S ta&SUawmifydkif;qd kif&m r[mrdwfwyfzJ G U aoemywd

avmharmihfbufwef jrefrmEkdifiHodk Y vma&mufaomtcg a'gufwmqmbOD;onf

td k&D,if huvyfOuúXtjzpf {nh fcHcJ honf htcsdefwGif pum;ajymqd k&if; jrefrmEd kifiHtm; ud k,fyd kif

tkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&ef pum;qd kcJ honf[kod&onf/ jynfaxmifpk zJ G Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyk H tajccHOya'

a&;qJ G&müvnf; a'gufwmqmbOD;onf ta&;ygaomae&mrS xda&mufpG m yg0ifaqmif&GufcJ honf/

1948ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;&&d Saomtcg

a'gufwm qmbOD;ud kyif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? w&m;0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wifajr§ mufMujyefonf/

,if;od k Y aqmif&Guf aepOf a'oqd kif&m tkyfcsKyfrI pk Hprf;a&;aumfrwDESif h a&G;aumufyJG

BuD;Muyfa&; aumfr&Sifwd k YwGif OuúXtjzpf xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1948 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv

5 &ufaeYwGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf\w&m;0efBuD; a'gufwmbOD; acgif;aqmifNyD;

vlrsdK;pkuk d,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom a'otvk dufuk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfrI pH kprf;a&;aumfr&Sifuk d

vnf;aumif;? zG J Upnf;ay;NyD; u&ifjynfe,fta&;uk d ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufcJ honf/33333 qmbOD;

acgif;aqmifaom a&G;aumufyG JBuD;MuyfpDrHa&;tzG J Uuk d 1949 ckESpf? azmf0g&Dv 19 &ufaeYwGif

11111 (u) Hugh Tinker. Burma : The Struggle for Independence, 1944-

1948. p.339-340.

(c) jrefrmEk difiH?ppford kif;jywd kufESif h wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wd kuf? wyfrawmford kif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmford kif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmford kif;

(wwd,wJG) 1945- 1948(wwd,wJG) 1945- 1948(wwd,wJG) 1945- 1948(wwd,wJG) 1945- 1948(wwd,wJG) 1945- 1948 (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;?

1995) pm 12/

22222a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ pm- 383/

33333a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEk difiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; (&efukef?

yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969) pm- 330/



19

zG J Upnf;cJ honf/111111949ckESpf? {NyDv 5 &ufaeYwGif au? tif? 'D? tk d acgif;aqmif apmbOD;BuD;ESif h

Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xk d;&mwGif Ek difiHawmfbufrS yg0ifaqmif&Guf

cJ honf/22222 1952ckESpf? rwfv 13 &ufaeYwGif ,m,Dor®w pyfa&Tod kufu oufwrf;ukefqk H;oG m;

aomtcg zJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& a'gufwmqmbOD;tm; vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEd kifiHawmfor®wBuD;tjzpf vTwfawmfESpf&yfaygif;um wnDwñGwfwnf;

wifajr§ mufjcif;cH&onf/ 1953 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 7 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpkor®w

jrefrmEk difiHü yxrqH k;pwifoG m;vmrnf h a&aMumif;c&D;uk d or®wBuD; uk d,fwk dif ]]jynfawmfom}}

oabF m ay:rSaeí pwifzGif hvSpfay; cJ honf/ or®wBuD;onf bmoma&;uk d ouf0if,H kMunf

oljzpfonfESif htnD 1953 ckESpf? rwfv 21 &ufaeYwGif uarÇ m'D;,m; omoemykdif

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESif h tzG J U0ifrsm;? 0efaqmifoHCmtzG J U0if q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; tdrfawmfok d Y

yif hzdwfí qGrf;uyfvSL'gef;cJ honf/ 1954 ckESpf? {NyDv 11 &ufaeYwGif yJcl;a&Tarmfa"gapwDawmfyxrqifhuk d Ek difiHawmfor®wBuD;? 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkESif h vlxky&dwfowfwk d YrS atmifjrifpG m

wifvSLcJ honf/ 1954 ckESpf? arv 17 &ufaeYwGif q|o*F g,em r[m"r®obifBuD;ud k

o*F g,em'g,umtjzpfcJ h,lcJ honf/ arv 20 &ufaeYwGif q|o*F g,emr[m"r®obifBuD;ok d Y

wufa&mufvsuf&S dMuaom oHCmawmftyg; 2500 uk d tdrfawmf0ef;twGif; yif hzdwfum

aeYqGrf;qyfuyf vSL'gef;cJ honf/1956 ckESpf? rwfv 22 &ufaeYwGif qk dAD,ufEk difiHawmftpk d;&rS

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf or®wBuD;tm; qk dAD,ufarmfawmfum;wpfpD;ay;tyfcJ honf/

1957ckESpf? or®w&mxl; oufwrf; ukefqkH;aomtcg tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/ odkYaomf

1960jynh fESpfwGif OD;Ek OD;aqmifaom yxptpk d;&wufvmaomtcg {NyDv 29 &ufaeYwGif

Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&tBuHay;tzJ G U OuúXtjzpf aqmif&GufcJ h&onf/33333 a'gufwmbOD; OD;aqmifaom

tBuHay;tzG J Ursm;? &ck difjynfe,f? rGefjynfe,ftzG J Utpnf;rsm;rS uk d,fpm;vS,frsm;? Ek difiHa&;tzG J U

tpnf;rsm;yg0ifaom aqG;aEG;yGJ wpf&yfuk d 1961 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwGif

usif;ycJ honf/ a'gufwmbOD;onf aqG;aEG;yG Jü rGefvlxk? &ck difvlxk\qErnfok d Y&S donfuk d

od&S dEk dif&ef qEcH,lyG J(Plebiscite )jyKvkyfonfh enf;onf ygvDref'Drkdua&pDenf;tusqH k;?11111 jrefrmhork dif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm;jyKpka&;tzG J U? jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwG J )jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwG J )jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwG J )jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwG J )jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwG J )/

(&efukef? wuúok dvfrsm; yH kES dyfwk duf? 1991)pm 129/22222 jrefrmEk difiH? ppford kif;jywd kufESif h wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wd kuf? wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;

(pwkw¬ wJG)1948-62(pwkw¬ wJG)1948-62(pwkw¬ wJG)1948-62(pwkw¬ wJG)1948-62(pwkw¬ wJG)1948-62 (&efukef? owif;ESif h pme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1996)

pm 3133333

jrefrmEk difiH? ppford kif;jywd kufESif h wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wd kuf? wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;(yOörwJ G )(yOörwJ G )(yOörwJ G )(yOörwJ G )(yOörwJ G ) 1962-741962-741962-741962-741962-74 (&efukef? owif;ESif h pme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1999)

pm 3/



20

taumif;qH k;enf;vrf;jzpfaMumif;? vlxkqEcH,lyG J jyKvkyfonf hpepfuk d urÇ müvnf; toH k;jyK

vsuf&S daMumif;? vlxkqEcH,lyG JjyKvkyf&mü tajctaeESif huk dufnDonf ruk dufnDonfqk daom

tcsufrSm tpdk;&ESifhom oufqkdifaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum;cJhygonf/11111 qufvufNyD;

a'gufwmbOD; OD;aqmifaomtBuHay;tzG J Uonf 1960jynf hESpf? arv 6 &ufaeYrSpwifNyD;&ck difjynfe,fESif hywfoufí &ck diftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? vlrIa&;toif;tzG J Ursm;tm;

zdwfMum;í aqG;aEG;cJ hygonf/22222

1955 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 6 &ufaeYwGif or®wa[mif; a'gufwmbOD;onf

vlrI0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom MuufajceDtoif;? jynfol YolemjyKtzJ G U? wuúod kvf&efyk HaiGtzG J U?

yef;O,smOftoif; ponfwd kYwGif OuúXtjzpf aqmif&GufcJh&aom yk*¾dKvfxl;jzpfonf/

1957ckESpfwGif ]uREf kyf\ jrefrmEd kifiH} ac: ud k,fa&;tw¬KyÜwd pmtkyfud k t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h

a&;om;xkwfa0cJ honf/5/ *kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcsD;usL;cH&jcif;

1955 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif 6 ,l*k dpvm;AD;,m;Ek difiHor®w rm&S,fwDwk d;\

,l*k dpvyfwHcGefawmfbG J Y (yxrqif h ) Yugoslav Banner(First Class) csD;jr§if hjcif;cH&onf/ Ek difiHawmf

tpd k;&u a'gufwmqmbOD;tm; t*¾r[moa&pnfolbJ G UESif h t*¾r[m od&dok"r®bJ G Ursm;ud k

csD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&jyefonf/ ,if;tjyif &efukefwuúod kvfu Oya'yg&*l (a'gufwm) bJ G Uud k

csD;jr§if hjcif;cH&jyefonf/ a'gufwmqmbOD;onf or®wtjzpf wifajr§ mufjcif;cH&onf haeYrSpí

NAdwdoQtpd k;&u ay;aom qmbJ G Uud k pGef YvTwfcJ honf/


ausmif;om;b0wGif vef'efok d Yynmoifom oG m;a&mufcJ hygonf/ or®wjzpfvm

tcg jynfyc&D;xGufcG mjcif;uk d rawG U&S d&yg/


1913 ckESpfwGif a'gufwmbOD;onf c&k difw&m;olBuD;a[mif; OD;atmifZH\orD;

a':Nidrf;Nidrf;ESif h vufxyfcJ h&m om;ESpfa,mufxGef;um;cJ honf/ a':Nidrf;Nidrf;onf 1922ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoG m;cJ honf/ a':a':Nidrf;uG,fvGefoG m;NyD;aemuf a'gufwmbOD;onf 1923

ckESpf &du© mawmf& ta&;yk dif OD;qk d;az\orD; a':at;ESif h vufxyfcJ h&m orD; 3 a,mufESif h

11111&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efuke fowif;pm (4 az 1961 ) pm -19/2jrefrmhork dif;jzpf&yftrSefrsm;a&;om;jyKpka&;tzG J U? 1958-1962 jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 jrefrmEkdifiHa&;

(wwd,wGJ)(wwd,wGJ)(wwd,wGJ)(wwd,wGJ)(wwd,wGJ )/ (&efukef? wuúok dvfrsm;yH kES dyfwk duf? 1991)pm 218/



21

om; 2 a,muf &&S dcJ honf/ a':at;onfvnf; 1941 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoG m;cJ honf/11111

a'gufwmbOD;onf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpd k;& tkyfcsKyfa&; vT Jajymif;,lNyD; 1963

ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJ honf/ trSwf(54)? a&TawmifMum;vrf;? &efukefNrdKU

wGifaexk difonf/

11111

a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJ haomyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; (&efukef? a&Todrfom;yef;csDESif h pmay?1986) pm 164-167/



yHk (3)a'gufwm bOD; (or®w)

[ 1953 ckESpf ]

11-u



yHk (4)ref;0if;armif (or®w)

[ 1957 ckESpf ]

22



23

OD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armifOD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armifOD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armifOD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armifOD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armif


( arG;arG;arG;arG;arG ; 17-4-1916 uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGe f 4-7-1989)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

OD;0if;armifuk d ykodrfc&k dif usHKaysmfNrdKUe,f vSnf;qdyf&G mü c&pfES pf 1916 ckESpf?

atNyDv 17 &ufaeYwGif tzynmtkyf OD;a&T&if? trd a':om,mwk d YuarG;zGm;onf/

OD;0if;armif onf EkdifiHa&;avmuwGif ref;0if;armif[lí vlodrsm; xif&S m;cJ honf/

2/ ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0

i,fpOfu vSnf;qdyf&G müynmoifNyD; ykodrf rGef u&iftxufwef;ausmif;rS1933 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1937 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúokdvf

*syfqifaumfvdyf rS bDatbG J U &cJ honf/


oefvsifNrdKUbDtkdpDukrÜPDpm&if;XmewGifvnf;aumif;? twGif;0efrsm;&Hk;wGif

vnf;aumif; tpk d;&0efxrf;tjzpf vkyfuk difcJ hí 1940 jynf hESpfwGif ppfbufok d Yajymif;a&T Uum

t&mcHAk dvftqif hjzif h trIxrf;cJ hNyD; 1941 ckESpfwGif arNrdKU Ak dvfoifwef;ausmif; wufcJ honf/'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; t*Fvdyfrsm;tdE´d,okd Y qkwfcGm&m rsufESmjzLAkdvfoifwef;

ausmif;tkyfBuD;u tdE´ d,ok d Yvk dufygvQif axmufvSrf;a&;bufü Ak dvftqif h&mxl; ay;rnf[k

ajymcJ haomfvnf; rvk dufbJ jrefrmEk difiHwGif ae&pfcJ honf/11111

4/ EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0

ref;0if;armifonf 1943-44 ckESpfrSpí Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom

attufzftk d (zwyv)ESif hqufoG,fum jrpf0uRef;ay: u&ifwk dif;&if;om;rsm;uk dpnf;&H k;ízufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg0ifcJhonf/ 1944 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif

awmfvSefa&;twGuf uom? jrpfBuD;em;rSwpfqif h tdE´ d,ok d Y cufcJyifyef;pG moG m;a&mufcJ h

onf/22222 tdE´ d,jynf umvuwå m;ppfwuúok dvfESif h uk dvHbk dppfpcef;rsm;wGif ppfa&;avhusif hrI

11111 jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990 (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1990) pm 303/

22222

&Jabmfjr? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfolY&Jacgifajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfolY&Jacgifajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfolY&Jacgifajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfolY&Jacgifajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfolY&Jacgifajymufusm;/ (&efukef?jr&myifpmaytkyfwk duf? 1971) pm- 153? 486 pm/



24

jyKvkyfcJ honf/111111945 ckESpf? rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif xef;wyifNrdKUe,f? BudKYyifteD;wGif

avxD;jzifhqif;cJ h&m wGif yg0ifNyD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ü u&ifArm &Jacgifajymufusm;

rsm;ukd OD;aqmifcJ honf/ avxD;jzif hqif;csdefwGif ajcusdK;oG m;cJ haomfvnf; *syefrsm;uk d 2

vrQwkdufckdufNyD;rS aq;0g;uko&ef umvuwåm;aq;&HkokdYoGm;a&mufukocJhonf/22222

ppftNyD;wGif vGwfvyfa&; wk dufyG Jü zqyvtzG J UESif htwl yl;wG Jyg0ifcJ honf/ ref;0if;armif

onf Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqk d&mwGifa&SUajy;tzG J Uü yg0if vk dufygoG m;cJ honf/

1945 ckESpfwGif u&ifvli,frsm; tpnf;t&Hk;ü ref;bckdifonfOuúX?

ref;0if;armif onf 'kwd, OuúXtjzpf ta&G;cHcJ h&onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rS myif wk dif;&if;om;

pnf;vH k;nDnGwfa&; uk d a&S;&Ivsuf wk dif;&if;om;*sme,fukd xkwfa0um t,f'Dwmtjzpf

vkyfuk difcJ honf/ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfuk d autif,lu uef YuGufaeonf htcsdefwGif

wkdifjyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJukd u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t&Hk;acgif;aqmif

ref;bck difESif h ref;0if;armifwk d Y yg0ifcJ hMuonf/ 1947 ckESpf a&G;aumufyG JwGif ykodrfajrmufyk dif;

rJqE´e,f rS ta&G;cH&í "gwfow¬KXme0efBuD;? 1948 ckESpf? {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? taqmuftOD;ESifhtvkyform;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; xkdESpfZlvkdifv 15 &ufaerSmyifEIwfxGufcJhygonf/1949 ckESpfwGif

ykdYaqmifa&;ESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; 0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?1949-50

ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúok dvft"dywdtjzpf vnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf/ 1951ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsdK;om; tzG J U OuúX? 1952 ckESpf?

rwf 16 &ufaeYwGif rtlyif awmifyk dif; rJqEe,f trwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§ mufjcif;

cH&NyD;aemuf o,f,lyk d Yaqmifa&;ESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD;? 1956 ckESpf? ZGefv 13

&ufaeYwGif rtlyifawmif;yk dif;rSwpfzef jyefvnf ta&G;cH&NyD; jynfwGif;qdyfurf; a&aMumif;?

avaMumif;ESif h yifv,fqdyfurf;oG m;vma&; Xme0efBuD; ponfjzifh EkdifiHwm0efrsm;uk d

tBudrfBudrfxrf;aqmifcJ honf/33333

1957 ckESpf? rwfv 11 &ufaeYeHeuf 10 em&DtcsdefwGif Ek difiHawmf or®wopf

11111jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf? wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;

('kwd,wGJ) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv/ (&efukef? owif;ESif h

pme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1999) pm 69/

22222a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/

&efukef?yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969/ pm- 270/

33333 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrm htvif;owif;pm (24 ZGefv 1956) pm 4/



25

a&G;aumuf wifajr§ mufa&;twGuf vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmfESifh jynfol YvTwfawmfygvDref 2 &yf

wG JbufnDvmcHusif;ycJ h&m vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmfem,uBuD; p0fa&Tokdufu obmywdtjzpf

aqmif&GufcJ honf/ nDvmcHponfESif hwNydKifeuf em,uBuD; p0fa&Tok dufrS or®wavmif;

trnfpm&if; wifoGif;vT m 3 apmif&&SdcJh&m 3 apmifpvHk; OD;0if;armifwpfOD;wnf;uk domtrnfpm&if;wifoGif;xm;aMumif;? or®wavmif;trnfpm&if;wifoGif;vTmrsm;rSm

Oya'ESifhjynfhpH knDnTwfí or®wwifajr§mufa&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyf&ef

rvkdawmhojzif h ygvDrefvTwfawmf 2 &yfu OD;0if;armiftm; or®wtjzpf ,SOfjyKdifolr&Sd

a&T;aumufwifajr§ mufaMumif; aMunmvk duf&m MobmoHrsm;vGrf;oG m;aMumif;? qufvufNyD;

0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkrS

]] ref;0if;armifESifh uRefawmfwkdY[m vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0ifuwnf;u

vufwG Jaqmif& Gufc J hygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&Ny D ;aemuf rMumcifbJ

jzLeDaMumifusm;olykefxNyD; autif'Dtkdaomif;usef;rIay:aygufcJhygw,f/

tJ'DtcsdefrS m ref;0if;armifu vufeufeJU tmPmodrf;wmukd rvkdvm;bJ

'Drk dua&pDeJ Y tmPmodrf;wmuk dom axmufcHcJ hygw,f/ 'gaMumif h awmf&H kwef&H k

&J&ifhwJholvkdYyk*¾dKvfrsdK; &Sm;ygw,f/ ref;0if;armifukd autif'Dtkduvnf;

opömazmufvkd YaMunmcJhygw,f/ wu,fvkd Yrsm; autif'DtkdvufxJ

wkdif;jynfusa&mufoGm;&if a&S;OD;pGm opömazmuftjzpfeJU owfypf&ifref;0if;armifyxrqH k;cH&rS myJ...}} 11111

[kajymMum;cJhygonf/

1957 ckESpf? rwfv 13 &ufaeYwGifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf\ or®wtjzpf ta&G;cHcJ h&

onf/ OD;0if;armifwm0efxrf;aqmifaomumvonf ygwDwGif;NydKuG JrIrsm;? tmPm&&S da&;

twGuf tNydKiftqk difBudK;pm;rIrsm;jyKvkyfaeMuojzif h Ek difiHa&;wnfNidrfrI&S day/ 1958 ckESpf?

ZGefv 30 &ufaeYwGif OD;0if;armifrS owif;q&mrsm;uk d tdrfawmfok d Yzdwfac:í vSnf hvnfjyo{nf hcHcJ honf/ or®wBuD;onf zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'uk davhvmaeaMumif;? ,if;Oya'

t& or®wonf &kyfjyrQomjzpfaMumif;? rnfonfhtmPmrQr&S daMumif;? or®wjzpfNyD;rS

ynmoH k;&yfomwwfajrmufaMumif;? ¤if;wk d YrS m ykqk d;awmif&Snfukd 2 rdepftwGif; 0wfqif

wwfonf/ jrif;pD;wwfonf/ a*gufoD;&k dufwwfonf [k or®wBuD;rS&ifzGif hcJ hygonf/22222

11111 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pm (rwf 12 1957) pm 1?12/

22222

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969/ pm 366/



26

1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmifaom

tdrfapmif htpd k;&zG J Upnf;cJ hNyD;aemuf 1958ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif tdrfapmif h

tpk d;&tzG JU\ 0efBuD;csKyfESifh0efBuD;rsm; or®wa&SUarSmufusrf;opömqkdyGJ tcrf;tem;ü

Ek difiHawmfor®wBuD;OD;0if;armifrS rdef YcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tpdk;&tzG J Uaqmif&Guf&rnf ht"duwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;rS m ]]1/ jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;rI&&S da&; 2/ w&m;rQw

aoma&G;aumufyG Jjzpfajrmufa&;ESif h 3/ 'Drk dua&pDtcGif hta&;rsm;wif;jynf husyfjynf h&&S da&;}}

jzpfaMumif;rdefYMum;cJ honf/11111 or®wBuD; OD;0if;armifonf 1959 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 11

&ufaeYwGif oefY&Sif;zqyvAkdvfrSL;atmifESifh OD;atmify? wnfNrJzqyv OD;AaqG?

OD;ausmfNidrf;? &wnacgif;aqmifOD;vSxGef;jzLwkd YESifhawG UqH kcJ hNyD;22222 Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;tpk d;&tm;

aemufxyf 6 v tmPmqufvufívT Joif haMumif;qEuk d ajymMum;cJ hygonf/33333 or®wBuD;

OD;0if;armifonf 14 Budrfajrmufjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;wGif

]] vGwfvyfcJ haomESpftwGif;pD;yG m;a&;? vlrIa&;ESif h ,Ofaus;rIu@toD;oD;wGif

txl;tjcm;qHk;aom aqmif&GufcsufrSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;

rS Dwif;aexkdifMuaom vltrsm;pkrS mAk'bmom0ifwkd Yvk dvm;awmif hwMuonf h

Ak'bmomuk d Ek difiHawmfbmomtjzpf jyXmef;Ek difjcif;yifjzpfonf}} [krdef YMum;cJ h

onf/44444

1961 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 5 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;jynfe,frS uk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J U0ifrsm;onfEk difiHawmfor®wBuD; OD;0if;armifESif hawG YqH kí zuf'&,frltaMumif; &Sif;vif;wifjyMucJ hMu

onf/ xkdok d YawG YqH k&mü or®wBuD; OD;0if;armifrS zuf'&,frluk d ñ§ dEI dif;aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif

pdwf&Snf&Snfxm;um rdom;pktoGifrsdK;jzif h ajz&Sif;Muapvk daMumif; ajymMum;cJ hygonf/55555

1961 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif oHCmawmfrsm; onf Ak'¨bmomukd

Ek difiHawmfbmom tjzpfjyXmef;&mwGif yxptpk d;&\ tajccHOya' pwkw¬jyifqifcsufud k

11111a'gufwma':jrif hMunf?jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)/wGJbufa&;ol a'gufwmaemftif*svif;/ 'k-Budrf? (&efukef? wuúokdvfrsm;

yH kES dyfwk duf? 1991)pm 158/22222(u) taaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959) pm 2 /

( c ) &efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efuke fowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959) pm 2 /33333taaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pmtaaxmufawmfowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959) pm 1 /

44444 OD;ausmf0if;? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)/ wG Jbufa&;

ol OD;jr[efESif h OD;odef;vI dif/ (&efukef? wuúok dvfrsm;yH kES dyfwk duf? 1991)pm 144/55555aMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pm (6 Zlvk difv 1961) pm 15/



27

rauseyfojzif h or®wtdrfawmfokd YcsDwuf qEjycJ hMu&m or®wBuD; onf jyifOD;vGifNrdKUok d Y

a&muf&Sdaeckduf tcsdefjzpfonf/11111 awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf 1962 ckESpf?rwfv (2)

&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmftmPmudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&

vufxyfwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpftxd ig;ESpftMum xdef;odrf;cHcJ h&NyD;aemuf 1968ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvü awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&u zdwfMum;aom jynfwGif;tBuHay;tzGJU0if

33 OD; ü ref;0if;armif yg0ifcJ honf/ ref;0if;armifonf 1988 ckESpfrS 1989 ckESpf

ruG,fvGefrDtcsdefxd 'Drk dua&pD ESif h Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J UcsKyfOuúXtjzpf aqmif&GufcJ hao;onf/


1960 ckESpfwGifvGwfvyfa&; armfuGef;0if('kwd,qifh)ESifh EkdifiHh*kPf&nf

(yxrqif h )? 1957 ckESpfwGif t*¾r[moa&pnfolESif h t*¾r[moD&dok"r®bG J Ursm; csD ;jr§if hjcif;cH&onf/ 1959 ckESpfwGif xk dif;bk&if hrif;jrwf\ Most Illustrious order of Chula Chom

Kloa of Thailand bG J Yuk dvufcH&&S dcJhonf/


1957 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif tar&duefEk difiHokd Y aq;0g;uko&ef

oG m;a&mufcJ honf/ 1960 jynf hESpf? Zlvk difv wGif tar&dEk difiHok d Yavhvma&;c&D;oG m;a&muf

cJ honf/ 1959 ckESpf? Zlvk difvwGif w&kwfEk difiHok d YoGm;a&mufcJ honf/7/ rdom;pkrdom;pkrdom;pkrdom;pkrdom;pk

ref;0if;armifonf 1942 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUae OD;pHvS? a':a'G;wkd Y\orD;

a':jrarESif h vufxyfcJ hNyD; om;orD; 6 a,mmufxGef;um;cJ honf/

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifcJ h&H krQru wk dif;&if;om;

pnf;vH k;\nDnGwfa&;uk d a&S;wef;rSpGrf;aqmifcJ haom tNidrf;pm;Ek difiHawmfor®w OD;0if;armif

(ref;0if;armif )onf 1989 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 4 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefonf/uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; a':jrarESifh om;orD;rsm;usef&pfonf/

11111

[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm (26 pufwifbm 1961) pm 2/



yHk (5)OD;ae0if; (or®w)[ 1974 ckESpf ]

28



29

OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;


(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 14-11-1911 uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef 5-12-2002 )

1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

OD;ae0if;\i,ftrnfrS m armif ½Iarmif jzpfygonf/ armif½Iarmifuk d 1911ckESpf? arv

14 &ufaeUwGif jynfc½d kif? aygif;wvnfNrdKUüarG;zG m;cJ Yonf/ zcifrS m OD ;zd k;c(aygif;wvnf )ESif h trd

a':rdav; (aygufacgif;) wd k Yjzpfygonf/ OD;zd k;c onfajrwd kif;XmetrIxrf;wpfOD;jzpfygonf/ OD;zd k;c

onf tvkyfrS xGufí ukefonfyJ Gpm;tvkyf vkyfcJ honf/ rdcifjzpfol a':rdav;onfvnf; OD;zd k;cESif hqEwlnDoljzpfítrIxrf;tvkyfESih f *kPfyumoewd k Yud k pdwf0ifpm;jcif; r&S day/ vGwfvyfaomb0uk d

ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rdbESpfyg;\vGwfvyfaompdwf? usOf;ajrmif;aom b0ud k rvd kvm;aom

pdwfwd k Yud karmif½Iarmif tarGqufcH&&S dcJ honf/ armif½Iarmif onf i,fpOfuyif tm;upm;ü 0goem

ygcJholjzpfonfhtjyif txl;ojzifh abmvHk;upm;jcif;wGif xl;cRefcJhonf/ ynmOmPfvnf;

xufjrufcJ hygonf/


armif&SKarmifoli,fwef;rS pwifNyD; aygif;wvnfNrdKU jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif

wufa&mufynmoifcJ honf/ 1920jynfESpf wGif wuúok dvf0ifpmar;yG J atmifjrifcJ hí 1922 ckESpfwGif

jynfNrdKU trsKd;om;ausmif;od k Y ajymif;a&TUwufa&mufcJ honf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúod kvfü

aq;ynmbmom&yfoif,lcJ honf/ armif½Iarmif &efukefwuúod kvfod k Ya&mufNyD; odyÜ Hynmrsm;qnf;yl;

aeaomtcsdefonf urÇ mhtajctaersm; ajymif;vJaeaomtcsdefjzpfygonf/ rsdK;cspfpdwfonf wd kif;jynf

tESHUtjym;ü wuf<uaeaomtcsdef umvjzpf\/ 'dkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;? 'dkYArmoDcsif;? e*g;eD

pmayponfwd k Y onf wpfqif hNyD;wpfqif h ArmvlxkBuD;ud k t*Fvdyfwk d Ytm;awmfvSef&ef pnf;vH k;nDnTwfapatmif zef;wD;ay;vsuf&S dcJhonf/ 1931 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúod kvfOypmaemufqH k;ESpfwGif

ausmif;xGufcJ h onf/ xk d Yaemuf&efukefwuúod kvfrS Oypm odyÜ HbJ G U&&S dcJ honf/

3/3/3/3/3/ 0efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b0

ausmif;rSxGufNyD;aemuf rD;&xm;XmewGif 6 vcef YtvkyfvkyfcJ honf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif

pmwd kufESif h aMu;eef;XmecJ GwGif pma&;tjzpf wpfESpfausmf trIxrf;cJ honf/ wd k YArmtpnf;t½H k;vkyfief;

rsm;ud k tcsdefyd kif; 0ifvkyfay;cJ honf/ pmwd kufESih f aMu;eef;XmewGiftvkyfvkyf&if;jcif;jzif h ocifrsm;ESif hqufoG,frdum ocif½Iarmif jzpfvmcJ honf/



30

4/4/4/4/4/ Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0

wd k YArmtpnf;t½H k;0ifocif½Iarmifonf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wd kufyJ Grsm;üyg0ifcJ h

onfomru tvkyfvkyfjcif;jzif h jyifyrS awmfvSefa&;tvkyfrsm;uk dyg tqifajypG mvIyf&S m;cJ hjyefonf/

ocif½Iarmifonf t*Fvdyfwd k YrS aMu;eef;ESif h xdyfwef;vQKdU0Sufay;yd k Yaom owif;trdef Yrsm;ud k

&Jabmfocifrsm;xHod k Y rysufruGufay;yd k YcJ honf/ ¤if;tjyifte,fe,ft&yf&yfrS ocifrsm;ud k zrf;qD;&ef

aMu;eef;jzif h &efukefrS trdef Yay;vQifvnf; xd ktrdef Yrsm;ud k e,frSocifrsm;onfocif½IarmifxHrSwpfqif h

BudKwif íod&Sd&ojzifh BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &kyfazsmufjcif;? ajrvQdK;jcif;rsm;

pDrHEk difcJ hygonf/

ocif½Iarmifonf pmwk dufü wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf owif;rsm;uk dyg axmufvSrf;onf h

tvkyfuk dygvkyfcJ honf/ &&S dorQaom owif;rsm;uk d enf;rsdK;pH kjzih f &,lNyD; jyefvnftoH k;cscJ honf/owif;rsm;uk d axmufvSrf;cJ h&mwGif ocif½IarmifESif h ocifcspfwifwd k Yonf jynfvrf;rBuD;ay:wGif

apmif hí t*Fvdyft&m&S dBuD;rsm;\ um;eHygwfrsm;ud k a&;rSwfMuonf/ um;armif;olrsm;ESif h ¤if;wk d Y\

vlBuD;rsm;uk d wG JírSwfrdvmMuonf/ um;uk djrif&H kjzif h rnfonf hvrf;taMumif; oG m;rnfjzpfaMumif;

cef YrSef;Ek difvmMuonf/ &efukefykvdyf rif;BuD; Prescott\um;armif;ol ud kbcspfESif hvnf; todrdwfaqG

jzpfatmif jyKvkyfcJ honf/ ajratmufoG m;vQifvQdKU0SufpG mvIyf&S m;Ek dif&efae&mud kvnf; &S mazGxm;cJ hMu

onf/ jrif;rsm;arG;onf h ud kpHarmif\ zcifOD;zd k;0Jaetdrf onf wnf;ck d&ef ae&maumif;jzpfcJ honf/

(29)vrf;? taqmuftOD (4)xyf rS tcef;(1)cef;? A*F gvDpkae ud kodef;atmif \tdrf? ud kat;armif?ud kjroef;wd k Y\tcef;ponf h pcef;cs&mae&mrsm;onf aemufrSt&dyfozG,fuyfívd kufMuaom ykvdyf?

pH kaxmufwd kYtm; ajc&m azsmuf&m ae&mrsm;jzpfonf/ þuJ hok d Yjzif h owif;&&S d&ef enf;rsdK;pHkoH k;í

axmufvSrf;cJ hygonf/ þuJ hok d YjzpfaepOfOa&mywGif 1939 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif 'kwd,urÇ mppfBuD;

pwifcJ honf/ wk d YArmtpnf;t&H k;onf ]] t*Fvdyftcuf? Armhtcsuf }} [ka<u;aMumfum 1939

ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;(Freedom Bloc )ukdzGJUpnf;cJhonf/

NAdwdoQtpd k;&xHrS vGwfvyfa&;uk d tEkenf;jzif hr&ygu vufeufuk difawmfvSef&eftwGuf 1939

ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif ajratmufvQdKU0SuftzG J U(Under Ground Unit )uk d vQdKU0SufzG J Upnf;cJ hMu

onf/

¤if;aemufrnfonf hEk difiHrSppful,lrnfuk d ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;rS tBudwfte,faqG;aE

cJ hMuonf/ þudpöonf ppfa&;omr[kwf? oabmw&m;a&;vnf;jzpfí *syefESif haygif;rdvQif

zufqpfpepfukd tm;ay;&ma&mufrnfjzpfíomru rESpfNrdKUaom t*Fvdyfwk d YESif hab;csif;,SOfí

wk duf&apawmh *syefuk dwk dufrS jzpfrnf/ aemufrS t*Fvdyfwk d YESif hpm&if;&Sif;vif;rnf/ þok d Y,H kMunfcsuf

&S dolrsm;vnf;&S dcJ honf/ tcsdKUuvnf; uk d,f h&efol\&efolonf uk d,f hrdwfaqGjzpfaMumif;? xk d YaMumif hwkdYArmtpnf;t&Hk;0ifjzpfaomocifatmifqef;ESifhocifvSNrdKif(aemifAkdvf&efatmif)wkdYtm;



31

]]wefvGrfa&S mif}} ESifh ]] wefpka&Smif}} [laomtrnfrsm;jzif h &kyfzsufí &efukefqdyfurf;rS [kdif;vD11111

oabF monf jzif h trG dKifNrdKUok d Y 1940 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 8 &ufaeYwGifapvTwfcJ honf/

*syefMunf;wyf Ad kvfrSL;BuD; wpfOD;jzpfol au*sDqlZluD;22222onf 1940 ckESpf? arvwGif

&efukefNrdKUod k U ]],d krDtl&D }}owif;pm rSowif;axmufwpf fOD;[efaqmifí a&muf&S dvmcJ honf/olESif h

twl*syefESpfa,mufvnf;ygonf/ rpfZl½lql*D; qd kolonf ukefonfwyd kif;? ta&SUtm&Sa&;&m

avhvma&;tzJ G Ujzpfaom ud ktmtiif; tzJ G U0ifvnf;jzpfcJ honf/ tDemtd krdqkwmeD qd kolrS m refcsL;

rD;&xm;ukrÜPDwGifvkyfonf/ ql*D;ESif h rdqkwmeDtjyif wau&S D[d*lcsD qd kol wpfOD;ud kyg qlZluD;

onf w½kwfjynf&Srf[JNrdKUwGif rDemrDuDueftzJ G UtwGuf pkaqmif;odrf;oGif;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ qlZluD;onf

&efukefwGif oG m;vmvIyf&S m;í vG,fulap&ef Arm-*syefcspfMunfa&;toif;\ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf

ud kvnf; cH,lxm;cJ honf/ t"Duwm0efu Ed kifiHa&;? ppfa&;tajctaeavhvmí tquftoG,f

&S mazG&efjzpfonf/

'k d YArmtpnf;t&H k;vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tajctaetaMumif;uk d qlZluD;Mum;odcJ h&onf h

tcsdefwGif axmifusaeolae? ykef;atmif;aeolrsm; aeí aumif;pG m&S mrawG YcJ hacs/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;

twGuf wu,fhpGefYpm;wkdufckdufrnfholrsm;onf xkdvli,fawGjzpfrnf[kxifcJhonfhtwkdif;

w&kwfjynfESif h&k&S m;jynfwkd YrS ppfulrsm;ukd&&S dap&ef arQmfvif haomtcsdefjzpfcJhonf/ *syefEk difiHrS

tultnDtrsm;qH k; &&S drnf[kvnf; xk k dvli,fwk d Yu arQmfvif hcJ hMuonf/ *syefu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;rS m

ulnDcJ haomfvnf; vufeuf ay;&H kavmufeJ U vH kavmufrS mr[kwf[k xifrdcJ havonf/ ArmawG[mvufeufuk difwG,f wk dufck dufwJ h tawG UtBuHK vH kavmufrIr&S dao;aomaMumif h wu,fxdxda&muf

ulnDrnfqk dvQif Armvli,f acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ppfynmavhusif hay;zk d Yvk d vdrf YrnfjzpfaMumif;ESif h

Armjynfü vIyf&Sm;&ef rvG,ful aomaMumifh vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm; *syefjynfokd Y

vQdKU0SufpGmac:,loG m;&ef vkdtyfvmcJhonf/33333 þok d Yjzif h ocifatmifqef;ESif hocifvSNrdKUifwkd Y onf

1940 jynf hESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 12 &ufaeYwGif wk dusdKNrdKUok dY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ *syefppfOD;pD;csKyf&Hk;onf

1941 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD; acgif;aqmifaom rDemrDtzGJ U44444

ud kzG J Upnf;ay;cJ honf/

11111Hailee

22222Keji Suzuki

33333a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ (&efukef?

yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969) pm- 135 /44444Minami Kikan



32

4-1/4-1/4-1/4-1/4-1/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if

ocif&Iarmifonf*syefjynfok d YoG m;&efqH k;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf haemuf wdusaomtquftoG,f

&&S da&;apmif haecJ hNyD;aemuf ocifnDESif hwkdifyifMunf honf htcg wk dif;jynftusdK;twGuf pGefYpm;pG m

xrf;aqmif&ef tcGifhaumif;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif;? tEÅ&m,frsm;aomfvnf; toufraovQif

atmifyJ Grsm;qifET JEk difaMumif;pdwfxJü qH k;jzwfcJ hMuonf/ xk dtcd sefuocif&Iarmifonf wk dif;jynf

acgif;aqmifBuD; jzpfzk d Y &nf&G,fcsufr&S dao;aMumif;od&S dcJ h&onf/ us&mwm0efuk d OD;vnfrokefausyGef

atmifxrf;aqmifrnf [k qH k;jzwfNyD; pGef Ypm;aomtvkyfuk d vkyfcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ ocif&Iarmifwk d YtzG J U

onf 1941 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 8 &ufwGif *syefoabF m uk d&D,krm&l;11111 jzif h vk dufygoG m;cJ honf/ jrefrm

qdyfurf;rS rxGufcG mrD ocif½Iarmifwkd YtzGJ Uonf oabF mpufcef;teD;&Sdtcef;i,fü 0ifa&muf

yHk;atmif;í 'ku©cHcJh&aMumif;? oabFmq&m0efrS rMumcPppfaq;ay;cJhNyD; *syefBudKuf

oMum;rsm;rsm;ESif haMumfcsufxm;om trJom;? 0ufom;? MuufOwk d Yuk d vmauR;aomfvnf; rpm;Ek difMu

aMumif;od&ygonf/ oabF mpxGufíjrefrmha&jyifuk d ausmfvGefcJ hNyD;aomtcgrSom oabF mtay:ok d Y

wufEk difcJ hMuíyifv,favuk dt0&SL&d IufEk difcJ hMuonf/ ¤if;wk dYtm; aumif;pG mjyKpkauR;arG;cJ hMuNyD;

pifumyltem;wGif t*Fvdyfurf;apmifhoabF m uyfvmojzif h ocif&Iarmifwk d Y acwå puf&S d&m

atmufcef;rsm;qif;cJ hMu&onf/ Zlvk difv 22 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;[JNrdKU teD;&S d *syef a&wyf pcef;ok d Y

a&muf&Sdonf htcgü a&wyfAkdvfrSL; [D'um; u aumif;pGmBudKqk d {nfhcHcJ honf/ &Srf[JrSwqif h

,k dulqk duma&wyfpcef;okd Y oabFmom;rsm; toGifaqmifí av,mOfysH jzif hykd Yay;Mu jyefonf/a&wyfpcef; wGif 5 &ufrQvnfywfem;aecJ h&NyD; aemuf xk drSwpfqif h zlultk dum ok d YoG m;Mu&onf/

¤if;aemuf bwfpfum;ESifh [ukdae tyef;ajzpcef;okd Y oGm;Mu&onf/ ]][ukdaeNrdKU}}wGif

]]rpöwmtD0gquD}}22222 \tdrfwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsdKU acwåwnf;ck dcJ hMu&onf/ [kdifeefuRef;ok d Y

ppfynmavhusifhoif,l&ef c&D;qufMu&jyefonf/ ocif½IarmifwkdY tzGJUa&mufaomtcg

jrefrm&JabmfoH k;usdyf 30 pH koG m;cJ honf/

[k difeefuRef;ppfpcef;wGiftpm;taeqif;&Jí avhusif hcJ hMu&onf htjzpftysufuk dazmfjy&m

wGifvnf; &Jabmfrsm;uk d wk dawmif;aomumvtwGif; BuD;rm;aomwk dufyG JtwGuf toif hjzpfap&ef

jyifqifay;cJ honf htjyif pcef;rSL; um0g&S D;rm;33333 u &Jabmfwk d Yonf ESpfrsm;pG mavhusif h oif,l&rnf h

ppfynmuk d vtenf;i,f twGif; oif,lae&onf[k rMumrMumowday;cJ honf/ t&kPfwufonfrS

11111 Kouryumaru

22222Mr. Iwasaki

33333Kawashima



33

nrk d;csKyftxdem;csdefr&S daMumif;ESif h &JabmfoH k;usdyf0ifrsm;uk d pdwf"gwfBuH Uck difapí uk d,fvufusef;rm

tyifyef; cHEk difatmif ahvusif hay; cJ hMuonf/ oHrPdpdwf? oHrPduk d,fcE¨ mjzpfap&ef xk&k dufjyKjyif

ay;cJ hMuonfomru [k difeefuRef;&S d avhusif ha&;onf Murf;wrf;onfqkdvQif wu,f hjrefrmjynf

vGwfvyfa&;wk dufyG Jonf ykdíyif Murf;wrf;OD;rnf jzpfygonf/ tEk difrcHt&H I;ray; aompdwf"gwfaqmifonf holrsm;jzpfap&efESif h atmifyG JcHEk dif&eftwGuf pdwftcs&qH k;aomtmrcHcsuf jzpfaMumif;

þtcsufuk d *syefoifwef;q&mwk d Y onf tNrJrjywfajyma[mí vufawG Uvnf; avhusif hay;onf/

trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfcHygNyDjzpfaom jrefrm&Jabmfwk d Yonf rcHcsifpdwfjzif hvGwfvyfa&;twGufBudK;pm;

tm;xkwfcJ hMuonf/

*syefoifwef;q&mwk d YonfaocsmaphpyfpG mjzif h &JabmfwpfOD;pD\wk d;wufrIuk dZ,m;csí

rSwfxm;ay;Muonf/ wpfOD;pD\t&nftaoG;uk d tuJcwf&mü &JabmfoH k;usdyfuk d tzG J UoH k;zG J UcG Jívnf;

txl;ynmwkdYuk doifapcJ honf htjyif ]]'k diftpfyef}} yxrtzGJ UwGif wyfrSL;jzpf&efoif hawmfonfh

vli,frsm;uk d avhusif hay;NyD; ]] 'k difeD[ef }} 'kwd,tzG J Uonf &efol aemufaMumif;wGif yOörHenf;

wk dufckduf&ef txl;avhusif h &onf/ 'kwd,tzG JUuk d ]] olck d;tzG J U }} [kac:Mu onf/ ¤if;tzG J Uonf

ntcg tdyfcsdefü vIyf&S m;&aomaMumif h jzpfonf/ ]] 'k dqefyef }} [kac:aom wwd,tzG JUwGif

ppfacgif;aqmif? ppfXmecsKyfrSL;rsm;jzpfrnfh &Jabmfrsm;yg0ifMuonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESifh

ocif&Iarmifwk d Yonf wwd,tzG J UwGif yg0ifavhusif hcJ h&aMumif;od&S dcJ h&onf/

ocif&Iarmifonf t&yf&Snfoljzpfjzifh olUukduRefawmfwkdYtzGJ Uu wumpl*D;11111 [k*syefemrnfay;MuaMumif;? t"dyÜ m,f jrif hrm;ajzmif hpif;wJ h qk dif'gyifjzpfaMumif;ESif h *syef&mZ0ifrS m

xif&S m;cJ honf har*sDawmfvSefa&;rS m ol&Jaumif;wpfOD;\emrnfjzpfaMumif; *syefppfAk dvfcsKyfqlZluD;

rS rSwfwrf;wifcJ honf/ *syefoifwef;q&mwk d Yu ]] wumpl*D; }}ac: ocif&Iarmifuk dav;pm;Muonf/

r[kwfvQifrcH? n§Of;yef;ívnf;r&aom ]] &Iarmifqef }}ukdaMumufvnf;aMumufcJhMuonf/

aemiftcgay:aygufrnfh ArmhwyfrawmfwGif xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfxkdufonfh[k

t&nftcsif;owfrSwf Muonf/ ocifatmifqef;uk d,fwk difuvnf; ]] &Jabmf&Iarmif [m uRefawmf h&J U

nmvuf&H k;jzpfvmvdrf h r,f }} 22222[k Ak dvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJ honf/

*syefppfXmecsKyfrSxGufcG mEk difcGif hr&S dao;í tcsdefMumaecJ h&ao;onf/ *syeftpk d;&onf

t*Fvdyf-tar&duefwk d YESif h oHwrefqufqHa&;&S daeaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ xk d YaMumif h ppfrufjyifqifrIrsm;

11111Takasugi

22222

tdZkrd,wwfpka&m/ uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haomrdemrDuduef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haomrdemrDuduef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haomrdemrDuduef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haomrdemrDuduef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrdemrDuduef;/ bmomjyefola':cif&D (&efukef? bmomjyefESif hpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1981) pm 66/



34

ukd txl;vQdKU0SufpG mjyKvkyfae&onf/ atmifwk dbmv 25 &ufaeYpG Jjzif ha&;om;xm; aom qlZluD;

rSwfwrf;wGif ]] &JabmfoH k;usdyfonf avhusih fa&;rsm;NyD;cJ hMuNyD }} jrefrmjynfuk drjyefMu&yJ *syefjynfuk d

oG m;Mu&r,fqk d&ifawmh &JabmfawG awmfawmfpdwf"gwfysufMuvdrf hr,f/ ppfXmecsKyfu bmvk d Y csDwH kcswH k

jzpfaeovJ rajymwwfbl;/ rDemrDuefuawmh vkyfp&mawGqufvkyf&rS myJ }} 11111 [kyg&S dcJ honf/

atmufwk dbm 30 &uf aeYwGif ppfXmecsKyfu rDemrDuefok dY aMu;eef;jzif h tm;vH k;aom

tpDtpOfawG &yfqk dif;xm;&rnf[k nTefMum;cJ honf/ qlZluD;u ]] jrefrm&Jabmfrsm;tm;vH k;xGufajy;

MuNyD? vk dufvH&S mazGvsuf&S d&m 4 a,mufuk domzrf;rdonf? qufvuf&S mazGaeao;onf }} 22222[laom

t"dyÜ m,foufa&mufonf hpum;0Sufjzif h jyefMum;cJ honf/ &Jabmfrsm;tm; tzG J Ui,frsm;zG J Uí a&aMumif ;?

ukefaMumif;? avaMumif;toG,foG,fjzif h qk d*Gef;NrdKUESif h [EG dKifNrdKUwk d YrSwpfqif h AefaumufNrdKUok d Yyk d YcJ honf/

AefaumufNrdKUwGif vQdKU0SufpGmaexkdifcJhMuonf/ *syefow¬KwGif;ukrÜPDrS tif*sifeD,mrsm;?

blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm; [efaqmifí vIyf&S m;cJ hMu&ygonf/

jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;onfvnf; ppfBuD;ukdapmifhpm;aeMuaomtcsdefjzpfojzifh

vli,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;onfvnf; ukd,fhEk difiHtwGufvIyf&Sm;aeMuaomtcsdefjzpfonf/

&Jabmfrsm;onfvnf; ocifatmifqef;wk d YxHrS owif;uk d apmif harQmfaecJ hMuonf htcsdefwGif eef;&if;0ef

qmay:xGef; ESif h0efBuD;tzGJ Utm; bk&ifcHrS avaMumif;&efrSumuG,fa&; at? tm? yD (ARP- Air

Raid Precaution )vkyfief;rsm;ud k wm0efay;tyfcJ haMumif;od&jyefonf/

1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 8 &ufaeYwGif *syefonf ppfaMunmjcif;rjyKyJ ypdzdwfork'&mtwGif;

[m0kdif,DuRef;33333&Sd tar&duefwk dY\tBuD;qHk;a&wyfpcef; ykvJqdyfurf;44444udk wkdufckdufcJh ojzifh

ta&S Uawmiftm&SwpfckvH k;omru tm&Sa'owpfckvH k; 'kwd,urÇ mppfyG JBuD;ok d Y 0ifa&mufcJ h&onf/

emZD-zufqpftiftm;pkrsm;ESif hyl;aygif;í 0if;&k d;wef; Ek difiHrsm;wGif yg0ifvmonf htjyif *syefonf

r[mrdwfwk d Yodrf;yk dufxm;aom ta&S Uawmiftm&S Ek difiHrsm;uk d wr[kwfcsif; odrf;yk duf&efpDpOfcJ hjcif;jzpf

onf/ ocif&Iarmiftygt0if jrefrmvli,f &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwkdYonfvnf; ,kd;',m;okdY

0ifa&mufvmMuNyD; ,kd;',m;Ek difiHwGif 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif(bD-tk dif-at)ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ( Burma Independence Army ) ukdzGJUpnf;í ArmhvGwfvyfa&;


yk*Hpmtkyf wk duf? 1969) pm- 162 /

22222ausmfNidrf;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf/ (&efukef? tif;0pmaywk duf? 1998) pm 10/

33333 Hawaii

44444 Pearl Harbour



35

twGuftoufpGef Ywkdufck duf&ef vufarmif;aoG;azmufumopö ma& aomufMuonf/ a&S;jrefrm

ppfonfwk d Y\ cH,lcsufjzpfaom opö mqk dí aoG;aomuf&Jabmftjzpfuk d cH,lum ppfxGufavh&S donf h

tavhtxuk d jyKvkyfcJ hMuonf/

opömqkdNyD;aemuf &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf AkdvfbGJUcHcJhMuonf/ ocif&IarmifrSmArmh

vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfuk d OD;pD;&eftwGuf Ak dvfae0if; [lítrnfopfuk d,lcJ h\/ *syefuay;aom

*syefemrfrnfonf ]] wupkudplplrk }}[líjzpfavonf/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;\trnfuk dvnf;

Ak dvfrk d;BudK;[k ajymif;vJcJ honf/ xk dok d Yajymif;vJjcif;rS m tif;uk d [oF mqif;rnf/ [oF muk d rkqk d;av;ESif h

cGif;rnf/ rkqk d;ukd xD;&k d;&k dufrnf/ xD;&kd;uk d rkd;BudK;ypfrnf[laom wabmiftwkdif; paeeHjzpfonf h

NAdwdefxD;&k d;uk d Ak dvfrk d;BudK;u atmifEk difrnf[k jrefrmjynfolrsm; ,H kMunfap&efjzpfonf/11111 Ak dvfae0if;

acgif;aqmifaom &Jabmfig;a,muf uk d a&S Uajy;taeESif h ArmjynfwGif;ok d YapvTwfum ykefuefx<urIuk d

jyKaprnf h[k nTefMum;jcif;cH&onf h tcsdefrSpí jynfawmfuk djyefcsifpdwfrsm; rsm;aecJ honf/ ok d Y&mwGif

Ak dvfae0if; wk d YrxGufMu&ao;ay/ *syefMunf;wyfOD;pD;csKyfESif h a&wyfOD;pD;rsm;u &JabmfoH k;usdyfuk d

tBudwfte,fvkaecJ hMuonf/

4-2/4-2/4-2/4-2/4-2/ *syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)

1942 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfrk d;BudK; (ume,fqlZluD;)? Ak dvfawZ? tkcsD'g;?

wyfa&;Ak dvf uDrl&mESif h tD*sDrmwk d Y ]]&[k dif;zuf}}ok d YxGufcG mcJ hMuonfhtcsdefwGif jynfwGif;qlylrIuk d

vH I Uaqmfrnf h Ak dvfae0if;ESif hig;OD;tjyif vrf;jy 3 OD;vnf;ygoG m;cJ honf/ Ak dvfae0if;tygt0if 8 OD;

onf &[k dif;rS Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwGifpwifxGufcG mcJ honf/ awmawmif jrpfacsmif;uk d jzwfausmfvm

cJ h&ojzif h c&D;onf Murf;wrf;cJ haMumif; Ak dvfae0if;ESif htzG J Uonf vufeuf? txkyftyk d;rsm;uk d xrf;Mu&

aMumif;? awmcsHKuk dckwfxGif;í oG m;Mu&onf htcg oG m;Mu&onf htjyif vrf;c&D;Mumjrif hrIr&S dap&ef

tjyif;ESifMu&onf/ u&if&G mwGifwpfnem;cJ h&m olBuD;ESif h&G mol&Gmom; rsm;u cifrifazmfa&GpG m

{nf hcHMuonf/ aomif;&if;jrpfuk da&mufaomtcg azmifzG JUíul;cJ hMuonf/ jrpfonf ,k d;',m;ESif h

jrefrme,fpyfjzpfí wzufurf;ok d Ya&mufaomtcg jrefrmhajray:ok d YajccscHMu&onf/ Ak dvfae0if;azmifay:rS rqif;rD *syef&Jabmfrsm;jzpfaom ]]wk dif&m}} ESif h ]]uDqaum}} wkd Yonf OD;pG mckefqif;NyD;

vufcsif;,Suf vsuf Ak dvfae0if;uk d csDrícsay;cJ hMuaMumif;ESifh jrefrmhajray:ok d Y [dwf[efygyg

qif;ap&efqk daom t"dyÜ m,fjzif hjyKvkyfay;cJ hMuonf/

wk dif&mESif h uDqaumwk d Yonf Ak dvfae0if;wk d Ytm;EIwfqufNyD;aemuf jyefoG m;cJhonf/

Ak dvfae0if;wk d Y jrefrmjynf wGif;ok d Y a&mufoG m;aMumif; Ak dvfrk d;BudK;ESif h Ak dvfawaZwk d YxH owif;yk d YcJ honf/

11111ausmfNidrf;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf/ (&efukef? tif;0pmaywk duf? 1998) pm 13/



36

Ak dvfae0if;wkd YtzG JU a&TuGif ;BuD;&G mok d Y a&mufMuaomtcg &G m;om;rsm;rouF mí 0k dif;vmMuonf/

Ak dvfae0if;rS ]] usKyfwk d Yonf pwD;b&m; om; opfukrÜPDuyg qifrav;wpfaumif aysmufaevk d Y

vkduf&Smaewm }} [kajymaomfvnf; r,HkMuacs/ acwfBuD;u qifaysmuf&Smaeonfhacwf

r[kwfawmhojzif h aemufqHk;wGif Ak dvfae0if;rS olBuD; OD;b[eftm; trSeftwk dif;ajymjyojzif hvIdufvSJpG mulnDcJhaMumif;ESifhoHvGifjrpftwdkif;pHkqif;&m 0ufBuD;&GmokdYa&muf&SdcJhonf/ bkefBuD;

OD;aZmwdurS ulnDcJ haomfvnf; odrfqdyfwGif yxrbkef;BuD;ausmif;rS vufrcHcJhay/ vrf;ü

ykvdyfuif;tzGJUESifhwkd;í vlpkcGJuma&SmifcJh&onf/ eD;pyf&mbkef;BuD;ausmif;okdY 0ifíckdvIHMu&m

bkef;awmfBuD;rS ]]trsdK;om;a&; atmifjrifrS omoemvnf; xGef;ajymifrnf }} [kqd kum ulnDay;cJ honf/

tkyfpkjzif hoG m;vQif tEÅ &m,f&S dojzif h vufeufypönf;rsm;uk dcG Ja0,lum vlpkcG JcJ hMu&onf/

Ak dvfae0if;onf &efukefok d Yvnf;aumif;? Ak dvfwm&monf ysOf;rem;? Ak dvfrk d;ñk d yJcl;ESif h Ak dvfvif;,kefonf

jynfwGif;uk dwm0ef,lcJ honf/ Ak dvfae0if;ESif hvrf;jywpfOD;onf ESif;ykvJblwmrS rD;&xm;jzif hoG m;cJ hMu&m

&efukefNrdKUok d Y azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYwGifa&muf&S dcJ honf/ rsufES mokyfy0gacgif; aygif;í &kyfazsmufcJ h

&onf/ aemufqH k;wGif Ak dvfae0if;wk d Y a&S Uajy;wyfzG J Uonf jrefrmjynfwGif;0ifa&muf jzpfcJ hMuonf/

awmawmifuk d ausmfjzwfí &efukefok dYa&mufMuvQif (bD-tm&f-yD )(Burma Revolutionary Party-

BRP )ArmhawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif ocifausmfNidrf;ESif htzGJ Uud k qufoG,frdcJhMuonf/ &efukefü

ykefvQdK;um apmif hpm;aecJ hMuonf h &Jabmfrsm;twGuf Ak dvfae0if;wk d Ya&mufvmjcif;onf tm;wk d;aq;

ozG,fjzpfcJ h&onf/ Akdvfae0if; wk d Y,laqmifvmaom ypöwk dtdwfaqmifaoewfuav;rsm;onf fxk dtcsdefwGif vufeufwkdufBuD;wpfckuJ hokd YjzpfcJ honf/ Ak dvfae0if;wkd Yonf awmfvSefa&;twGuf

pk dif;jyif;vsuf 0g'jzef Ypm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;uk d jzef Ya0cJ hMuNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;onf Arm&Jabmfrsm;uk d

pnf;&H k;vk dufonf/ vufeufrsm;uk d&&menf;jzif h pkaqmif;Muí ]]yOörHaysmufusm;ppf}}uk d qifEG JMuonf/

&efukefrS wpfvufrrQqkwfcG míray;[k BuHK;0g;aom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;ESif h t*Fvdyfaoemywdrsm;onf

tvHk;t&if;jzifhupif huvsm; qkwfcG mxGufajy;cJ hMu&onf/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifh Armh

vlxkBuD;\ pnf;vH k;nDnGwfrIjzif h wk dufck dufcJ hMuojzih f t*Fvdyfwyfrsm; ppft&H I;BuD;&H I;cJ h&avonf/

*syefppfAkdvfcsKyfume,fqlZluD;ESifh AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;wkd YOD;pD;aom bD-tkdif-at

wyfrawmf onf 0dwk d&d,tilrS ppfwpfaMumif;? xm;0,fe,frSppfwpfaMumif;? zmyGefrS ppfwpfaMumif;?

ppfaMumif; oH k;aMumif;jzef Yum jrefrmjynfwGif;ok d Y 0ifa&mufcJ hMuonf/ bD-tk dif-at wyfrawmfom;rsm;

onf jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wk dufck duf&ef a'gif;wHqdyf(0g? pdrf;? eD )? vufywfrsm;uk d

0wfqifvsuf ,kd;',m;rS ppfaMumif;rsm;twkdif;0ifa&mufcJhMuonf/ Akdvfae0if;OD;pD;aom

vQdKU0SufwyfzG J U0ifrsm; onf 1942 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYuwnf;u &efukefok d Y a&mufESif hMu

onf/ bD-tk dif-at wyfrawmfzG J Upnf;pwifzG J Upnf;csdefwGif tiftm; 1500 rQom&S daomfvnf;wjznf;jznf;rsm;jym;vmonf h bD-tk dif-at wyfrawmfonf 1942 ckESpf? rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif



37

&efukefNrdKUuk dodrf;yk dufEk difcJ honf htjyif rEÅ av;ukd 1942ckESpf arv 1 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;?

jrpfBuD;em;uk d 1942 ckESpf? arv 12 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? jrefrmwjynfvH k;uk d 1942 ckESpf?

ZGefv 15 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfwk d YxHrStNyD;tyk dif wk dufck dufodrf;yk difEk difcJ honf/ armfvNrdKifuk d

odrf;yk dufNyD;vQif jrefrmEk difiHtm; vGwfvyfa&;aMunmay;ygrnf[k uwday;cJ hMuaom *syefwyfonfarmfvNrdKifukd odrf;yk dufNyD; &efukefNrdKUokd Ya&mufonf hwk dif aMunmjcif;rjyKcJhay/ bD-tk dif-at onf

&efukefuk dodrf;yk dufNyD; 1942ckESpf? rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif ,m,Dtpk d;&uk dzG J UcJ honf/ ,m,Dtpk d;&tzG J UwGif

*syefwk d Yu 0ifa&mufrpGufzuf[kqk daomfvnf; bD-tk dif-at OD;pD;csKyf Ak dvfrSL;BuD;qlZluD;(Ak dvfrk d;BudK;)

onf aMunmcsuf (9)csufjzif hcsKyfuk difxm;cJ honf/ 1942 ckESpf? ZGefv 4 &ufaeYwGif *syeftBudKuf

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwpfckukd a'gufwmAarmf? a'gufwmodef;armif wkdYtygt0iftzGJU0if (12)OD;

jzif hzG J Upnf;cJ hjyefonf/ bD-tk dif-atuk d 1942 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeYwGif&kyfodrf;NyD; *syefrif;{u&mZf

trdef Yt& Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; tD;'g;u ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf bD-'D-at (Burma Defence Army ) uk dtiftm; 5000 txdavQmhcszGJ Upnf;cJ honf/ AkdvfawZ tm; Ak dvfrSL;BuD;&mxl;jzifh bD-'D-at

ppfaoemywdcef Yí bD-'D-atwyf&if; 3 &if;teuf wyf&if; (1)uk d Ak dvfae0if;uwm0ef,lcJ honf/

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;xuf Akdvfae0if;utoufBuD;í EkdifiHa&;ESifhb0tawGYtBuHKpHkonf/

Ak dvfatmifqef;ud k av;pm;cJ hrdonf htcsufrS uk d,fusdK;rzufwk dif;jynftwGuf oufoufjzpfonf hyk*¾ dKvf

jzpfaMumif; [kdifeefuRef; wGifpwifawGUuwnf; Akdvfae0if; od&SdcJhonf/ Akdvfae0if;onf

Ak dvfatmifqef;\ acgif;aqmifrIuk d av;pm;pG mcH,lNyD;aemuf Ak dvfae0if;onf 1942 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif

bD-'D-at ESif h bD-tifef-atwk d\ ppfaoemywd? ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfrSL;? axmufyH ha&; XmeBuD;rSL;tjzpf

wm0efxrf; aqmifcJ honf/

*syefwk d Yonf1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGifa&T&nfpdrfvGwfvyfa&;uk day;cJ hjyef&m

Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;jzpfvmcJ honf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (B.D.A )uk d

Armhwyfrawmf(Burma Army )trnfjzif h jyefvnfzG J Upnf;cJ hNyD;aemuf Ak dvfawZ? Ak dvfae0if;? Ak dvfvusf m?

Ak dvfpMumESif h jrefrmppfacgif;aqmifrsm;u jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfuk d jrefrmrsm;OD;aqmifoif hNyD

jzpfaMumif; Akdvfrk d;BudK;xHpma&;awmif;qkdcJhojzif h AkdvfawZtm; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfppfaoemywdcef YtyfaMumif; trdef YxGufvmcJ honf/ wyfrBuD; 2 wyfzG J UíppfxGuf&efjzpf&m wyfr(1)uk d

]]u*}} wyfr[k *syefrsm;ac:í Ak dvfaZ,suk d tkyf csKyfaponf/ wyfr(2)uk d ]]wumpl*D; }}wyfr[k

ac:í Ak dvfae0if;uk dtkyfcsKyfapcJ honf/ uyÜwdef uDw*sDrm;onf Ak dvfae0if;\ tBuHay;t&m&S djzpf

onf/ Ak dvfae0if;onf [oF mwNrdKUok d Y0ifa&mufí u&if-Arm acgif;aqmifrsm; ESif hawG UqH kNyD; rsdK;cspfygwD

vlBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;jr? OD;atmifomwk d Ytm; tiftm;&S dap&ef u&if-Arm vlBuD;? vli,f? tpk d;&

11111Captain Kitajima



38

trIxrf;? v,form;? tvkyform;? tm;vH k;twl yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMurS jzpfvdrf Yrnf[k ajymqk dpnf;&H k;

cJ honf/

1943 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif ArmhwyfrawmfjyefvnfzG J Upnf;&m tiftm;

5,000 rS 15, 000txd wk d;vmcJ honf/ ppfOD;pD;tzG J Uuk dvnf; jyefvnfzG J Upnf;cJ honf/ jyefvnfzG J Upnf;

aom ppfOD;pD;tzG JUwGif Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;jzpfí Ak dvfrSL;BuD;ae0if;onf

ppfaoemywd jzpfvmcJ honf/ *syefwk d Yonf jrefrmwGif;xGufobm0ypönf;rsm;uk d aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,f&ef?

jrefrmjynfol rsm tm;n§if;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;om;jzpfonf/ þonfuk d xk dpOfuumuG,fa&;0efBuD;jzpfol

Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;rS pdwfrcsrf;ajrUojzifh 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 23 &ufaeYwGif rdrdtdrfwGif

vQdKU0Suftpnf;ta0;usif;ycJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf xk dvQdKU0Suftpnf;ta0;wGif ]] zufqpf

wk dufzsufa&;jynfol YvGwfvyfa&;tzG J U (z.w.y.v) Anti Fascist Organization (A.F.O)uk dzG J Upnf;cJ h

onf/ xk dtcsdefwGif urÇ mhppfrsufES m wGif zufqpfemZDwk d Yta&;edrf Yí r[mrdwfwk d Y ta&;omaeonf

jzpf&m rlvuxGufajy;oGm;aom NAdwdoQ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfwGif;okd Y jyefvnf

0ifa&mufpjyKaeavNyD xk dtcsdefwGif Armhwyfrawmf(Burma Army )uk d rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf(Patriotic

Burmese Forces-P.B. F )[k trnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:cJ honf/

*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif Ak dvfrSL;BuD;ae0if;onf ppfaMumif;(2)jzif h jrpf0uRef;ay:(zsmyH kbuf )

uk d wm0ef,lcJ h&onf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;aeYuk d 1945 ckESpf? atNyDv 4 &ufaeY owfrSwfxm;

aomfvnf; tajctaet& 1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYok d Yajymif;vJowfrSwfvkdufcJ h&onf/txufArmjynfwGif rl wyfwGif;vIyf&S m;rIaMumif h rwfv * &ufaeYuwnf;u *syefud k pwifwk dufck duf

cJ honf/ *syefwk d Y r&dyfrdap&ef Ak dvfrSL; Axl; acgif;aqmifaomtxufArmjynfawmfvSefa&;onf

Ak dvfcsKyf atmifqef; uk daomfvnf;aumif;? *syeftvkdawmf&d a'gufwm Aarmftpkd;&ukdaom

vnf;aumif;? wNydKifwnf; aMunmí wkdufckduf&avonf/ okdYr[kwfygu usefwyfrsm;rS

rvIyfomr,Sufom *syefwk d Y\zrf;qD; jcif;cH&rnfjzpfonf/ ]] 1945 ckESpf? atNyDv 2 &ufaeY aeY 1

em&DrSpí zufqpf*syefuk d Armwk dif;ol jynfom;tm;vH k;ESif hwuG Armhwyfrawmfu ppfaMunmvk dufNyD

}} [lí *syefppfaMunmcsufxkwfí wk dufck dufwGef;vSefcJ honf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;ae0if;onf zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;wGif wk dif; 2 jzpfaomjrpf0uRef;ay: \ ta&S Uyk dif;wk dif;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJ h&onf/

4-3/4-3/4-3/4-3/4-3/ vGwfvyfa&;wGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;wGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;wGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;wGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;wGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tNyD; 1945 ckESpf? arv 3 &ufaeYwGif t*Fvdyfwyfrsm; &efukefNrdKUuk d

jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJ honf/ jrefrmEk difiHonfvnf; NAdwdoQwk d Y\ppftkyfcsKyfa&;vufatmuf usa&mufcJ h

onf/1945 ckESpf? arv 17 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpk d;&onf jrefrmEk difiHqk dif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl0g'

oabmxm;aMunmcsufjzpfonf h puúLjzLpmwrf;ud kxkwfjyefaMunmNyD; jrefrmEk difiH\ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h



39

pD;yG m;a&;qufvufcsKyfuk difxm;&efpDpOfcJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonf h zwyvtzG J UcsKyf

onf 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif uefawmfBuD;apmif;&Sd aeol&def&H kBuD;wGif

jynfol Ytpnf;ta0;wpf&yfusif;ycJ honf/ Armhwyfrawmfopfuk d rsd k;cspfArmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;jzif h

zG J Upnf;&eftqk d? zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'a&;qG Ja&;twGuf wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfac:,l&eftqk dESif hjrefrmwpfEk difiHvH k; nDnTwfa&;tqk drsm;wifoGif; qH k;jzwfcJ honf/aeol&defvlxktpnf;ta0;wGif

]]zufqpfqef Yusifa&;tzG J UcsKyf}}[laomtrnfuk d ]]zufqpfqef Yusif ha&; jynfol YvGwfvyfa&;tzG J UcsKyf

(z-q-y-v)(The Anti Fascist People's Freedom League or the A F P F L )11111 [kajymif;vJac:a0:&ef

qH k;jzwfcJ hMuonf/ tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J U0ifrsm;uk d a&G;aumufwifajr§ mufcJ h&m &JabmfoH k;usdyf0if

AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; onf OuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif;? Akdvfae0if;ESif h Akdvfvusfmwkd Yonf

A[k dOD;pD;tzG J U0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&T;aumufwifajr§ mufcH&onf/ aeol&defvlxktpnf;ta0;

wGif wifoGif;cJ honf h ArmhwyfrawmfzG J Upnf;a&;udpöESif hywfoufí aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf ta&S Uawmiftm&SppfaoemywdcsKyf avmhvl0Darmif hbufwefonf jrefrmuk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J Uuk d uE´ DNrdKUok d Yzdwfac:cJ h

onf/xk dzdwfac:csuft& Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;? Ak dvfvuf sm? Ak dvfae0if; Ak dvfaZ,s? Ak dvfausmfaZmwk d YESif h

Ak dvfaZmfrif;wk dYygoG m;cJ h onf/ 1945 ckESpf? pufwifbm 7 &ufaeYwGif uE´ DoabmwlnDcsufukd

vufrSwfa&;xk d;Ek difcJ honf/

1945 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 15 &ufaeY uEoabmwlnDcsuft& topfzG J Upnf;wnfaxmif

aomwyfrawmfwGif AkdvfrSL;BuD;ae0if;onf Ak dvfrSL; tqif hjzifh Armhaoewfukdifwyf&if;(4)\'kwyf&if;rSL;tjzpf pmwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ 1946 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif

'kwd,Ak dvfrSL;BuD; wyf&if;rSL;tqif hok d Y wk d;jr§if hwm0efxrf;aqmifapjcif; cH&onf/ 1947 ckESpf? Zlvk difv

19 &ufaeYwGif Mum;jzwftpk d;&tzG J U0if 0efBuD;rsm;onf tpk d;tzG J U\ 'kwd,OuúX Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;

\&H k;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeMupOf OD;apm\ vufyg;apvlowform;rsm;u aoewfjzif h 0ifa&muf

ypfcwfí Ek difiHacgif;aqmifrsm;uk d vkyfBuHowfjzwfcJ hMuavonf/ vlowform;wk d Y\vufcsufjzif h

Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;tygt0if Ek difiH hacgifaqmifBuD; 9 OD;usqH k;cJ h&onf/

Ek difiHwpfckvH k;uaomif;ueif;jzpfaecsdefwGif Ak dvfcsKyfonf wyfrawmfuk d wnfNidrfrI&S dap&ef

xdef;xm;íEk difcJ honf htjyif Ek difiHawmftay:opö m&S d&S d wm0efuk dausyGefpG mxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyf

atmifqef;r&S dvQif &Jabmfrsm;u Ak dvfcsKyf ae0if; uk dacgif;aqmifwifcJ hMuonf/ bD-tk dif-at ^

bD-'D-at &Jabmfrsm;onff AkdvfcsKyftm; av;pm;Muonf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;\trSmpum; ukd

aumif;pG mem,lcJ hMuonf/

11111

Ak dvfrSL; baomif;? ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;ork dif;/ (&efukef? t&kPfOD;pmay? 1967)pm 307/



40

1947 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 8 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfrSL;BuD; tqif hwk d;jr§if hjcif;cH&NyD;? 1947

ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 12 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfrSL;csKyftqif hjzif h ajrmufyk dif;wk dif;wk dif;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/

Mum;jzwftpk d;&tzG J Uonf h 1947 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif ]]jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;pmcsKyf}}

uk d csKyfqk dEk difcJ honf/ OD;EkESif h NAdwdoQeef;&if;0ef tufwvDwk d YrS]] Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf }} uk d vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJ hMuonf/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;pmcsKyf csKyfqkdNyD;aemuf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;uk d 1948 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY eHeuf 4 em&D 20 rdepf 37 puúefYtcsdefwGif vGwfvyfaom ]] jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEk difiHawmf }} tjzpfaMunmcJ havonf/

4-4/4-4/4-4/4-4/4-4/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)

vGwfvyfa&;NyD;wqufwnf;rS myif ykefuefjcm;em;rIrsm;uk dz,f&S m;jcif;jzif h pnf;urf;jynf h0

aom acwfrDaomwyfrawmfBuD;ukd xlaxmifEk difcJhonf hacgif;aqmifrS m Ak dvfcsKyfae0if; jzpfonf/xk dtaMumif;uk d Ak dvfcsKyf\vuf&H k;ozG,fjzpfaom Ak dvfrSL;BuD; atmifBuD;u a'gufwmarmifarmif

(or®w tNidrf;pm;) tm; aemufaMumif;jyefajymjybl;aMumif;od&S dygonf/ Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh

Ak dvfatmifBuD;wk d Y onf jynfvrf;&S dppf&Jwyf&if;xJrS tkwfwk dufwwk dufuk d ppfXmecsKyfvkyfNyD;aemuf

vufeufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;cJ hMuonf/ wk dufyG JxGufonf hwpfBudrfwGif &ufav;q,fvHk;vH k;?aeYpOf

(24)em&DeD;yg; wk dufck dufcJ hMu &onf/ xk d&ufav;q,fonf jrefrmhork dif;aMumif;uk d ajymif;aponf h

tcsdefumv jzpfí ArmhvGwfvyfa&;uk d rwdrf;&atmifxdef;cJ h&onf h tcsdefumv jzpfonf/

1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,ppfaoemywdcsKyf(wyfaygif;pk )jzpfvmcJ hNyD;

1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 13 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfcsKyftqif hok d Y wk d;jr§ifcef Ytyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1949 ckESpf?

azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif Armhwyfrawmf 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJ honf/

1949 ckESpfonf wk dif;jynf\tajctaeqk d;&G m;qH k;aomESpfjzpfcJ h&m autif'Dtkdrsm;

qlylaomif;usef;cJ hojzif h a&mifpH kolykefaomif;usef;olrsm;\tEÅ &m,fonf tjrif hrm;qH k;ok d Y a&mufcJ h

onf/ jrefrmEk difiH&S d jrdKUrsm;teuf &5 %onfa&mifpH kolykefrsm;\vufwGif;ok d Y usa&mufaeonfh

tajctaeü &efukefNrdKUonfyif autif'Dtk drsm;vufok d Yusa&mufawmhrnf h f tajctaersm;jzpfcJ honf/tpkd;&tMuyftwnf;awGUaecsdefwGif jynfaxmifpkwnfNrJa&;twGuf t"dutiftm;jzpfonf

wyfrawmfukdpnf;&Hk;um EkdifiHawmftmPmukd odrf;&efBudK;yrf;rIwpf&yfay:aygufvmonf/

zqyvtpk d;&onfa&mifpH kaomif;usef;olrsm;\ ab;tEÅ &m,fomru trIxrf;rsm;\oydwfuk dvnf;

&ifqk difcJ h&m Ek difiHawmf\tajctaerS m txl ;pk d;&drfzG,f&mjzpfonf/ 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 8

&ufaeY nwGif ppfOD;pD;csKyf Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;rS toHvTifXmerSwk dif;jynfok d Y arwå m&yfcHcsufajymMum;cJ honf/

1949 ckESpf? rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;tqif hok d Y wk d;jr§if hcef Ytyfjcif;cH&onf/

1949 ckESpf? atNyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tm; 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpf



41

jynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmeESif humuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xmewk d Yuk d tkyfcsKyf&efwm0efay;aomtcg wm0eftaeESif h

trIxrf;cJhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;onf 1948 ckESpfwGifwpfBudrf? 1949 ckESpfwGifwpfBudrf

vuf0Jtiftm;pkESifh vuf,mtiftm;pkwkdY\tmPmodrf;&efpnf;&Hk;rIrsm;ukd vufrcHjcif;jzifh

wyfrawmftwGif;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfrIuk d xdef;xm;Ek difcJ honf/ 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfwm0efxrf;aqmifpOfwGifxkd;ESufwkdufckdufvsuf&Sdaoma&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm;tjyif autrfwDwyfrsm;\usL;ausmf

0ifa&mufrIuk d [ef Ywm;wk dufxkwfcJ hNyD; wk dif;jynftay:opö m&S d&S dwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1949 ckESpf?

ZlvkdifvwGif vef'efokd YoG m;a&mufí Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ]]qm0DvsHpvif;}}ESif hawG YqHkcJhonf/ jrefrmEk difiH

tES HUtjym; &S daomif;usef;aeaom a&mifpH kolykefrsm;uk d &S dorQtiftm;ESif h wk dufck dufES drfESif;cJ honf h

twGuf jrefrmEk difiHtwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&S dvmcJ honf/ wk dif;jynfNidrf;csrf;a&;&vmNyD;aemuf 1950

jynf hESpf? pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGifwyfrawmf\wm0efukd jyefvnfxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1956

ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; &mxl;wk d;jr§ifjcif;cH&onf/

1958 ckESpf? ar 6 &ufaeYwGif zqyvtzG J UcsKyfonf oef Y&Sif;zqyv? wnfNrJzqyv[lí

ESpfjcrf;uG JcJ honf/ 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv 9 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHygvDref jynfol YvTwfawmf

txl;tpnf;ta0;wGif wnfNrJzqyvrS OD;AaqGrS OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaomtpd k;&tay: t,H ktMunf

r&S d tqk dwifoGif;cJ h&m &I H;ES drf hcJ honf/ OD;EkOD;aqmifaom tmPmqufvufwnfNrJcJ haomfvnf;

ESpfzuftkyfpkuG Jjym;rI*,ufaMumif h Ek difiHa&;tajctaewpfaeYwpfjcm;qk d;&G m;vmcJ honf/ xk d YaMumif h

1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\tmPmvTJajymif;ay;csuft&Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf tdrfapmif htpk d;&tzG J U\ 0ef BuD;csKyfESif humuG,fa&;0efBuD;wm0efrsm;uk d

xrf;aqmifcJ h onf/ ]] uRefawmf0efBuD;csKyf&J Uwm0ef0wå&m;uk d tckvk dvufcH&jcif;[m uRefawmfeJ UwuG

trwfrif;rsm;tm;vH k; tjrwfwEk d;OD;xdyf&Gufyefxm;wJ h Ek difiHawmfzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'eJ U'Drk dua&pD

tpOftvmuk d tEÅ &m,ftrsdK;rsdK;u Ncdrf;ajcmufaES mif h,SufvmaewmawG U&wJ htwGuf 'DtEÅ &m,fuk d

umuG,fzk d Ywm0ef,l vufcHvk dufjcif;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf'Dvk dwm0ef,ljcif;[m jynfaxmifpkom;

yk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;taeESif hvnf;aumif;? ppfom;wpfa,muftaeESif hvnf;aumif; wm0ef&S dwJ htwk dif;

wm0ef,lvk dufjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumif h ygvDrefuay;tyfwJ h'Dwm0efBuD;uk d uRefawmf&J&J0H h0H h vufcHvk dufjcif;jzpfygw,f }} [kajymMum;cJ hygonf/11111

tdrfapmih f tpd k;&tzG J UwGif 0efBuD; (13) OD;yg&S donf/ 22222 wd kif;jynftwGif; Nidrf0yfydjym;rI?

11111 OD;pHNidrf;? jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)/ wG Jbufa&;ol a'gufwm

a':jrif hMunf/ 'k-Budrf/ (&efukef? aMu;rH kowif;pmwk duf? 1991) pm-159/

22222

jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwufrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJ(1948-1962)(1948-1962)(1948-1962)(1948-1962)(1948-1962)/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1996) pm - 246/



42

vHkNcHKrI&S d NyD; tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m; yH krSefvnfywf Ed kifa&;twGuf tdrfapmif htpdk;&onf

txl;*½kjyKaqmif&GufcJ honf/ 1959 ckESpf {NyDvrukefrD vGwfvyfí w&m;rQwaom taxGaxG

a&G;aumufyG JBuD; usif;yEd kifa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Guf ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;

uwdjyKcJ honf/ tdrfapmih ftpd k;& vufxufwGif tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ &m; odompG mwd k;wuf aumif;rGefvmaMumif; 1959 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;aeUtxl;xkwf Armhacwf owif;pmu a&;om;azmfjycJ honf/

0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ zdwfac:csuft& AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tdrfapmih ftpd k;& odk Ur[kwf

wyfrawmftpd k;&\wm0ef,lrIrS m tcsdeftcgtajctaeESif h vk dufavsmnDaxGrI&S dNyD; jynfolwd k U \

axmufcHrIudkvnf; aumif;pGm&&SdcJhaMumif; tdEd,EdkifiH a'vDwuúodkvfrS a&;om;xm;aom

pmtkyfwGifazmfjyxm;onf/11111 Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;onf a&G;aumufyG Jud k 1959 ckESpf {NyDvrukef rD

usif;yay;rnf[k uwdjyKajymMum;xm;aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyG Jud k owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdef

umvtwGif;usif;yjyKvkyfay;&efrS m rjzpfEd kifcJ hacs/ wd kif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf a&mifpH kolykef

rsm;ud kES drfeif;aeqJ wyfrsm;tm;a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyefvnf½kyfodrf;ygu olykefrsm;touf½SL

ayguf&oG m;NyD; wd kif;jynfjyefvnf'ku©a&mufoG m;rnfjzpf&m Ed kifiHa&;tzGJ Utpnf;rsm;tcsif;csif;

rajyvnfrIrsm;? EdkifiHtESH Utjym;wGif &S daeaomvufeufrsm;udk ukefpifatmifrodrf;Edkifao;í

a&G;aumufyJ Gusif;yay;&efrjzpfEdkifcJ hacs/ xd kpOfutajccHOya'yk'fr tcef; (7) yk'fr (116) t&

0efBuD;csKyftopfonf ygvDreftrwfr[kwfvQif ¤if;\oufwrf;umvrSm (6) vom&S d ojzif h

Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rSEkwfxGufcGif hud k 1959 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufaeUwGifwifjycJ honf/ 0efBuD;csKyftjzpfjyefvnfaqmif&Gufapvd kygu yk'fr (116) ud k jyefvnfjyifqifay;yg&ef

wpfqufwnf;tBuHjyKwifjycJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jyefvnfwifjy csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí

jynfol UvTwfawmftrwfrsm;? Ed kifiHa&;tzG J Utpnf;rsm;u Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;tm; 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf

jyefvnfwifajr§ mufEd kif&ef tajccHOya'yk'fr (116) wGifyg0ifonh f jy|mef;csufrsm;ud k aemufwpfBudrf

a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD; jynfol Uud k,fpm;vS,ftpd k;&zG JUpnf;onh f tcsdefxd acwå½kyfodrf;xm;&ef

tajccHtkyfcsKyfyH k Oya'twnfjyKcsufud k twnfjyKcJ honf/ Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tm; 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf

qufvufwm0ef,lapvk donh ftwGuf tajccHOya'yk'fr (116) ud k ,m,Djyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/

1956 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufaeUwGif Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if; OD;aqmifonhf

tdrfapmih ftpd k;&ud k 'kwd,tBudrfzG J Upnf;cJ honf/ 'kwd,tBudrfzG J Upnf;cJ h aom tdrfapmif htpd k;&

0efBuD;tzG J UwGif umuG,fa&;0ef;BuD;XmerS yk*¾ dKvf (2) OD;yg0ifvmonf/ wd kif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;

ESif h vkyfief;wGifus,fxda&mufa&;twGuf ppfbuft&m&S dBuD;rsm;ud k 0efBuD;Xmevufatmufü 1958

11111Government and Politics of Asian Countries: Myanmar / edited by Verlinder

Grover.--New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications PVT.LTD, 2000.



43

ckESpfrSpí wm0efrsm;ay;tyfcJ honf/ 1959 ckESpf rwfv (10) &ufaeUwGif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

xkwfjyefaom trdef Ujyefwrf;wGif ¤if;ud k,fwd kif tpd k;&tzG J U 0ef BuD;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf

aeonh ftcsdeftcgwGif ppfrIxrf;tm;vH k; tjcm;tzG J U tpnf;rsm;ESif h qufqH&mwGifvnf;aumif;?

jynfolrsm;ESif hqufqH&mwGifvnf;aumif; yd krd k pnf;urf;ao0yfMu &efESif h pnf;urf;azmufzsufygujyif;xefpG mta&;,lrnfjzpfaMumif;yg&S donf/

1957 ckESpf rwfvESif h Mo*kwfvrsm;wGif tdrfapmif htpd k;&oufwrf; (3)vausmfrQ

tcsdeftwGif;wGif wd kif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;? ukefaps;EIef; usqif;a&; tajctaet&yf&yfwdkU

wnfNidrfoG m;ap&ef tm;oGefcGefpd kufaqmif&GufcJ haMumif;? pufrIvufrIvkyfief;rsm; wd k;wuf atmifjrifrI

&S daMumif; NrdKU&G moef U&Sif;a&;ESif hwuG pnf;urf; ao0yfa&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpd kuf jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf

Ed kifaMumif;a&;om;azmfjycJ honf/11111

a&G;aumufyG Jusif;yEd kifa&;twGuf wd kif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;tygt0if tjcm;vkyf

ief;t&yf&yfudk tm;oGefcGefpdkufaqmif&GufaeonhfMum;rS tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf &Srf;jynfe,f

twGufvnf; ordkif;0ifajymif;vJrIvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/ a&S;acwftqufqufu

tjrpfwG,fcJhaom &Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrItmPmudk tNyD;wdkifpGefYvTwfapcJh

jcif;jzpfonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fonf jrefrmEd kifiH\jynfe,fwpfckjzpfygvsufya'o&mZfpepfqufvuf

&Sifoefaejcif;ud k vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;(10)ESpftwGif; zqyvtpd k;&u jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKEd kifcJ hojzif h

tdrfapmif htpd k;&wufvmNyD; (6)vwm tcsdefumvtwGif; apmfbG m;rsm;tm; tmPmpGefUvTwf

apEd kifcJ hjcif;rS m xl ;jcm;aomaqmif&Gufcsufjzpfonf/22222

1960 jynf hESpf azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufaeUwGif a&G;aumufyG Jusif;yay;rnf jzpfaMumif;

tdrfapmif htpd k;&u twdtvif;aMunmvd kufNyD; zqyv ygwDBuD;ESpfckonf a&G;aumufyG JtEd kif&&S da&;

twGuf NydKifqd kifrIt&S deft[kefyd krd kwd k;jr§if hvIyf&S m;cJ h Muonf/ a&G;aumufyG JESif hpyfvsOf;í wyfrawmfom;

rsm; vd kufem&eftrdef Upmwpfapmifud k 1959 ckESpf Ed k0ifbmv (11) &ufaeU aeUpG Jjzif h xkwfjyefcJ honf/

(u)tjzpfEd kifqH k; w&m;rQwaom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJjzpfap&ef/(c)wyfrawmfu&&S daeaomjynfolvlxk\,H kMunfav;pm;rI ud k qufvuf&S d ap&efjzpfonf[kazmfjyxm;&S donf/ 1960 jynf hESpf

Zefe0g&Dv (16) &ufaeUrSpwifí Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om; (13) OD;ud k jyefvnfvTwfay;cJhonf/

a&G;aumufyG Jumv twGif; bufvd kufjcif;? rw&m;jyKvkyfjcif;? Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;p onfrsm;&S dcJ honf/

tdrfapmih ftpd k;& onf ay;xm;onh fuwdtwd kif; a&G;aumufyG JwGiftEd kif&&S d oG m;onh f Ed kifiHa&;ygwD


yk*Hpmtkyf wk duf? 1969) pm- 373-377 /22222,if;/ pm 387/



44

vufod k U tmPmvT Jajymif;ay;&ef tpDtpOftwd kif;aqmif&GufcJ honf/ 1960 jynf hESpf {NyDv (4)

&ufaeY jynfol UvTwfawmfnDvmcHwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiH\ 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf OD;Ekud k NydKifbufr&S d

a&G;aumufwifajr§ mufvd kufaMumif; aMunmcJ honf/ Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;pD;aom tdrfapmih ftpd k;&

onf uwdtwd kif; a&G;aumufyG Jusif;y ay;cJ honfomru jynfolvlxktvd kus rJay;a&G;aumufaomtpd k;&tzG J UopfvufxJod k U tmPmvT Jajymif; ay;cJ honf/ tdrfapmif htpd k;& tzG J Uonf 4if;\oufwrf;

(14)vwm umvtwGif; jynfol UqEESif htnD a&G;aumufyG J usif;yay;NyD; tpd k;&tzG J Uopfod k U tmPm

vT Jajymif;ay;Ed kifcJ honfomru tcsdefwd kumvtwGif; Ed kifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI&&S da&;? Ed kifiHawmfwd k;wuf

pnfyifa&;wd k Uud k aqmif&GufcJ honf/ ¤if;tcsdefu tbufbufucsdeJ Yaeonh f Ed kifiHa&;? pD;yG m;a&;?

tkyfcsKyfa&;? vlrIa&;ponh f u@toD;oD;wGif wd k;wufrI&S dap&ef pepfwuspDpOfaqmif&GufEd kifouJ hod k U

tdrfapmih ftpd k;&vufxufwGif wyfrawmf\ ppfa&; qd kif&m pGrf;aqmifEd kifrIaMumih f aomif;usef;ol

rsm;pG m txdemtajc,d kifcJ h&onf/ epfjzL? epfeD? autrf'Dtd k? trftif'Dtd k? &Srf;aomif;usef;ol? rl*sm[pf?w½kwfjzLponh f aomif;usef;ol tzG J Utpnf;rsm;ud k ppfqifa&;rsm;jyKvkyfqifET Jjcif;? wyfpcef;rsm;

xdef;odrf;&jcif;wdk UaMumih f wdkufyG JBuD; (386) BudrfESif hwd kufyGJi,f (2743) BudrfqifEJTcJh&onf/11111

&efolrsm;bufrS txdemcJ hovd k wyfrawmfbufrS vnf; tqH k;t½I H;rsm;&S dcJ hygonf/ aomif;usef;ol

rsm;tcsif;csif; oabmxm; uG JcJ hMuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? wyfrawmf\ xk d;ppfqifrI'Pfudk

rcHEd kifívnf;aumif; vufeufud kifvrf;pOfud k pGef YvTwf&ef tjrifrSef&&S dcJ hMu ojzif h vufeufcstyfES HrI

rsm;&S dcJ honf/ xl;jcm;aomatmifjrifrI wpf&yftaeESif h vufeufykef; tajrmuftrsm;ud k azmfxkwfEd kifcJ h

onf/

Ed kifiHawmfwd k;wufwnfNidrfa&;twGuf xl;jcm;aomatmifjrifrIwpf&yftaeESif h NrdKUopf?

aps;opfrsm;wnfaxmifay;jcif;? usL;ausmfaqmufvkyfxm;aom wJtdrfrsm;udkajymif;a&TU

ae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJ honf/ &efukefNrdKUawmfae&mtES H Utjym;wGif vlOD;a& (3) odef;cef Yud k

ajymif;a&TUae&mcsxm;ay;Ed kifcJhonf/ ajymif;a½T Uae&mcsxm;ay;Ed kifa&;twGuf jynfol td k;tdrf

jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;tzG J U jynfol Yvkyfief;0efBuD;Xme?qnfajrmif;XmeESif hwyfrawmfwd k Uu wd kawmif;

onh f tcsdefumvtwGif; Ouúvmy? omauwNrdKUopfrsm;ud kwnfaqmufay;cJ honf/ ykZGefawmifacsmif;ud kjzwful;aomrD;&xm;wHwm;ud k wyfrawmf tif*sifeD,mtzG J UrS armfawmf,mOf ESif h vloG m;

wHwm;tjzpf jyKjyifwnfaqmufay;jcif;jzif h &efukefESif homauwNrdKUopfud k vG,fulpG mqufoG,f

oG m;vmEd kifa&; aqmif&Gufay;cJ honf/

11111

jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif; pwkw¬wGJ(1948-1962)(1948-1962)(1948-1962)(1948-1962)(1948-1962)/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1996) pm - 36/



45

usL;ausmf&yfuGufrsm;ud kzsufodrf;NyD; NrdKUopfrsm;csxm;ay;cJ hjcif;aMumif h &efukefNrdKUESif h

wuGjrefrmjynft&yf&yfwGif rD;avmifrIenf;yg;oG m;ouJ hod k U &mZ0wfrIrsm;vnf;usqif;oG m;cJ h onf/

tjcm;xl;jcm;onh faqmif&Gufcsufwpf&yfrS m &efukefjrLeDpy,ftzG J Uud k wyfrawmfom;rsm;? jynfol U&J

wyfzG J Ursm;? jynfolvlxktiftm;rsm;jzif h pkaygif;um tywfpOfaqmif&GufcJ hrIaMumif h wd k;wufajymif;vJrIrsm;&S dcJ honf/

tdrfapmif htpd k;&vufxufwGif vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;Xme\ vkyfief;rsm;ESif h qufET,fae

onh f Ed kifiHjcm;om;rSwfyH kwifa&;udpöud k 1958 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufaeUrS pwifaqmif&GufEd kif

cJ honf/ Ed kifiHjcm;qufqHa&;u@wGif ,d k;',m; (xd kif;)? uarÇ m'D;,m;? tpöa&;? tm&yf? ygupöwef?

tdE´ d, ponh fEd kifiHrsm;ESif h cspfMunf&if;ES D;pG m qufqHcJ honf/1960 jynf hESpf Zefe0g&Dv (28) &ufaeYü

jrefrm-w½kwf e,fedrdwfpmcsKyfud k csKyfqd kEd kifatmif aqmif&GufcJ honf/11111

ESpf&Snfvrsm; rNyD;jywfonh fw½kwf-jrefrm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&; udpöjzpfNyD; bbppfqifa&; 22222 trnfay;xm;NyD; atmifjrifpG m

pmcsKyfcsKyfqd kcJ honf/ w½kwf-jrefrm e,fedrdwfjyóemESif h ywfoufí ESpfEd kifiHtpd k;&\ cspfMunfa&;

wpfEd kifiHESif hwpfEd kifiH usL;ausmf wd kufcd kufjcif; rjyKvkyf&ef pmcsKyfcsKyfqd kEd kifcJ honf/ tdrfapmif htpd k;&\

Ed kifiHjcm;qufqHa&;wGif tay:vGifqHk; aqmif&GufrIjzpfonf/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif

wyfrawmft&m&S dBuD;rsm; OD;pD;í BuH hcd kifa&; toif;rsm;ud k jrefrmEd kifiHwpfEd kifiHvH k;wGif wnfaxmif

cJ hMuonf/ 33333 BuH hcd kifa&;toif;rsm;\ wuf<upG m yg0ifulnDrIaMumif h Ed kifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESif h

Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&;vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufcJhonf/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmftwGif;pnf;urf;ao0yfonh f zG H UNzdK;wd k;wufrI &&S dap&ef aqmif&Gufay;cJ hNyD; 1960 jynh fESpf azazmf0g&Dv (6)

&ufaeUwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumuf yGJudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yay;cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif

tEd kif&&S daom oef U&Sif;zqyv tzGJ Uod k U 1960 jynf hESpf {NyDv (4) &ufaeUwGif tmPmvT Jajymif;

ay;tyfcJ honf/

oef U&Sif; zqyv tzG J Uonf OD;Ektm;0efBuD;csKyftjzpfwifajr§ mufNyD; tpd k;&tzG J U zG J Upnf;cJ h

onf/ oef U&Sif;zqyv tzGJ Uud kvnf; jynfaxmifpkygwD ( yxp ) [k trnfajymif;vJ cJ honf/OD;Ekonf aiGaMu;ukefusrIoufomap&ef tpd k;&tzG J Uud k 0efBuD;OD;a& enf;enf;jzih f zG J Upnf;cJ hojzif h

11111Dorothy Woodman. The Making of Burma =acwf jre frmwnf[efacwf jre frmwnf[efacwf jre frmwnf[efacwf jre frmwnf[efacwf jre frmwnf[ef/

bmomjyefol OD;wifarmif&if/ (&efukef? jrwfEk d;olpmay? 1978) pm 639/22222Burma Boundary Operation

33333

ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk dufrSL;&H k;/ wyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJ(1948-wyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJ(1948-wyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJ(1948-wyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJ(1948-wyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJ(1948-1962)1962)1962)1962)1962)/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1996) pm - 257/



46

ygwDwGif;rauseyfrIrsm;jzpfay:cJ honf/ tkyfcsKyfrIoufwrf; (1) ESpfrjynf hrD OD;? Ad kvftkyfpkESif hociftkyfpk

tzG J UuG JNyD;tkyfpkpG JqErsm;jyif;jyif;xefxefay:aygufcJ honf/11111 jynfaxmifpk ygwDonf pnf;vH k;rIysufjym;

vmum tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ &m;rsm;yg ysufjym;vmcJ honf/ jynfaxmifpk ygwDtpd k;&vufxufwGif

Ak'bmomud k Ed kifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjy|mef;&efBudK;yrf;rIonf EdkifiHa&; rwnfNidrfrIud kay:aygufapcJ honf/ 1960 jynf hESpf {NyDv (4) &ufaeUwGif Ak'bmomud k Ed kifiHawmf bmomtjzpfjy|mef;a&;

qd kif&m tBuHay;tzG JUud kzGJ Ypnf;cJ honf/ ucsifjynfe,fwGif c&pf,mefbm omud k;uG,folrsm;ESif h

ewfud k;uG,folrsm;aexdkifMuojzif h Ak'bmomud k Ed kifiHawmfbmomtjzpf todtrSwfjyKa&;ud k

jyif;xefpG mqef YusifMuygonf/ Ak'bmomud k Ed kifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;oif honf? roif honf

0g'jiif;cH krIrsm;? axmufcHolrsm;? uef UuGufolrsm; ponfjzif h qlylvIyf&S m;vmMuonf/ 1960 jynf hESpf

Mo*kwfv (11) &ufaeUwGif jynfrESif h jynfe,frsm;rS c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;? tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;

ESif h ewfudk;uG,folwd kif;&if;om;rsm;u wd kif;&if;om;bmoma&;vlenf;pkaygif;pH kr[mrdwftzG J Uud kzG J Ypnf;wnfaxmifum qE´jycJ h Muonf/ tpd k;&tzG J YtwGif; Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfonhf

0efBuD;rsm;twGif;wGif uef UuGufrIrsm; jzpfvmcJ honf/22222 1961 ckESpf Bo*kwfv (26) &ufaeUwGif

ygvDrefü zG J Ypnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k jyifqifum Ak'bmomud k Ed kifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjy|mef;cJ honf/

Ak'¨bmomudk Ed ki fiHawmfbmom tjzpfjy|mef;ay;jcif;jzif h Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfaom

wd kif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;twGif; rauseyfí qlylrIrsm;ay:aygufcJ h&onf/ trsdK;om;pnf;vH k;nDñGwf

a&;udk xdcd kufcJ h&onf/ Ak'bmom0if r[kwfonh f jynfolrsm;\pd k;&drfxdwfvef UrI? rauseyfrIrsm;

yaysmufap&ef ygvDrefwGif jyifqif csufOya'udk xyfrHjy|mef;ay;cJhonf/ þOya't&

tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;\ vGwfvyfpG m ud k;uG,frI? vGwfvyfpG moifMum;Ed kifcGif hwnf;[laom &S dNyD;jzpfonh f

bmoma&;ESif h ywfoufaom tajccHtcGif hta&;rsm;ud k jznh fpGufay;onf/ Ak'bmombkef;awmfBuD;

rsm;u 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek tdrfESif hvTwfawmf? twGif;0ef½H k; ponfwd kUudk 0d kif;0ef;ydwfqdk Uonh fudpö?

ajrmufOuúvmy AvDta&;tcif;ay:aygufcJ honf/ 33333 ucsifjynfe,fwGifvnf; ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;

wyfrawmf ay:ayguf cJhonf/ 1962 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvukefwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;\

acgif;aqmifrsm;? Ed kifiHa&; tzG J Ytpnf;aygif;pH krS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESif h tpd k;&acgif;aqmifrsm; toHvTif h½H k

(1) ü jynfe,frsm;\ aemifa&;ud k aqG;aEG;Muonf/ 1947 ckESpf zG J Ypnf;yH k tajccHOya't& (10)


yk*Hpmtkyf wk duf? 1969) pm- 424/

22222OD;ausmf0if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)/ wG Jbufa&;ol

OD;jr[efESif h OD;odef;vd Iif/ (&efukef? wuúok dvfrsm;yH kES dyfwk duf? 1991) pm 106/

33333rdk;BudK;owif;pmrdk;BudK;owif;pmrdk;BudK;owif;pmrdk;BudK;owif;pmrdk; BudK;owif;pm/ (14 Ek d 1961) pm 1-2/



47

ESpfMumvQif cG JxGufvd ku cG JxGufEd kifonf[laom tcef; (10) yg cG JxGufEd kifaom tcGif hta&;ud k

jyif;xefpG m ajymqd kvmMuonf/ cG JxGufrnf htajctaersm;ESif h zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k ypfy,fxm;rnh f

tajctaersm;jzpfay:vmcJ honf/ Ed kifiHa&;wnfNidrfrIr&S djcif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ &m; ,drf;,d kifvmjcif;?

vlrsdK;a&;y#dyu©ydkrd kBuD;xGm;vmjcif;? aomif;usef;olrsm; ydkrdkx<uvmjcif;? jynfytm;ud k;aomya'o&mZfwdkUu jynfaxmifpkBuD;udk NzdKcG J&efBudK;yrf;vmjcif;rsm;aMumifh wyfrawmfonf

Ed kifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;ESif h tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwH hcd kifNrJa&;twGuf Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmif

onhf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDud k zG J Ypnf;NyD; 1962 ckESpf?rwfv (2) &ufaeYwGif Ed kifiHawmftmPmud k

xdef;odrf;apmif ha&S mufcJ honf/

4-5/4-5/4-5/4-5/4-5/ 1962 rS 1988 ckESpftwGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962 rS 1988 ckESpftwGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962 rS 1988 ckESpftwGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962 rS 1988 ckESpftwGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962 rS 1988 ckESpftwGif;BudK;yrf;rI

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD OuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif;? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&OuúXESif h umuG,fa&;Xmewm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? ArmhwyfrawmfppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf

vnf;aumif; wm0ef,lxrf;&GufcJ honf/ 1962 ckESpf Zlvd kifv (4) &ufaeUwGif jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpf

vrf;pOfygwDud k tjrKaw ygwDtjzpf pwifzG J Upnf;cJ h&mrS 1971 ckESpf {NyDv (30) &ufaeUxd jynfol UygwD

tjzpful;ajymif; zG J Upnf;cJ honf/ jynfol Uawmifolv,form;aumifpDESif h jynfol Utvkyform;aumifpDud k

pnf;½H k;zG J U pnf ;cJ honf/ 1972 ckESpfwGif aMunm csuftrSwf (97) ud k xkwfjyefNyD; AsL½d kua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;

,EÅ &m;\ tajccHjzpfonh f twGif;0ef ½H k;rsm;ud k ½kyfodrf;cJ hNyD; 0efBuD;Xmersm;ud k jyKjyif zG J Upnf;cJ h onf/

1969ckESpfazazmf0g&Dv(26)&ufaeUwGif A[d kjynfol Uawmifolv,form; aumifpDud k

zGJ Upnf;cJhonf/ tvkyform;ES D;aES mzvS,fyG JBuD;rsm;ud k 1963 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpfxd &efukefNrdKUESif h

acsmufNrdKUrsm; wGifusif;yay;cJ honf/ 1968 ckESpf {NyDv (27)&ufaeUwGif A[d ktvkyform;aumifpD

ud k zG J Upnf;cJ honf/

Ed kifiHawmfzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'opf a&;qG J&ef Ad kvfrSL;csKyf pef;,k Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifaom

tzG J U0if (97) OD;yg0ifonh f Ed kifiHawmfzG J Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ka&;qG Ja&;aumfr&Sifud k 1963 ckESpf pufwifbmv

(25) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUuarÇmZ &dyfomwGif ½Hk;zGif hí aumfr&SiftzGJU (15) zGJUcG JNyD;Ed kifiHawmfzG J Upnf;yHktajccHOya' yxrrlMurf;udk a&;qG JcJ honf/ 1972 ckESpf arvESif h ZGefvwGif

aumfr&SiftzGJUonf jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0ef;odkUoGm; a&mufí EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'

xyfqif h&Sif;vif;a&;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ OD;'def&wef acgif;aqmifonhf tzG JU0if (26) OD;jzihf

jynfvH k;uRwfqEcH,lyG Jaumfr&Sifonf jynfe,f? wd kif;ESif h NrdKUaumfr&SifzG J Upnf;um 1973 ckESpf 'DZifbmv

(15) &ufaeUrS (31)&ufaeUxd jynfol UqEcH,lyG J jyKvkyfcJ honf/ yxrtBudrf jynfol UvTwfawmf ESif h

jynfolYaumifpD tqif hqifh a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufyG Judk 1974 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeUrS

azazmf0g&Dv (10) &ufaeYxd usif;yay;cJ honf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf Ed kifiHawmf\ tcsKyftjcm



48

tmPmud k jynfol U vTwfawmfod k U 1974 ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufaeUwGif jyefvnfvT Jajymif;ay;tyfcJ h

aMumif; awG U&S d&ygonf/ 11111 Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;onf 1974 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk

qk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf\ yxrqH k; or®wjzpfvmcJ honf/

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;OD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf 1963 ckESpf {NyDv (30)

&ufaeUwGif jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpfvrf;pOf rl0g'oabmxm; aMunmcsufud k xkwfjyefaMunmcJ honf/

1963 ckESpf atmufwd kbmv (29) &ufaeUwGif vkyfief;rsm; jynfolyd kifjyKvkyfjcif;Oya'? 1964 ckESpf

rwfv (13) &ufaeUwGif qd k&S,fvpfpD;yG m;a&;pepf wnfaqmufrIud k qef Uusifjcif;rS umuG,fonh f

Oya'rsm; ud kjy|mef;cJ honf/ 1964 ckESpf rwfv (19) &ufaeUrS 1972 ckESpfZefe0g&D v (1) &ufaeUxd

jynfolyd kifodrf;qnf;jcif;vkyfief;rsm;ud k qufvuf aqmif&GufcJ honf/

1964 ckESpf arv (17) &ufaeUwGif usyf(100) wef? (50) wef aiGpuúLrsm;ud kw&m;0iftjzpfrS&yfpJonh fOya' xkwfjyefcJ honf/22222 ajr&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ud k aqmif&Guf&m

wGif 1963 ckESpf rwfv (25) &ufaeUwGif 1963 ckESpf oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'ESif h 1963 ckESpf awmifol

v,form;rsm; tcGif hta&;umuG,fa&;Oya'? 1965 ckESpf {NyDv (5) &ufwGif 1965ckESpf oD;pm;cs

xm;a&; Oya'rsm;ud k jyifqifonh fOya'rsm;ud kjy|mef;NyD; oD;pm;rsm;ud kzsufodrf;cJ honf/ ajr&Sifrsm;onf

awmifolv,form;rsm;yd kifqd kifonh f uRJ? EGm;? xGefwH k;? xGefwHrsm;ud k 0&rf;uyfcGifhr&S donh fjyif

awmifolv,form;rsm;xHrS oD;pm;c awmif;cHcGif h r&S dyg/ 1965 ckESpf atmufwd kbmv (18) &ufaeU

wGifukefoG,fa&; aumif pDud kzG J Upnf;jcif;? ukefoG,fa&; aumfyd ka&;&Sif; (22) ckzG J Upnf;cJ honf/ 1973- 1974 ckESpfwGif or0g,rtoif; (16400) &S dcJ honf/

1967 ckESpf atmufwd kbmv (2) &ufaeUwGif Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; Ouú|tjzpfyg 0ifaom

qd k&S,fvpfpD;yG m;a&;pDrHudef;aumfrwDwpf&yfud k zG J Upnf;ay;cJhonf/ Ed kifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sda&;twGuf

ausmufrsuf&wemjyyG J? urÇ mhukefpnfjyyG J? urÇ mvSnf hc&D;onfrsm;ud k vufcHjcif;rsm;jyK vkyfcJ honf/

ausmufrsuf&wemjyyG J(10) Budrf cif;usif;jyoa&mif;cscJ h&m usyfaiG (13.07) uka#&&SdcJhNyD;

urÇ mhukefpnfjyyGJwGifvnf; (361) Budrfyg0ifjyocJ honf/ urÇ mvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;tm; jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; vSnh fvnfavhvmEd kif&ef cGif hjyKcJ h&mESpfpOf jrefrmusyf wpfuka#cef UESif hnDrQaom Ed kifiHjcm;aiGrsm;

&&S dcJ honf/

11111jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmif

csuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKy f f f f f/ (&efukef? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD? ckESpfryg) pm 32/22222

,if;/ pm 42/



49

Muufarmufawmifqnf? 0ga&S mifqnf? awmifwGif;wl;ajrmif;? rkefwd kifa& avS mifuef?

ajymif;jyma&avS mifwrH? aiGawmifqnf? [J[d k;csdKif h0Srf;qnfajrmif;? bk&m;BuD;ukef;? catmifyifwm?

cufvefwrH? a'g&xwmwrH? ausmuftd k;a&eDacsmif; qnfajrmif;rsm; wnfaqmufay;cJhonf/

Ed kifiHwpf0ef;wGif jynfol yd kiftvkyfvkyfaeonh fpuf½H kaygif; (1458)½H kjzpfNyD; wnfaqmufqJpuf½H kaygif;(18)½H k&S dcJ honf/11111 1973 ckESpfwGif a&eHpdrf;wd kifuD (9.33) odef;xGuf&S dcJ honf/ obm0"mwfaiG Ursm;

ud kvnf; pavESif h uRef;acsmif; "mwfajrMoZmpuf½H krsm; od k U wpfaeUvQif "mwfaiG UukAay (11.5)oef;

jzef UjzL;ay;Ed kifcJ haMumif;avhvmawG U&S d&ygonf/

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf 1964 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfynma&;pepfudkjy|mef;í

pepfopfynma&; ud kvnf;aumif;? 1966 ckESpfü tajccHynma&;ud kjy|mef;í pepfopf tajccH

ynma&;ud k 1967 ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif; taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif &efukef

wuúod kvfOya'ESif h rEÅ av; wuúod kvf Oya'wd k Uud k½kyfodrf;onh f Oya'rsm;jy|mef;cJ honf/222221963

ckESpfwGif udk,fydkifausmif; (814) ausmif;uk d jynfolyd kifjyKvkyfcJ honf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif wuúod kvf

ynma&;Oya'? tajccH ynma&;Oya'? ynma&;okawoeOya'ud kjy|mef;cJhonf/ jrefrmpm

ta&;tom; toH k;tEIef;rsm; rSefuefzG H UNzdK;wd k;wufa&;twGuf jrefrmpm aumfr&Sif Oya'jy|mef;

cJ honf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif pufrIpd kufysdK;a&;ESif htoufarG;ynma&; Oya'ud kjy|mef;cJ honf/ acwfESif h

avsmfnDrIr&S donh f ynma&;Oya'rsm;ud kvnf; jyifqifítopf jy|mef;cJ honf/

usef;rma&;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmap&ef? aus;&GmESifhNrdKUrsm;wGif usef;rma&;tusdK;cHpm;rI qif;&J? csrf;omra&G; wef;wl&S dap&ef? a&m*gumuG,fa&;ESif h ukoa&;wGif a&m*g

umuG,fa&;ud kOD;wnfí aqmif&Gufay;&ef? udk,fvufBuH hcd kifa&;ESif htm;upm;jr§if hwifa&;wd k Uud k

aqmif&GufcJ honf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif jynfol UppfrIxrf;tufOya'ud k jyifqifonh fOya'jy|mef;cJ h onf/

q&m0efrsm;onf Ed kifiHtusdK;twGufvd ktyfygu wyfrawmfwGifomru NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&; bufwGif

touft&G,f? tcsdeftcg? ae&ma'ora&G; trIxrf;aqmifMu&rnf/33333 1965 ckESpfwGif

qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomvlemrsm;tm; aus;vufrS vlBuD;rsm;\aq;½Hkrsm;odkU tpdk;&p&dwfjzifh

ydk Uaqmifukoay;jcif;rsm;udkaqmif&GufcJ honf/ 1965 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftwGif; omoemjyK

tzG J Utpnf;rsm;\ aq;½H k (9) ½H kud k jynfolyd kifjyKvkyfcJ honf/

11111jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifcsufawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifcsufawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifcsufawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifcsufawmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifcsuf

orkdif;tusOf;csKyorkdif;tusOf;csKyorkdif;tusOf;csKyorkdif;tusOf;csKyorkdif;tusOf;csKy f f f f f/ (&efukef? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD? ckESpfryg) pm - 66/22222jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJwyfrawmfordkif;pwkw¬wGJ

(1962-1974)(1962-1974)(1962-1974)(1962-1974)(1962-1974)/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1999) pm - 229/33333awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 1962ckESpfrSpí xkwfjyefaomOya'rsm;awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 1962ckESpfrSpí xkwfjyefaomOya'rsm;awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 1962ckESpfrSpí xkwfjyefaomOya'rsm;awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 1962ckESpfrSpí xkwfjyefaomOya'rsm;awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ 1962ckESpfrSpí xkwfjyefaomOya'rsm;/ trSwf(1) rS(15)xd/



50

aeUuav;xdef;Xme (18) ck? rlvwef;BudKausmif; (9) ausmif;? uav;jyKpka&;Xme (1)

ck? apwemh0efxrf; aeUuav;xdef;Xme (279) ck zGif hvSpfjcif;jyKvkyfcJ honf/ u,fq,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;ESif h

ywfoufí 1962 ckESpfwGif tdE´ d,yd kif uyÜvDuRef;rSjrefrmtrsdK;om; tdrfaxmifpk (622) vlOD;a&

(2189) OD;tm; pepfwusae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;? 1972 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wd kif; ausmufwHwm;NrdKUwGifawmifay: (14)&G mrS tdrfaxmifpkaygif; (426) pktm; aomif;usef;rI uif;a0;&me,fajrwGif

&G mopfrsm;wnfaqmufay;rsm;jyKvkyfcJ honf/

1962 ckESpf yH kES dyf vkyfief;rsm;ESif hxkwfa0olrsm; rSwfyH kwifOya'ud kjy|mef;jcif;? 1964

ckESpf pmMunh fwd kuf? jywd kufESih f NyyG Jrsm;BuD;MuyftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'ud kjy|mef;jcif;? ½kyf&Sif½H k (182)½H kud k

jynfolyd kifodrf;í ½kyf&Sifvkyfief; aumfyd ka&;&Sif;ud kzG J Upnf;aqmif&Gufjcif;? rl0g'ESif h rqef Yusif aom

jrefrm½kyf&Sifum; rsm; ½d kuful;&ef Zmwfvrf;rsm;? BudKwifpdppf cGih fjyKjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJ honf/ 11111

1957 ckESpf a&S;a[mif;txl;ypönf;rsm; tufOya' t& a&S;a[mif; taqmufttH k

(120) ud k xde f ;odr f ;apmif ha& Smuf jcif; ? a&S;a[mif;taqmufttH k (500) ausm f

xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufokawoejyKEdkif&ef 1962 ckESpf a&S;a[mif;0w¬Kypönf; tufOya'udk

jyifqifonh fOya'jy|mef;jcif;? ord kif;0iftxdrf;trSwftaqmufttH k? aMu;½kyf? ausmufwd kif? O,smOf?

yefNcHrsm;udk ordkif;0ifyk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ *kPft*FgESifhtnD aqmif&GufEdkif&ef ordkif;0ifyk*¾dKvfrsm;

txdrf;trSwfarmfuGef;Oya'ud k jy|mef;cJ honf/ pmaytaxmuftxm; enf;yg;onh f ydóEd k;NrdKUa[mif;?

[efvif; Nr d K Ua[mif; ? oa&acwå&mNr d K Ua[mif;rsm;ud k wl;azm fí okawoejyK jci f; ?ordkif;uGif;qufrsm;azmfxkwfjcif;? ordkif;0iftaqmufttHk? apwDykxdk;? ausmufpmrsm;udk

a&S;rlrysufxdef;odrf;jcif;? trsdK;om;pmMunh fwd kuf? jywd kuf? a&S;a[mif; okawoejywd kufrsm;zGif hvSpfí

a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rIypönf;rsm;jyojcif;? yef;csD? yef;yk? yefwsm ausmif;rsm;zGif hvSpfí yef;csD? yef;yk

tEkynm&yfrsm;jzefUjzL;jcif;? a&S;a[mif;urÜnf;pmay? yk&ydkuf? eH&Hyef;csD? oDcsif;BuD;rsm;udk

okawoejyKí pmtkyfxkwfa0jcif;? jrefrmEd kifiHord kif;usrf;twGuf jynfwGif;jynfyrS

taxmuftxm;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif; ponh fvkyfief;rsm;ud kaqmif&GufcJ honf/22222

Ak'bmomomoema&;ESif hywfoufí y&d,wd å? y#dywd å? y#da0' omoemawmfoH k;&yf

wd k;wufpnfyif&ef c&pf,mefbmom? tpövmrfbmom? [dELbmom0ifrsm;ESif h aqmif&GufcJ honf/


csuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKy f f f f f/ (&efukef? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD? ckESpfryg) pm - 112/22222

jref frmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif; (yÍörwGJ)(yÍörwGJ)(yÍörwGJ)(yÍörwGJ)(yÍörwGJ)1962-19741962-19741962-19741962-19741962-1974/ 'k-Budrf/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1999) pm237/



51

ewfud k;uG,folrsm; vGwfvyfpG mud k;uG,fEdkifa&; BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ honf/ ¤if;tjyif bmoma&;

toif;tzG J U rsm;od k U ESpfpOfaxmufyH haiGrsm;vSL'gef;cJ honf/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiH oefacgif; pm&if;Oya'ud k {NyDv (28) &ufaeUwGifjy|mef;

cJhonf/ 1973 ckESpf? {NyDv (1) &ufrS (5) &ufaeUxdtrsdK;om;a&; vkyfief;BuD;wpf&yf

taejzif haqmif&GufcJ honf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ &nfrSef;csufrS m jynfol Uw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf

taumif txnfazmf&efjzpfonf/ w&m;½H k;csKyfzG J Upnf;jcif;? jynfol Yw&m;pD&ifa&;ud karQmfrSef;onh f

tajccH ajymif;vJrIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? jynfolUw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfud kpwiftaumiftxnfazmfjcif;?

tjypf'Pf ay;onh fpepfudk jyKjyifusif hoH k;jcif;rsm;aqmif&GufcJ honf/ 11111 1974 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv

(15) &ufaeUwGif Ed kifiHjcm; wd kif;jynfrsm;ü jrefrmEk difiHrSzGif hvSpfxm;onh f jrefrmoH½H k; (27)½Hk;?

aumifppf0efcsKyf½Hk; (3) ½Hk;? ukvor*¾qdkif&m jrefrmtNrJwrf; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU½Hk; (1)½Hk;?

wd kusdKNrdKUjrefrmtzG J U½H k; (1) ½H k; pkpkaygif; (32) ½H k;&S daMumif; avhvmawG U&S d&ygonf/ 22222

1967 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif Auyrsm;onf jrpf0uRef;ay:a'otm; jrpf0uRef;ay:

wd kif;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf wyfrawmfrS ]] jynfom,mppfqifa&; }} trnfjzif h 1968 ckESpf {NyDv

(16) &ufaeUwGif AuyXmecsKyftm; awG U&S dodrf;yd kufEd kifcJhonf/ 1968 ckESpf pufwifbmv (19)

&ufaeUwGif 'kwd,tBudrf Auy A[d kXmecsKyftm; tvpftid kuf0ifa&muf wd kufcd kufcJ h onf/ Auy

A[dkXmecsKyfonf a&Smifwdrf;&if; pufwifbmv (24) &ufwGif jr&myifaMum\ ta&SU

aZmif;ausmufacsmif; urf;yg;wGif acwåpcef;cspOf ocifoef;xGef;onf &JabmfjrBuD;\vkyfBuHrIaMumif haoqH k;cJ h&onf/ 1975 ckESpf rwfv (15) &ufwGif wyfrawmfrS atmifpd k;rd k; ppfqifa&;

jzif h h ocifwifESif h ocifcspfwdk Utm; yJcl;½d k;r? &JEG,f? zGwfusm;acsmif;wGif tao&rdcJhNyD; yJcl;½d k;r&S d

Auyrsm;onf wyfrawmfESif h jynfolrsm;\ vufcsufjzih f usqH k; csKyfNidrf;cJ h&onf/ 1967-68ckESpfrSpNyD;

&Srf;jynfta&S Uajrmufa'owGif Auyrsm; tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmNyD; 1972 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;wGif

uGrf;vHk&uf (40)wd kufyG JBuD; jzpfyG m;cJ honf/ wyfrawmfrS&Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf/

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpd k;&vuf xufwGif Ed kifiHtwGif; aomif;usef; ol tEÅ &m,fuif;a0;atmif

aqmif&GufcJ haomfvnf; e,fpGef e,fzsm;a'orsm;wGif Ed kifiHa&;? pD;yG m;a&;? vl rsdK;a&;t&if;cHonh f

aomif;usef;olrsm; usef&S dcJ h aMumif; avhvmawG U&S d&ygonf/


csuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKycsuf orkdif;tusOf;csKy f f f f f/ (&efukef? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD? ckESpfryg) pm - 187/22222,if;? pm - 228/



52

AkdvfcsKyfu ZmwfedygwfyHkjyifjzifh jrefrmh&kd;&m,Ofaus;rI aumif;&mrGef&mwkdYukd

jyefvnfazmfxkwfapcsifonf/ wdrfjrKyfaep jyKaeNyDjzpfaompma[m? uGufpdwf? &kyfao;wkd Yuk d

azmfxkwftm;ay;onf/ ynm&SdBuD;rsm;\a[majymcsuf? wD;rIwfoDqk doHwk d Yuk d tem*wftwGuf

toHoGif;xm;aponf/ rEÅ av;rS&kyfao;q&mBuD;rsm;uk d &efukefok d Yyif hzdwfí tdrfawmfüjyoaponf/NrdKUawmfolNrdKUawmfom;wk d YtwGufyG Jwifonf/ NyD;vQif&kyfao;q&mBuD;rsm;tm; vufaqmifay;í

Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;u uefawmf haMumif;od&S d&onf/ 1981 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 8 &ufaeYwGif ygwDnDvmcHrS

a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aomOD;pef;,ktm; or®w&mxl; vG Jajymif;ay;cJ honf/

eDaygEkdifiH bk&ifrif;jrwfxHrS "r®yPÖ mawmfvufaqmif&&Sdaom Ak'&kyfyG m;awmfESifh

yOö"gwk[ewdbufapwDawmf? "gwfawmfMuKwfrsm;uk d ylaZmfXmyemí 1980 jynf hESpf jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEkdifiHawmf*kdPf;aygif;pH koHCmnDnGwfrI&Sdjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf r[m0dZ,apwDawmfuk d

wnfxm;&mwGif uk d;uG,fylaZmf xm;&S dygonf/ blrdzórkj'm Ak'&kyfyG m;awmf ylaZmfzG,f&mrsm;ukd

1987 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif usa&mufaomxk dif;bk&if hrif;jrwfoufawmf 60 jynf harG;aeY

vufaqmiftjzpf AefaumufNrdKUok d Y uk d,fwk difyif haqmifí oG m;a&mufay;yk d YcJ hygonf/

acwfwpfacwfrS wpfacwfokdY? pepfwpfckrSwpfckokdY ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;[lonf

¤if;ESif houfqk difonf h aemufcHork dif;aMumif;rsm;&S dwwfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzif h twdwfumvrS

taMumif;t&mrsm;aygif;qHkjzpfysufcJhjcif;onf rsufarSmufacwfumvtwGuf tusdK;w&m;

wpfpH kwpf&muk d jzpfxGef;apygonf/ wpfzef rsufarS mufumvwGif jzpfysufaeorQ tusdK;&v'fwpfpH kwpfckuk d ay;pGrf;vmrnfom jzpfayonf/ vrf;pOfygwD tm;enf;csufrsm;? aysmhuGuf[muGufrsm;

uk d tajcjyKum jynfwGif;jynfy&S d vuf0Jvuf,m tiftm;pkrsm;\ aoG;xk d;ajr§ mufyif hay;rIrsm;aMumif h

1988ckESpfok d Ya&mufaomtcg ta&;tcif;BuD;wpfck jzpfay:vmcJ h&onf/ ta&;tcif;jzpfay:ap&ef

t"duwGef;yk d Yay;cJ honf h Ek difiHawmf\ t"dujyóemBuD; ESpf&yf&S dcJ hygonf/ ,if;wk d YrS m pD ;yG m;a&;jyóem

ESif h Ek difiHa&;jyóemyifjzpfygonf/ ta&;tcif; tBudKumvrsm;twGif; Ek difiHawmfESif h jynfolvlxk

twGif; pD;yG m;a&;jyóemrsm;wpfaeYwpfjcm; wk d;wufvmcJ honfESif htrQ ,if;\tusdK; quftjzpf

0efxrf;rsm;ESif h jynfolvlxktwGif;ü rormrIrsm;? tusif hysufrIrsm;? pm&dwåazmufjyefrIrsm;? uk d,fusdK;

&S m a&omck drIrsm;? t*wdvk dufpm;rIrsm; yk drk drsm;jym;vmcJ hygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;yk dif;wGifvnf; &yfuGufrS

wk dif;tqif hxd zG J Upnf;xm;aom jynfol YaumifpD tzGJ Utpnf;rsm;wGif jynfolrsm;\qE´ ESif hvnf;

ruk dufnD? vkyfief;uRrf;usifrIvnf;r&S d? uk d,fusif hodu© muk dvnf; apmif hxdef;&ef tm;enf;cJ hMu onf h

yk*¾ dKvfrsm;uk d xnf hoGif; wm0efay;cJ hjcif;rsm;aMumifh jynfolvlxktwGif; rw&m;rI? rrSefruef

qH k;jzwfcH&rI armufrmrIrsm;uk d cHpm;cJ hMu&onf/ wm0ef&S dtzG J Utpnf;tqif hqif h ESif hjynfolvlxkrS m

uG m[rI BuD;rm;vmcJ h&H krQru jynfolvlxk\rauseyfrIrsm;uk dvnf; wk d;íom jzpfay:cJ honf/ bDbDpD?AG Dtk dat? atmvftdE´ d, ponftoHvTif hXmersm;ESif h jynfypme,fZif;tcsdKYwk d Yonf jrefrmEk difiHtwGif;



53

jzpfay:aeaom Ek difiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&; tajctaersm;uk d yHkBuD;csJ U xkwfvTif hay;jcif;?

trsdK;rsdK;aomenf;rsm;uk d toH k;jyKum aoG;xk d;vI HaqmfrIrsm;uk d jyKvkyfvmcJ hMuyg onf/ 1988 ckeSpf?

rwfv 12 &ufaeY n 9 em&D 15 rdepf tcsdefcef YwGif BudKUukef;blwmteD; pE m0if;vufzuf&nfqk difü

pufrIwuúok dvf'kwd,ESpfausmif;om; 2 OD;ESif h t&ufrl;aeonfh&yfuGuf vli,f 5 OD;wkd YonfuufqufoDcsif;acGzGif hck dif;&mrStp ck duf&efjzpfyG m;cJ hMuygonf/ ,if;&efponf xk drQESif hyif &yfwef YroG m;

cJ hbJ aemufwpfaeYjzpfonf h rwfv 13 &ufaeYn 8 em&D 30 rdepf tcsdefcef YrS pí BudKUukef;&yfuGufrS

t&yfom;rsm;ESif h pufrIwuúok dvfausmif;om;rsm; wpfzufESif hwpfzuftkyfpkzG J U tMurf ;zufwk dufck dufrI

rsm; jzpfyG m;cJ hygonf/ trI dufup jyó'frD;avmifqk douJ hok d Y ausmif;om;rsm; qlylqEjyrIrsm; wpfNrdKUNyD;

wpfNrdKUjzpfay:vmcJhygonf/ Ed kifiHawmftusdK;twGuf wm0ef&SdoltzGJ Utpnf;rsm;rS rnfrQyif

aqmif&Gufay;apumrl EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsm;? qlylvkdolrsm;rS

wpfjynfvHk;twkdif;twmjzifh qlyltHk<ua&;ukdom tm;pkdufvkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ 9-8-88&ufaeYrSpwifNyD; vltkyfBuD;rsm;jzifh vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;tm; tMurf;zufowfjzwfrIrsm;?

wkdufckduf&efjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJhMuygonf/ xkdtawmftwGif; ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGif

Ek difiHa&;orm;rsm;omru Ek difiHjcm;oHwreftcsdKUwk d Yyg 0ifxGufajc&Iyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmMuygonf/

xk d h YaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;wk d Y\ajr§ mufyif hay;rIrsm;? 0g'jzef YvI H Uaqmfay;rIrsm;aMumif h

ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;oufoufuk dom awmif;qk dcJ hMu&mrS ]] ppfrSefaom'Drk dua&pD&&S da&; aqmif&Guf

ay;&ef}} [lonf h Ek difiHa&;oabmouf0ifonf h awmif;qk dcsufrsm;uk duk d pwifawmif;qk dvmcJ hMuonf/

ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGifvnf; vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsdK;pH k 0ifa&mufvmrIwkd YaMumifh

ausmif;yk&d0kPfrsm;twGif;wGif Ek difiHa&;yk drk d&IyfaxG;vmcJ hygonf/

&efukefNrdKUwGif qlyltMurf;zufrIrsm;jzpfyGm;aepOftwGif; Zlvkdifv 7 &ufaeYwGif

awmifBuD;NrdKUüvnf;qlylrIrsm;jzpfyGm;cJ hygonf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &ufaeYwGif vrf;pOfygwD? ta&;ay:

ygwDnDvmcHusif;yjyKvkyfcJ hygonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif Ek difiHawmfpD;yG m;a&;qk dif&mrl0g' vrf;nTefrI

rsm;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESif h ygwDzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; jyifqifa&;wk d YtwGuf aqG;aEG;

aqmif&GufcJ hMuygonf/ xk d Ytjyif ,if;tpnf;ta0;ü vrf;pOfygwDOuúXBuD; OD;ae0if; uk d,fwk difrSwpfygwDpepf okdYr[kwf ygwDpHkpepf ESpfckwkdYteuf rnfonfukdESpfoufaMumif; wpfjynfvHk;

qEcH,lyGJusif;ya&;? ygwDOuúXBuD;tygt0if EkwfxGufvk dolrsm;\qEukd vk dufavsma&;? 1962

ckESpf ausmif;om;or*¾ taqmufttH kuk d zsufqD;cJ hjcif;ESih fpyfvsOf;í tjrif&Sif;ap&efwk d YtwGuf

tus,fw0if h &Sif;vif;cJ hygonf/ Zlvk difv 25 &ufaeYwGif ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHrS qH k;jzwfcsufrsm;

csrSwfcJh&m ,if;wkdYteufygwDOuúXBuD; OD;ae0if;ESifh 'kwd,ygwDOuúXBuD; OD;pef;,kwkdYtm;

EkwfxGufcGif hjyKNyD; ygwD0iftjzpfrS tem;,lcGif hjyKcJ hygonf/



54


1949 ckESpfwGif ]]r[moD&dok"r® mbG J U}}(Maha Thiri Thudhama ) csD ;jr§if hjcif;cH&onf/ 1955

ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif ,l*k dpvm;AD;,m;Ek difiHor®w rm&S,fwDwk d;\ ,l*k dpvyfwHcGefawmfbG J Y(yxrqif h )Yugoslav Banner(First Class) csD;jr§if hjcif;cH&onf/ 1955 ckESpf? rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif ]]owk d;oD&dok"r®bG J U}}

(Thado Thiri Thudhama ) uk d or®wBuD; a'gufwmbOD; uk d,fwk difcsD;jr§if hcJ hygonf/1956 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif

tar&dueftpk d;&\ ]]ppfol&Jaumif;bG J U}} (Legion of Merit ) csD ;jr§if hcH&onf/ 1959 ckESpf? rwfv 27

&ufaeYwGif vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxrtqif h )uk d vnf;aumif;? 1960 jynf hESpf rwfv 5

&ufaeYwGif xk dif;bk&ifrif;jrwf blrdabmt'l,m'uf\ ]]qifjzL&Sif}} The Most Exalted order of the

White Elephant*kPfxl;aqmifbG J UcsD;jr§if hcJ honf/ 1960 jynf hESpf? Mo*kwfv 16 &ufaeYwGif zdvpfyk difEk difiHrS

csD;jr§if hrnf h ]]a&rGefruf aq;aq; }} (Ramon Magsaysay ) qkuk d jiif;y,fcJ honf/ 1960jynf hESpf?'DZifbmvwGif ]]t*¾r[moD&dok"r®bG J U}} Agga Maha Thiri Thudhama vnf;csD;jr§if hcH&onf/ 1981

ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif Ek difiH*kPf&nfbG J U (yxrtqif h ) wk d Yuk d csD;jr§if hjcif; cHcJ h&onf/


1952 ckESpfwGif tar&duef? 1953 ckESpfwGif tif'k deD&S m;? w&kwfjynfol Yor®wEk difiHok d Y

1955 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGifvnf;aumif;? 1960 jynf hESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 24 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;?

1965 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 24 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? 1971 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 9&ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;?1971 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 6 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;oG m;a&mufcJ honf/ 1959 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif

tpöa&;Ek difiH? 1959 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmvwGif tm&yfjynfaxmifpkEk difiH? 1965 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv

2 &ufaeYwGif tdEd ,Ek difiH? 1965 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif ygupöwef? vmtk dEk difiH? 1966

ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwGif oD[k dEk difiH? 1966ckESpf? rwfv 4 &ufaeYwGif tdE´ d,Ek difiH? 1966

ckESpf? arv 5 &ufaeYwGif ygupöwef? 1966 ckESpf? ZGefv 20 &ufaeYwGif csufuk dpvk dAufuD;,m;Ek difiH?

1966ckESpf ZGefv 24 &ufaeYwGif &lar;eD;,m;? 1966 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 21 &ufaeYwGif tar&duef?

*syef? 1966ckESpf Zlvk difv 28 &ufaeYwGift*Fvef? 1966ckESpf? pufwifbmv 7 &ufaeYwGiftar&duef?1966 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif *syef? 1966 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif eDayg?

1971 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 5 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdef? 1977 ckESpf? arv 22 &ufaeYwGifb*Fvm;a'h&S f?

1979 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 22 &ufaeYwGif avmEk difiH? 1980 ckESpf? atmufwk dbm 20 &ufaeYwGif

w&kwf? Ek d0ifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif tdEd,? 1984 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif w&kwf?

1984 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif tdE´ d,? 1985 ckESpf? arv 4 &ufaeYwGifw&kwf? 1987 ckESpf?

atNyDv 3 &ufaeYwGif *smreD? 1987 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif xkdif;? 1987 ckESpf?



55

atmufwk dbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif ,l*k dqvm;AD;,m;? atmufwk dbm 23 &ufaeYwGif &lar;eD;,m;?

1987 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 4 &ufaeYwGif rav;&Sm;Ek difiHok d Yvnf;aumif; Ek difiHa&;? pD;yG m;a&;? ppfa&;?

cspfMunf tpDtpOftoD;oD;jzif h oG m;a&mufcJ hygonf/


a':wifwifESifhvufxyfNyD; om;OD;aiGpkd; (av,mOfrSL; a[mif;) xGef;um;cJhonf/

&efukefjynfolaq;&H kBuD;rS yxrwef;q&m0ef a'gufwmboef;(Nidrf;)\orD; a':cifaroef;ESifh

vufxyfcJhonf/ a':cifaroef;ESifhorD; 3 OD;xGef;um;cJhonf/ orD;rsm;rSm a':pE´m0if;+

OD;at;aZmf0if;? ? a':oDwm0if;? a':aMu;rH k0if;+ OD;at;oG,f(Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;a[mif; OD;uk duk dom;)

wk d Yjzpfonf/ orD; a':pE´ m0if;ESif h OD;at;aZmf0if;wk d Y om; at;ae0if;? ausmfae0if;? ZGJae0if;wk d Y

arG;zG m;cJ honf/ arcvrf;? r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefwGifaeonf/ a':eDeDjrif hESif hvnf;vufxyfcJ hao;aMumif;awG Y&S d&ygonf/

28-10-1958 ckESpfrS 4-4-1960 ckESpftxd tdrfapmif htpk d;&wm0eftjzpf vnf;aumif;?

2-3-1962 ckESpfrS 2-3-1974 ckESpftxd awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif;? 2-3-1974

ckESpfrS 8-11-1981 ckESpftxd jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf or®wESif h Ek difiHawmf

aumifpDOuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;axmifcJ haom OD;ae0if; onf 2002 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv

5 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJ honf/



yHk (6)OD;pef;,k (or®w)[ 1981 ckESpf ]

56



57

OD;pef;,kOD;pef;,kOD;pef;,kOD;pef;,kOD;pef;,k


(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 3-3-1918 rS uG,ffuG,ffuG,ffuG,ffuG,ff 28-1-1996)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

OD;pef;,konf zcif OD;pHaz? rdcif a':a&TvJ hwd k YrS 1918ckESpf? rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif

jynfc&d kif? oJukef;NrdKUü arG;zG m;cJ honf/

OD;pef;,kud kzG m;jrifNyD;aemuf rdcifuG,fvGefoG m;cJ honf/ zcifonf bD-tk d-pD XmewGif

trIxrf;aqmifcJ hNyD; aemuftdrfaxmifjyKcJ honf/ OD;pef;,konf a':a&TvJ h\rdcifjzpfol

tbG m;ESif htwlig;ESpft&G,ftxdaexd kifNyD;aemuf a&TawmifNrdKUwGif aexd kifonh f zcifxHod k Yajymif;a&T Uaexd kifcJ honf/


a&TawmifNrdKUESif h jynfNrdKU&d StrsKd;om;ausmif;ESif h tpd k;&ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoif,lcJ h

onf/ ausmif;aepOf oydwfarSmufvkyfief;rsm;ü wuf<upGmyg0if vIyf&Sm;jcif;aMumifh

tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; ESif htwl wpf&uftzrf;cH&onf/ 10 wef;pmar;yJ Gud k a&TawmifNrdKUrS

atmifjrifí &efukefNrdKU&d S aq;ausmif;wGif 'kwd,ESpftxdwufa&muf ynmqnf;yl;onf/&efukefaq;ausmif; ausmif;om;or*¾vIyf&S m;rIESif h ausmif;om;oydwfwGif yg0ifcJ honf/


3-1/ *syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)

OD;pef;,konf 1942ckESpfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD-tdkif-at)od k Y

jynfNrdKUrS 0ifa&mufonf/ *syefppft&m&d Srsm;oifMum;ay;onh f tajccHppfynmoifwef;rsm;

wufa&mufNyD;aemuf 'kwd,Ak dvftjzpfcef Ytyfjcif;cH&onf/ {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;rS Aef;armftxdppfaMumif;csDwuf&mwGif yg0ifcJ honf/ 1944ckESpfwGif trSwf 2 ajcvsifwyf&if;?trSwf 3

wyfcJ Gü wm0efxrf;aqmifaecsdef tmvHNrdKYrd k;aumif;&G müpcef;csxm;NyD; jynfNrdKY? e0if;acsmif;rS

a&eHacsmif;NrdKU? rusOf;usnfawmuf&Gmtxd a&eHydkufvdkif;apmifhwm0efudkxrf;aqmif

cJ honf/ 11111 1945ckESpf? rwfv 24 &ufaeYwGifwd kif;(7)ppfXmecsKyf pcef;cs&m tmvH(ajrxJ )NrdKUe,f?

11111 jrefrmEk difiH? ppford kif;jywd kufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wd kuf/ wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;

(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/ (&efukef? owif;ESif h pme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1995)pm 318/



58

jyvd k Y&G mwGif Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htwl wd kif;(7)wd kif;rSL; Ad kvfrSL; atmif? wyf&if;(2) wyf&if;rSL;

Ad kvfBuD; pef;,k? wyf&if;(6)wyf&if; Ad kvfBuD; pdef0if; wd k YESif htwl zufqpf awmfvSefa&;jyifqifrI

rsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJ hMuonf/ 1945ckESpf? rwfv 26 &ufaeYwGif wk dif; (7) ppfXmecsKyf?

wyf&if;(2)ESif h ppfOD;XmecsKyftzJ G U0ifrsm;onf {&m0wDjrpfaemufzufurf;od k Y csDwufcJ honf/rwfv 27 &ufaeY eHeuf(7)em&DcefYwGif o&ufNrdKUtpGef&Sd wyf&if;(6)ppfXmecsKyf

od k Ya&muf&S dNyD;aemuf Ad kvfrSL;atmif? Ad kvfBuD; pdefrSef? Ad kvfBuD; pdef0if;? wyf&if;(2)wyf&if;rSL;

Ad kvf pef;,k wdk Yonfrwfv 27 &ufaeYnwGif zufqpf*syefwd k Ytm; pwifawmfvSefrnf h

tpDtpOfESifh wyf&if;^wyfcJGrsm;csDwufMurnfhtpDtpOf? wyfcsxm;rnfh pcef;rsm;ESifh

wd kufyJ Grsm;pwifonfESif h wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfESif h wyf&if;rsm;tquftoG,frjywfa&; &efol Yowif;

rsm; tvsiftjrefyd k Ya&;ESif h jynfolvlxktm; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ESif h ywfowfí 0g'jzef YcsD

vIHaqmfa&; tpDtpOfrsm;? &yf&GmumuG,fa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;udpörsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/11111 rwfv 27 &ufaeY nae(5)em&DtcsdefwGif Ad kvfpef;,k wd k Yonf ysOfaxmif-

rif;wJvrf;twd kif; rif;wkef;e,fod k YcsDwufcJ honf/ n(11)em&?D (30)rdepf tcsdefwGif rif;wJ&G mod k Y

a&muf&S dNyD; &G mbkef;BuD;ausmif;ESif h teD;tem;&S d acsmif;jyifwGif wyfzJ G Yrsm;&yfem;cJ honf/atNyDv

25 &ufaeYwGif ykPÖm;&G mü zufqpf*syefwd k Ytm; wd kif;(7)ppfe,fajrtwGif; ppfqifa&;

vkyfief;rsm; vlxkpnf;½H k;a&;ESif h tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ud k Ad kvfrSL; atmifESif htwl Ad kvfpef;,k

tygt0ifwyf&if;rSL;rsm; aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wyf&if;wyfcJGrsm;onf

o&ufNrdKUwGif (5)&ufcef Ywyfpcef;cscJ hNyD; jrpf ta&S Ubufjcrf;jyvd k Ypcef;od k Y a&muf&S dcJ hMuonf/

1945ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGif tmvHNrdKU? iysif;&G mü wyf&if;(2)ud k jyefvnfzJ G Upnf;cJ honf/

wyf&if;rSL; Ad kvfBuD; pef;,kESif h trSwf(1)wyfcJ GrSL; Ad kvfjr? trSwf(2)wyfcJGrSL; Ad kvfodef;a&T ?

trSwf(3)wyfcJ GrSL; Ad kvfaersKd;ESif h wyfcJ G(3)cJ GzJ G UNyD;wyfom;(204)a,muf yg0ifygonf/ZGefv

17 &ufaeYwGif Ad kvfBuD;pef;,k OD;pD;aom trSwf(2)wyf&if;onf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;\

trdef Yt& a&Tawmifod kY qufvufcsDwufcJh&m n(7)em&DwGifa&muf&S dcJhonf/ ZGefv 18

&ufaeYwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; xHrS ulnDaomppfum;(8)pD;jzif h ewfwvif;od k YcsDwufcJ honf/ewfwvif; ta&SU"r®i,f&GmodkYn(7)em&DwGif a&muf&S dcJ honf/ ZGefv 23 &ufaeYwGif

pef;BuD;&G mod k YcsDwufcJ h&m u&ifa&aemuf(awmifay:pcef;)wGif *syefrsm;pcef;cs aeaMumif;

owif;&&S dcJ honf/Zlvd kifv 13 &ufaeYwGif Ad kvfBuD; pef;,k OD;pD;aom wyf&if;(2)onfzg;,m;BuD;

uefpkodkY wyfjyefacgufí Zlvdkif 14 &ufaeYwGif "r®i,fudkjzwfí aygufukef;odkY

a&muf&S dpcef;cscJ honf/ 1945ckESpf? pufwifbm 2 &ufaeYwGif wd kusKdyifv,fatmftwGif;&S d

11111

ocifwifjr? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif; /3- Budrf/ (&efukef? r[meE pmay? 1976) pm 334/



59

tar&duefppfoabF m tufpf? tufpf? rpfql&Drpf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ ppfaoemywdcsKyf

Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; rwftmom a&S UarS mufü *syefwd k YvufeufcstnH hcHaMumif;vufrSwfa&;xk d;cJ honf/

þodk Yjzifh ydpdzdwfppfrsufESmppfyJGBuD; NyD;qH k;cJ honf/ zufqpf awmfvSefa&;wGif acsrIef;

wdkufcdkufa&;ESifh taemufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf\ vkHNcKHa&; wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmif&onf/yJcl;&d k;rbuf wd kif;ppfXmecsKyf ppfqifa&;wGif a&S;OD;csDwyf&if;ud k OD;aqmifyg0if wd kufcd kufonf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; NyD;qk H;í rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf zsufodrf;onftxd wm0efxrf;aqmif

cJ honf/

1946ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwGif OD;pef;,konf uE DpmcsKyfoabmwlnD

csuft& topfjyefvnfzJ G Upnf;aom ArmhwyfrawmfwGif trSwf 3 Armhaoewfud kifwyf&if;ü

'kwd,Ad kvftqif hjzif h wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/11111 Junior Officer Course (J.O.C) ESif h UDOS

Course No.4 oifwef; wufNyD;aemuf zsmyk Hc&d kifwGif rNidrfroufjzpfí Ed Srfeif;a&;wm0ef,l

&onf/ &cd kifjynfe,fppfqifa&;wGifyg0ifonf/ zsmyk H? usKdufvuf? bd kuav;? rtlyif?

anmifwkef;a'owd kufyJ G? pufaumfwd kufyJ G? tif;pdefwd kufyJ G? yJcl;? 'd kufOD;ppfrsufES mrsm;rSwpfqif h

awmifBuD; ppfrsufES mtxd yg0ifwd kufcd kufcJ honf/OD;pef;,konf 1947ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 23

&ufaeYwGif Ad kvfBuD;tqif hjzif h'kwd,wyfcJ GrSL;? wyfcJ GrSL;wm0efrsm;uk dxrf;aqmifcJ honf/

3-2/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1948-1962)

1949ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfrSL;tqih fjzif h 'kwd,wyf&if;rSL;

wm0efudk trSwf(3) Armhaoewfud kifwyf&if;üyif qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

1949ckESpf? Ed k0ifbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,Ad kvfrSL;BuD; tqif hod k Y wd k;jr§if hcef Ytyfjcif;cH&NyD;

trSwf(1) ta&;ay:u,m;aoewfud kifwyf&if;ü wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;

cH&onf/ uavmNrdKUwGif tajcpd kufNyD; uavm? rdw¬ DvmESif h vd GKifaumf a'orsm;ud k wm0ef,l&

onf/ rauG;od k Ywyf&if;ajymif;NyD; awmifwGif;BuD;uk d &efol YvufrS jyefvnfodrf;yd kuf&mwGif

yg0ifonf/ 1950jynf hESpfwGif r*Fvm'k Hü ppfOD;pD;wuúod kvf oifwef; trSwfpOf 3 wufaepOfppf&k H;rS jyefvnfac:,lNyD; trSwf 2 ta&;ay:csif;aoewfud kif wyf&if;ü wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf

wm0efay;tyfonf/ wyf&if;rSL;wm0eftjyif ppfawGNrdKUe,fwyfrSL; wm0efudkvnf;

xrf;aqmifonf/

OD;pef;,konf 1951ckESpfarv 29 &ufaeYwGif ajrmufyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfü

11111jrefrmEk difiH? ppford kif;jywd kufESif h wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wd kuf/ wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;wyfrawmfordkif;

(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/(wwd,wJ G ) 1945- 1948/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1995)pm 60/



60

,m,Dvufaxmuf ppfa&;ESif h ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1952ckESpf?

ZGefvwGif trSwf21 ajcvsifwyf&if; wyf&if;rSL;wm0efud kyl;wJ Gxrf;aqmifonf/ 1952ckESpf?

Zlvd kifvwGif ajrmufyd kif;wk dif;ppfXmecsKyfü vufaxmufppfa&;ESif h ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpf

wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1952ckESpf?'DZifbmvwGif ppf&mxl;cef YcsKyf&k H; ppf&mxl;cef YtwGif;0eftjzpf ajymif;a&T Uwm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1956ckESpfwGif Ad kvfrSL;BuD;tqif hod k Ywd k;jr§if h

cef Ytyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1959ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYwGif Ad kvfrSL;BuD;tqifhjzif h

ajrmufyd kif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf wd kif;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1959ckESpf?{NyDv 9 &ufaeYwGif

Ad kvfrSL;csKyftqif hod k Y wd k;jr§if hcef Ytyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1961ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 16 &ufaeYwGif wd kif;rSL;

wm0eftjyif wyfr[m 1 wyfr[mrSL; tjzpf vnf;aumif;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1960

jynf hESpf ? atmufwk dbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif ajrmufyk dif;wk dif; wk dif;rSL;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf

yDuif;NrdKUok d Y w&kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwfpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xk d;yG Jtcrf;tem;tm; OD;ae0if;?OD;Ekwk d YESif htwl Ak dvfrSL;csKyf pef;,kvnf;wufa&mufcJ honf/ 11111atmufwd kbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif

ta&SUydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? Edk0ifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif

taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf wd kif;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ wd kif;rSL;

wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf Auyrsm;? wefY,ef;e,fajrqlylaomif;usef;rIrsm;? ucsifjynfe,f

vIyf&S m;rIrsm;ESih f w&kwfjzLvIyf&S m;rIrsm;ud k wd kufcd kufacsrIef;onf/

OD;pef;,konf 1963ckESp?fazaz:0g&Dv 15 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(Munf;)tjzpf wd k;jr§if h cef Ytyf jcif;cH&onf/ 1972ckESpf atNyD 20 &ufaeY wGif Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;

tqifhod k Y wdk;jr§ifhcef Ytyfjcif;cH&NyD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

1978ckESpf rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;tqif hjzif h umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efrS tNidrf;pm;

,lonf/

4/ Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0Ek difiHa&;b0

4-1/ 1962-1988 ckESpfEk difiHa&;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1988 ckESpfEk difiHa&;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1988 ckESpfEk difiHa&;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1988 ckESpfEk difiHa&;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1988 ckESpfEk difiHa&;BudK;yrf;rIOD;pef;,konf 1962ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzJ G U0iftjzpf

wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1963ckESpf?'DZifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;tpd k;&tzJ G U

b@ma&; ESif htcGefXmewm0efcH(0efBuD;)tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1969ckESpf? ZGefv 18&ufaeYwGif

rlvwm0efrsm;tjyif trsKd;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmifonf/

11111

jrefrmEk difiH?ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;pwkw¬wG J (1948-1962)pwkw¬wG J (1948-1962)pwkw¬wG J (1948-1962)pwkw¬wG J (1948-1962)pwkw¬wG J (1948-1962)/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1996)

pm 158/



61

1971ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 9&ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk topfjyefvnfzJGUpnf;&m

awmfvSefa&; aumifpDtzJ G U0iftjzpf qufvufwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1971ckESpf? Zlvd k kifv

15&ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH tpd k;&tzJ G U zJ G Upnf;&m b@ma&;ESifhtcGef0efBuD;

tjzpfxrf;aqmifonf/ 1971ckESpf? pufwifbmv 20&ufaeYwGif rlvwm0efrsm;tjyifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpd k;&tzJ G U 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/

1972ckESpf? {NyDv 20&ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk difiHtpd k;tzJ G Uudk jyifqifzJ G Upnf;&m

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfESif h umuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpfwm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/

OD;pef;,konf 1962ckESpf? Zlvd kifvwGif jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ygwDpnf;urf;

xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDü tzJG U0iftjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ 1963ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif

ygwDpnf;&kH;a&;A[dkaumfrwD tzJGU0iftjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1964ckESpf?

Mo*kwfvwGif ygwDpnf;&k H;a&;A[d kaumfrwDtaxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/

1965ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwDpnf;&k H;a&;aumfrwDud kwd k;csJ UzJ G Upnf;&m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpf qufvufwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1967ckESpf? atmufwd kbmvwGif qd k&S,fvpf

pD;yG m;a&;pDrHudef;aumfrwD tzJ G U0iftjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1971ckESpf? rwfvwGif qd k&S,fvpf

pD;yG m;a&;pDrHudef;aumfrwDud k jyefvnfzJ G Upnf;&m 'kwd,OuúXtjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;

cH&onf/ 1971ckESpf?pufwifbmvwGif zJ G Upnf;aom tzJ G U0if 97 OD;yg0ifonh f Ek difiHawmf

zJ G Upnf;yk HtajccHOya'opf(rlMurf;)a&;qJ Ga&; aumfr&SifOuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif;? jynfolrsm;\qEoabmxm;ESif h tBuHay;csufrsm; &,la&; tzJ G UcJ G 5 (ucsifjynfe,f )? tzJ G UcJ G 12

(rEÅav;wd kif;)? tzJ G UcJ G 15 (&efukefwd kif;)wd kYwGif tzJG UcJGacgif;aqmiftjzpf vnf;aumif;

aqmif&Gufonf/ 1974ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif wyfrawmfygwD aumfrwDOuúXtjzpf wm0ef

ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/

OD;pef;,konf 1971ckESpf yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcH? 1973ckESpf 'kwd,tBudrf

ygwDnDvmcH? 1977ckESpf wwd,tBudrf ygwDnDvmcHESif h 1977ckESpf ta&;ay: ygwDnDvmcH

wd k YwGif ygwDA[d k aumfrwD0ifESif hygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfjcif;

cH&onf/ 1981ckESpf? pwkw¬tBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDA[d kaumfrwDESif h A[d ktvkyftrI

aqmifaumfrwD 'kwd,OuúXjzpf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1988ckESpf? ta&;ay:

ygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDA[d kaumfrwDESif h A[d ktvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD 'kwd,OuúXtjzpfrS

tem;,lonf/

OD;pef;,konf 1974 ckESpf yxrtBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif h

a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG J? 1978 ckESpf 'kwd,tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG Jrsm;wGif A[ef;NrdKUe,frJqEe,frS jynfol YvTwfawmfuk d,fpm;vS,ftjzpf



62

ta&G;cH&NyD; oufqk dif&m jynfol YvTwfawmf yxrtpnf;ta0;rsm;u EkdifiHawmfaumifpD

twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cH&onf/ 1981ckESpf? Ek d0ifbm 9 &ufaeYwwd,

tBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmfESif h jynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif h a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG JwGif A[ef;NrdKUe,f

rJqE´e,frS jynfolYvTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfta&G;cH&NyD; wwd,tBudrfjynfolYvTwfawmfyxrtpnf;ta0;u Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuúXESif h Ek difiHawmfor®wtjzpf a&G;cs,f

wifajr§ mufonf/ 1985 ckESpf? pwkw¬tBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynfol UaumifpDtqif hqif h

a&G;cs,f wifajr§ mufyG JwGif A[ef;NrdKUe,f? rJqEe,f trSwf 1 rS jynfol YvTwfawmfuk d,fpm;vS,f

tjzpfta&G;cH&NyD; pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmf yxrtpnf;ta0;u Ek difiHawmfaumifpD

OuúXESif hEk difiHawmfor®wtjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufonf/ OD;pef;,konf 1987 ckESpf?

Zlvd kifv 21 &ufaeYwGif tltwufa&mifa&m*gjzif h r*Fvm'H kppfaq;½H kod k Ywufa&mufcJ h&ygonf/

OD;pef;,kEk difiHawmfor®wBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1987ckESpf? pufwifbmv5&ufaeUwGif EkdifiHawmfaumifpDonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHrS xkwfa0xm;aom

ESpfq,fig;usyf? ok H;q,fig;usyfESif h ckESpfq,fig;usyfwefaiGpuúLrsm;uk d w&m;0ifaiGtjzpfrS

&yfpJonfhOya'uJhokdY tmPmwnfaomtrdefY(trdefY trSwf 1^1987) ukdxkwfjyef

aMunmcJ honf/ xk d Ytjyif,if;trdef Yt& 1987ckESpf? Mo*kwfvtwGufvpmaiGESif h yifpifaiGrsm;

xkwf,lNyD;aom 0efxrf;rsm;ESif h yifpif aiGrsm;tm; ,if;Mo*kwftwGuf aemufxyfwpfvpmyk d

tjzpf vpmaiGESifh yifpifaiGrsm;ukd xyfrHxkwf,lcGifhjyKonfh trdefYaMumfjimpmwkdYukd

xkwfjyefaMujimcJhonf/11111 1987ckESpf? pufwifbmv 22 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEk difiHawmfbPfrS av;q,fhig;usyfwef? usyfuk d;q,fwef aiGpuúL trsdK;tpm;opf

rsm;uk d pwifxkwfa0onf/22222 1988 ckESpf Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeYpwkw¬tBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmf

ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;wGif Ek difiHawmfaumifpD OuúXESif h Ek difiHawmfor®wwm0efrStNidrf;pm;

,lonf/

1986 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufaeYwGif rGefjynfe,f armfvNrdKifNrdKU&S d armfvNrdKif

'D*&Daumvdyf uk d wu úok dvftqif hok d Yvnf;aumif;? ucsifjynfe,fjrpfBuD;em;NrdKU&S d jrpfBuD;em;aumvdyf? &ck difjynfe,f ppfawGaumvdyfESif h &Srf;jynfe,f awmifBuD;NrdKU&S d awmifBuD;aumvdyf

wkd Uuk d 'D*&Daumvdyfrsm;tqihfokd Y vnf;aumif; 39 ESpfajrmuf jynfaxmifpkaeYrSpí

11111 jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1988jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1988jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1988jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1988jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf ;ESpfcsKyf 1988/ pmayAdrmef/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1988/

pm 253/

22222,if;/



63

toD;oD;wk d;jr§if hzG J Upnf; ay;Ek difcJ honf/ 1983 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeY wGif &cd kif? ajrmufOD;

AEKv wHwm;opfud kvnf;aumif;? 1983ckESpf? arv(4)&ufaewGif {&m0wDwd kif;? usKHaysmf¼

wHwm;opf udkvnf;aumif;? 1983ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufaeYwGif rGefjynfe,f?bD;vif;wHwm;opfBuD;ud kvnf;aumif;? 1983ckESpf rwfv(2)&ufaeYwGif rJZmBudK;wHwm;

ud kvnf;aumif;? 1983ckESpf rwfv(19)&ufaeYwGif rGefjynfe,f? armfvNrdKifrS rkwårod k Yul;onf h

jrpfqdyf armfawmf,mOfa&qif;wHwm;ud k vnf;aumif; toD;oD;zGif hvSpfay; Ed kifcJ honf/

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmfomoemawmf oefY&Sif;wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&;

*kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;yGJBuD; xajrmufatmifjrifjcif;ESif h *kdPf;aygif;pkH

oHCmhnDñGwfrI&&S d jcif; txdrf;trSwftjzpf a&Twd*k HapwDawmfjrwfwnf&S d&m

od*Fkwå&ukef;awmf\ awmifbuf ukdufig;&mcef Y tuGmta0;üwnf&Sdonfh "r®&ud ©wukef;awmfay:wGif r[m0dZ,apwD awmfuk d &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltrsm;ESif htwl 1986 ckESpf?

rwfv 4 &ufaeY? t*F gae eHeuf 5 em&DtcsdefwGif atmifjrifpG mwnfxm;ay;cJ honf/

"r®&ud ©wukef;awmf[lonfrS m w&m;apmif haomukef;awmf[k t"dyÜ m,f&onf/

rGefbk&ifrBuD; &Sifapmykonf xk dukef;awmfay:wGif OykofoDwif;oDvapmif hok H;í ur®Xmef;

w&m;pD;jzef; tm;xkwfzl;onf htwGufaMumif hvnf;aumif;? vlom;wk d Yw&m;uk d apmif hMuvQif

w&m;awmfu vlom;wk d Yuk d jyefvnfapmif ha&S mufonfqk donf h Ak'a'oemawmfuk d aemifvmaemifom;wk dY odrSwfapvk daomaMumif hvnf;aumif;? wdyd#"& "r®b@m*g&du tbd"Z

r[m&X*k½k b'EÅ 0dpdwå om&mbd0Ho q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u xk dukef;awmfuk d "r®&u© dw

ukef;awmf[lítrnfay;awmfrlcJ honf/ r[m0dZ,[laoma0g[m&ukd (r[m+0d+Z,)

[kok H;yk'fcG Jjcm;í t"dyÜ m,fzGif hvQif (r[m=BuD;us,faom? 0d=xl;jcm;aom? Z,=atmifyG J )[k

wpfyk'fpD teuft"dyÜm,f&onf/ xl;jcm;aom atmifyGJBuD;[kqk dvk dygonf/ jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiHawmf omoemhorkdif;wGif rBuKHpzl;BuD;us,f xl;jcm;vSaom *kdPf;aygif;pkH

oHCmawmfrsm;pnf;vk H;nDñGwfrIatmifyG J&&S djcif; txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaqmufaomapwDawmfjzpfaomaMumif h wdyd#u"& "r®b@m*g&du tbd"Zr[m&X*k½kb'EÅ 0dpdwå

om&mbd0Ho q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u apwDawmf\ bG J Uawmfukd r[m0dZ,apwDawmf[k

owfrSwfawmfrljcif;jzpfaMumif;od&S d&ygonf/11111

11111 jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1987jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1987jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1987jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1987jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1987/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1987) pm 27/



64

5/ *kPfjyKcs D;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcs D;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcs D;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcs D;usL;cH&jcif;*kPfjyKcs D;usL;cH&jcif;

OD;pef;,konf jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif yg0ifcJ hjcif;? Ek difiHawmfu

ay;tyfonfh wm0efrsm;uk d BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ hjcif;wkd YaMumifh Ek difiHawmfu csD;jr§ih faom

ta&;awmfyH k wHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&;pnf;&H k;rIwHqdyf? vGwfajrmufa&;wHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&;

wHqdyf? pwm;wHqdyf? bm;rm;pwm;wHqdyf? urÇmppfwHqdyf? ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf?

Ek difiHawmfppfrI xrf;wHqdyf? jynfy&efES drfwHqdyf? jynfolYppfwk dufyG J0ifwHqdyf? oD&dysHcsDbG J U?

oa&pnfolbG J U? vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxrqif h )ESif h Ek difiH h*kPf&nfbG J U(yxrqif h )wk d Yuk d

&&S dcJ honf/


OD;pef;,konf 1952 ckeSpf? atmufwk dbmvwGif Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;pD;onf hppfrpf&SiftzG J U\ twGif;a&;rSLK;tjzpfaqmif&Gufí tar&duefEk difiHok d Y oG m;a&mufonf/ 1954-

55 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEk difiHü Command and General Staff College Course wpfESpfoifwef;

wufa&mufonf/ 1960 jynf hESpf? atmufwk dbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfjynfol Yor®wEk difiHok d Y

ESpfBudrfoG m;a&mufí w&kwf-jrefrm e,fjcm;udpöaqmif&Gufonf/ 1983ckESpf pufwifbmv

4 &ufaeYwGif [efa*&D jynfol Yor®wEd kifiH od k Yvnf;aumif;? cspfMunfa&;c&D;tjzpf 1984

ckESpf? Zlvd kifv 1 &ufaeYwGif *syefEk difiHESif h atmufwk dbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfjynfol Yor®

wEkdifiHokd Y vnf;aumif;? 1986 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmvwGif b*Fvm;a'h&SfjynfolYor®wEk difiH

ok d Yvnf;aumif;? uk d;&D;,m;or®wEk difiH or®wcsef'l;0Srf\ zdwfMum;csuft& EkdifiHawmf

or®wBuD; OD;pef;,konf ZeD;a':oef;&S defESif h twl tzG J U0ifrsm; vk dufygvsuf udk;&D;,m;

or®wEk difi Hok d Y 1987 ckESpf? ZGefv * &ufrS 12 &uftxd cspfMunfa&;c&D; oG m;a&mufcJ honf/

1987ckESpfZGefv 29 &ufaeY tif'd keD;½S m;Ed kifiH od kYvnf;aumif;? Zlvd kifv 4 &ufaeYwGif

rav;&S m;Ed kifiHod k Yvnf;aumif;? atmufwd kbm 20 &ufaeYwGif ,l*k dqvm;AD;,m;qk d&S,fvpf

jynfaxmifpkor®wEk difiH OD;aoQmiftzG J UOuúX rpöwmvmZmrG dKifaqmh\ zdwfMum;csuft& vnf;aumif;? ½k dareD;,m; qk d&S,fvpfor®wEk difiH or®wrpöwm eDuk dvk dufacsmuf&Sufpul\

zdwfMum;csuft& atmufwk dbmv 23 &ufrS 27 &uftxdvnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk

or®w*smreDEk difiH or®wBuD;zdwfMum;csuft& atmufwk dbmv 28 &ufrS Ekd0ifbmv 2

&uftxdvnf;aumif; tqk dygEk difiHtoD;oD;ok d Y Ek difiHawmfor®wBuD;ESif h Ek difiHawmfaumifpD

OuúX OD;pef;,konf ZeD;a':oef;&S defESif htwl tzG J U0ifrsm;vk dufygvsuf {nf honfawmftjzpf

cspfMunfa&; c&D;rsm; oG m;a&mufcJ honf/



65


OD;pef,konf 1947 ckESpf? atNyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUae ynmrif;BuD;\

tyg;awmfNrJ OD;&S def0SufESif ha':oef;a&Twk d Y\orD;? tif;pdeftpk d;&ausmif;? ausmif;q&mr

a':oef;&SdefESSifhvufxyf cJhonf/ orD;av;OD;xGef;um;í orD;rsm;rSm a':vJhvJh,k+

OD;armifarmif0if;? a':cifaqG,k+ OD;atmifausmf? a':at;oef;,kESif h a':apm,krGef+

OD;jrih fMunfwk d YjzpfMuonf/ trSwf (16)? uarÇ mZ&dyfom? A[ef;NrdKUe,fwGif aexk difonf/

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf oufpGef YBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ hNyD; Ek difiH hwm0efrsm;uk d

uk d,fusdK;rzuf? pGrf;pGrf;wrHBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ haom Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuúX(tNidrf;pm;)?

Ek difiHawmfor®w (tNidrf;pm;)ESif h umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(tNidrf;pm;) OD;pef;,konf 1996 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; a':oef;&S defESif horD;av;OD;? ajr;ajcmufOD; usef&pfonf/



yH k (7)

OD;pdefvGif (or®w)[ 1988 ckESpf ]

66



OD;pdefvGifOD;pdefvGifOD;pdefvGifOD;pdefvGifOD;pdefvGif


( arG; 27-1-1924 uG,fvGef 9-4-2004 )1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

OD;pdefvGifonf 1924 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwGif aygifNrdKUüarG;zG m;cJ honf/



tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwGif 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJ hygonf/ 1943 ckESpfwGif ArmhumuG,f

a&;wyfrawmf wyf&if;(1)wGif t&m&S dtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf/ 1944 ckESpf? arv

27 &ufaeYwGif *syefacwfwwd,ywf ppfwuúok dvf Ak dvfoifwef;wufa&mufNyD; Ek d0ifbmv

30 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;qif;cJ honf/11111 1945 ckESpfwGif wkdif;(2) jrpf0uRef;ay:a'oü

zufqpf*syefawmfvSef&mwGif wyf&if;(83)ü wyfcG JrSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf/

1946 ckESpfwGif aoewfuk difwyf&if;(4)üwyfom;tqif hwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hNyD; 1948 ckESpfwGif

jyefwrf;0ift&m&S djzpfcJ hygonf/ weoF m&Dwk dif;rif;BuD;\ tyg;awmfNrJwm0efxrf;aqmif&efjynfxJa&;Xmeok dY wGJzufxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGifjynfxJa&;okd YwGJzuf&mrS

xm;0,fppf0efxrf;wyf&if;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1950 jynf hESpfwGif trSwf(3)ajcvsifwyf&if;

üf wyfcG JrSL;? 1951-52 ckESpfwGif trSwf(1)avhusif ha&;wyf wyfcG JrSL;? 1952-53 ckESpfwGif

wyfxdef;trSwf(2)wyfcG JwyfrSL;? 1953-54 ckESpfü csif;aoewfuk dif wyf&if;wGif 'kwyf&if;rSL;ESif h

trSwf(1)avhusif ha&;wyf 'kwd,wyf&if;rSL;? 1957 ckESpfwGif trSwf(4) aoewfuk dif wyf&if;

wyf&if;rSL; ponfjzifh toD;oD;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ 1965-69 ckESpftxd

taemufawmifwk dif; ppfXmecsKyf 'kwd,wk dif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hNyD; 1969-70jynf hESpftxd ta&S Uyk dif;wk dif;AsL[mrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1970-72 ckESpfxd wk dif;BuD;Muyfa&;

Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1972-74 ckESpfxd taemufajrmufwk dif;ppfXmecsKyf wk dif;rSL;

tjzpfvnf;aumif; tqif hqif hwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf/

11111

Ak dvfrif;ñk d? *syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969)pm223/



68


1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfu Ek difiHawmfukdxdef;odrf;&mü

uGyfuJrI acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftaejzif hyg0if aqmif&GufcJ h&ygonf/ 1965 ckESpftxd

jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme 'Drk dua&pDa'oEÅ &tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h a'oEÅ & tzG J Utpnf;rsm; 0efBuD;Xme?

vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESifh trsdK;om;rSwfyH kwifa&;0efBuD;Xme? w&m;a&; 0efBuD;Xmewkd Y wGif

twGif;0ef? ygwDvkyfief;pdppfa&;aumfrwD0iftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1978 ckESpf?

atmufwk dbm v 7 &ufaeYwGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; Ak dvfrSL;BuD; pdefvGifonf &ck difjynfe,f?

armifawmfNrdKUe,f? awmifNydKvuf0JvufcHa&;pcef;wGif [oF mpDrHcsuft& b*Fvm;a'h&Sf

bufok d Y wdrf;a&S mif oG m;olrsm; vufcHa&;tm; wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJ h&ygonf/11111 ta&;ay:

ygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDA[k dtvkyftrI aqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;?

or0g,r0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;? yk d YaqmifqufoG,fa&; 0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;1980 jynf hESpfwGif

jynfxJa&;ESif homoema&; 0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; ? 1981-82 ckESpftwGuf tm&SzG H UNzdK;a&;bPf

*gAemrsm;bkwftzG J U\ obmywdtjzpf cef Ytyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1981 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv

4 &ufaeYrS 18 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJ haom jynfol Y vTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpDtqih fqif h

a&G;cs,fyG JwGif EkdifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif; cH&NyD; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;ESif h

vH kNcHKa&;&maumfrwDwGifvnf; tzG J U0iftjzp fwm0efay;tyf jcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/22222 1985 ckESpf?

atmufwk dbmv 6 &ufaeYrS20 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJ haom pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynfol Y aumifpD tqif hqif h a&G;cs,fyG JwGifEk difiHawmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfa&G;cs,f

wifajr§ mufjcif;cHcJ h& jyefygonf/33333 wG JzuftaxGaxG ygwDtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1981 ckESpf ZGefv 17 &ufaeYwGif jynfxJa&;ESif homoema&;0efBuD;tjzpf

a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h &onf/ 1988 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeYwGifusif;ycJ haom pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol Y

vTwfawmfta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;uk d jynfol UvTwfawmfcef;rü usif;y&m OD;pdefvGiftm;

Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuú|ESif h Ek difiHawmfor®w tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/

jynfaxmifpk qk d&S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEk difiHawmf zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'yk'fr 76 t& tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfyk difcGif huk doH k;pG Jvsuf &efukefwk dif; &efukefNrdKUawmfpnfyifom,ma&; e,fedrdwf

twGif;&Sd NrdKUe,f 27 NrdKUe,fwGif ta&;ay:tajctaeaMujimí ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'uk d

11111 a&SUokd Ya&SUokd Ya&SUokd Ya&SUokd Ya&SUokd Y/ trSwf 343? (1 Ek d 1978) pm 25/





69

Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuú| OD;pdefvGifu vufrSwf a&;xk d;vsuf Ek difiHawmfaumifpDaMunmcsuf

trSwf 5^88 jzif h 1988 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif xkwfjyefcJ honfuk dawG Y&S d&ygonf/11111

tqk dygppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'uk d Mo*kwfv 24 &uf aeYwGif&kyfodrf;cJhygonf/ 1988 ckESpf?

Zlvk difv 28 &ufaeYcef YrSpwifNyD; &efukefNrdKUwGif qEjyrIrsm;jzpfyG m;cJ hygonf/ xk daemufMo*kwfv8 &ufcefYrSpí &efukef? oefvsif? rEÅ av;? a&eHacsmif;? rif;bl;? yckuúL? yJcl;? armfvNrdKif?

awmifBuD;? xm;0,f? jrpfBuD;em;? ppfuk dif;? bk duav;? a&Tbk d? awmifil? Nrdwfpaom NrdKUrsm;wGif

vlpkvla0;jzif h qEjyrIrsm;jzpfyG m;cJ hNyD; taxGaxGoydwfarS muf vlxkqEjyyG JBuD;txd us,fjyef Y

vmcJhygonf/33333

1988 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 9 &ufaeY wGif jrefrmwpfEk difiHvH k;&S d pmoifausmif;rsm;

tm;vHk;ukd ydwfvkduf&ygonf/ jynfolY0efxrf;rsm;? puf&Hk? tvkyf&Hk vkyfief;Xmersm;&S d

vkyfom;0efxrf;rsm;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESif h tNidrf;pm;0efxrf;rsm;tm; vuf&S dtyk daxmufyH h

aMu;tjyif wk d;jr§if hcHpm;cGif hjyKvk duf&m vpmEIef; usyf(100-2-110 rS 150-10-220) twGif;&S d

rlvtyk daxmufyH haMu;tjyif xyfrHí vpOf(45)usyfuk dvnf;aumif;? vpmEIef;(usyf 160-

10-230 rS 260-15-380)twGif;&S drlvtykdaxmufyHhaMu;tjyif vpOfusyf (40)uk d

vnf;aumif;? vpmEIef;usyf(300-15-420 rS 450-25-700)twGif;&S d rlvtyk daxmufyH haMu;

tjyif xyfrHí vpm (35)usyfuk dvnf;aumif;? vpmEIef;usyf(500-30-800 rS 800-40-

1000)txd rlvtyk daxmufyH haMu;tjyif xyfrHí usyf(30)uk dvnf;aumif;? aeYpm;vkyfcEIef;xm;uk dvnf; (6)usyf? jym;(50)rS (8)usyf? jym;(50)ok d Ywk d;jr§if hívnf;aumif; cGif hjyKcJ honfuk d

awG U&S d&ygonf/33333

jrefrmhqk dif&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDOuú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuú|

ESif h Ek difiHawmfor®wtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ haom OD;pdefvGif onf ygwDOuú|

wm0efrSvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuú|? Ek difiHawmfor®wwm0efrsm;ESifh jynfol Y

vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrSvnf;aumif; 1988 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif

EkwfxGufcJ hygonf/44444


22222 ,if;pm/

33333 ,if;pm 11/

44444 ,if;pm 244/



70



1980 jynf hESpf? 'DZifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif b*Fvm;a'h&SfEk difiHok dYvnf;aumif;?1981 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 15 &ufaeYwGif uk d;&D;,m;Ek difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;oG m;a&mufcJ hygonf/



71

yHk (8)a'gufwm armifarmif (or®w)

[ 1988 ckESpf ]



72

a'gufwmarmifarmifa'gufwmarmifarmifa'gufwmarmifarmifa'gufwmarmifarmifa'gufwmarmifarmif


(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 11-1-1925 uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef 2-7-1994)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf 1925 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeY t½kPfwufcsdefwGif

tz txufwef;a&S Uae OD ;qif h? trd a':at;wifwk d YrS rEÅ av;NrdKUü arG;zG m;cJ honf/ a'gufwm

armifarmif rarG;zG m;rD rdcifa':at;wifrS om;wpfa,mufarG;zG m;cJ haomfvnf; wpfESpfom;

t&G,fwGif uG,fvGefoG m;cJ honf/ xk daMumif ha'gufwmarmifarmif arG;zG m;vmaomtcg

rdbrsm;aysmf&Tif cJ hMuonf/ om;OD;uav;uJ hok d Y i,fi,fESif h uG,fvGefrnfuk d pk d;&drfcJ hMuonf/

ok d Yjzpfí ykcuftwGif;üyif ouFef;qnf;ay;jcif;cH&oljzpfonf/


rEÅ av;NrdKU trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif,lcJ honf/ uif;axmuf

tzGJ UwGif yg0ifcJ honf/ 0HykavGrS uif;axmufvli,f? aemufykdif;wGif &k dAmpaumufBuD;

jzpfvmonf/ txufjrefrmjynfpaumufrif;BuD;onf OD;vSBuD;jzpfonf/ tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif

OD;vSBuD;&H k;wGif tvHtcsufjyjcif;? aMu;eef;jzif htcsufjyjcif;wk d Yuk d avhusif hcJ honf/ ausmif;ydwf

&ufrsm;wGif awmxGufpcef;csonf/ a&ul;wHqdyf? xrif;csufwHqdyf rsdK;pH k&&S dcJhonf/

rdbrsm;onf om;uk d bDpDtufjzpfapcsifonf/ zcifjzpfolonf om;jzpfoltm; ]] ynma&;?

tdrfaxmifbufa&G;cs,fa&;ESif h tvkyftud kifa&G;cs,fa&;wk d YwGif zcif\qH k;jzwfrItwk dif;

vk dufem&rnf jzpfaMumif;? usefudpörsm;tm;vH k; rdrdbmomvGwfvyfpG m a&G;cs,fvkyfukdif

Ek difaMumif;ajymjycJ honf/}}11111 [k od&S d&ygonf/

1938 ckESpfwGif ausmif;om;oydwfwGif rEÅ av;ausmif;wk dufrS trsm;pkyg0ifcJ h

onf/ tdrfawmf&mbk&m;? pMumoD[bk&m;wGif oydwfpcef;csonf/ &efukefwGif twGif;0ef&H k;rsm;uk d oydwfwm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ykvdyfwk d Yu &k dufESufMuonf/ ausmif;om;

acgif;aqmif ukdatmifausmf usqHk;cJhí tmZmenf Akdvfatmifausmfjzpfvmonf/

Ak dvfatmifausmfESif h tmZmenf 17 OD;usqH k;NyD;aemufyk dif;wGif rEÅ av;wGif &[ef;ysdKrsm;u

trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tuØ syg; r0wf Mu&ef aqmfMoMuonf/ Ek difiHjcm;rSwifoGif;aom 0k difprsm;uk d

11111

a'gufwmarmifarmif? om;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Y / (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1973) pm 37/



73

oydwfarS mufMujcif;jzpfonf/ aqmfMoqH k;rí r&aomolrsm;tm; BudrfaqmifíqH H k;ronf/

uwfaMu;jzif h tuØ suk duk dufjzwfypfonf/ a,muf sm;av; rsm;xH rS bk dauuk dtvSLcHMuonf/

a'gufwmarmifarmifvnf; rdciftwGuf aps;0,fxGufpOf oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhawGYNyD;

uk dvk deDpepfqk d;\tarGqk d;jzpfaom acgif;ay:rS t*FvdyfqHawmufuk d &dwfjcif; cHcJ h&bl;onf/þenf;jzif h 1300 jynf hta&;awmfyH kBuD;NyD;qH k;cJ honf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif rEÅ av;NrdKU Ak'omoemh

Ek*¾[ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifjrifNyD; rEÅav;OypmaumvdyfodyÜ Hwef;ok dY wufa&muf

ynmoifMum;cJ honf/ toufi,faeojzif h ausmif;wufcGif hr&bJ ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpöwm

rm&S,f\ cGif hjyKcsufjzif h twef;wufcJ h&onf/ a'gufwmarmifarmifonf &efukefwuúok dvfwGif

qufvuf ynmoif,lcJh&m 1946 ckESpf wGif &efukefwuúok dvfrS t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;jzif h

0dZÆ mbG J U&&S donf/

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf 1949 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif vef'efokdY

owif;jzef YcsDa&;ynmjzif h ynmawmfoifapvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ a'gufwmarmif Ek difiHjcm;ok d Y

xGufcGmrnfhtcsdefumvonf wkdif;jynfrNidrfroufjzpfí a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm;

qlylvIyf&S m; aeonf htcsdefjzpfojzif h wyfrawmfokd YjyefvnftrIxrf;aqmif&efBudK;yrf;cJ

haomfvnf; txufvlBuD;rsm;\wkdufwGef;csuft& ynmawmfoifxGufcGmcJh&onf/

ynmawmfoifapvTwfonf hbmom&yfrsm;uk doifMum;&if 0wfvH kynmuk dvnf; qnf;yl;cJ h

onf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufwGif a[mfvefEk difiHok d YoG m;a&mufí tjynfjynfqk dif&mOya'ynmuk doif,lcJ honf/ vef'efNrdKUwGif NcdK;NcHacRwmpG maexk dif&if; 0wfvH kynmuk d vif;uGef;tif;11111

ü naeyk dif;wufcJ honf/ Oya'pmtkyfrsm;onf wefzk d;BuD;rm;ojzif h wuúok dvfpmMunf hwk duf

rsm;wGif oGm;a&mufzwf&Ium rSwfpkxkwfcJh&onf/ wuúokdvfpmMunfhwkdufrsm;onf

noef;acgiftcsdeftxd zGif haMumif;od&S d&onf/ um;coufom&ef ausmif;ok d Y toG m;^tjyef

vrf;avQmufcJ honf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif r*¾Zif;wk dufrsm;ok d Y aqmif;yg;rsm;yk d YcJ honf/ rEÅ av;tdrfrS

*sol;taMumif;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fa&;cJ h&m q,faygif&bl;aMumif;od&S d&onf/ 1953 ckESpftxd

t*FvefEkdifiHvef'efNrdKUü Oya'tjynfjynfqkdif&mqufqHa&;? jyefMum;a&;ynmrsm;uk davhvmqnf;yl;onf/ a[mfvefEk difiH&S d Academy of International Law rS tjynfjynfqk dif&m

Oya' 'Dyvk drm&&S donf/ Utrechtwuúok dvfrS ausmfMum;aomOya'ynm&Sif ygarmu© AmZD;

xHwGif a'gufwmbG J U twGufusrf;jyKcGif h&onf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif vef'efNrdKUvif;uGef;tif; rS

Barrister-At-Law 0wfvHktjzpfcH,lonf/ 1956 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif a[mfvefEk difiH Utrecht

wuúok dvfrS tjynfjynfqk dif&m Oya'bmom&yfjzif h Oya'yg&*l L. L. D (Doctor of Law)

11111Lincoln's Inn

22222Prof. J. H. W. Verzijl



74

bG J U&&S donf/ 1960 jynf hESpfrS 1962 ckESpftxd tar&duefEk difiH Yale a,;vfwuúok dvfü

uxdutjzpf pmayyk d Ycs&if;usrf;jyKum 1961 ckESpfwGif tjynfjynfqk dif&mOya' bmom&yf

twGuf a'gufwmbG J Uuk d &&Sdonf/


1943 ckESpfwGif ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD-'D-at) axmufyH ha&;wyf&if;ok d Y

0ifa&muftrIxrf;onf/ wyfMuyftqif h&&S dNyD;aemuf 1944 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 7

&ufaeYwGif*syefacwf r*Fvm'H k ppfwuúok dvf pwkw¬ywfAk dvfoifwef; wufa&mufcJ hNyD; 1945

1945 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfoifwef;qif;cJ honf/ 11111ppf0efBuD;&H k; ppfynmXmeBuD;

wGif Akdvfav;tqifhjzifh wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ awmfvSefa&;wGif [oFmwc&kdif?

rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf wkdif;(1)XmecsKyf? yJEG,fukef;wk d Yü wyfrsm;odrf;onftxd wm0efxrf;aqmif onf/

1946 ckESpf? pufwifbmvrSpí &efukefwuúok dvf t*FvdyfpmXmeenf;jytjzpf

vnf;aumif;? 1946 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpftxd jyefMum;a&;Xme? e,l;wk dif;atmhzfbm;rm;

owif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;aMunmpmwrf;

uk d t*Fvdyfbmomok d Y jyefqk da&;om;ay;cJ honf/ 22222 1948 ckESpf ESpfOD;yk dif;rS 1949 ckESpf?

atmufwk dbmv txd jrefrmEk difiHrD;&xm;Xme vufaxmuf twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;

wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifonf/

1953-1955 ckESpfwGiftpk d;&a&S Uaetjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&if; Oya'ynmuk d

qnf;yl; avhvmcJ honf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif Oya'owif;axmufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hNyD; 1958

ckESpfwGif vufaxmufa&S UaecsKyftjzpf cef Ytyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1959 ckESpf? tdrfapmif htpk d;&

vufxufwGif ukvor*¾ok d YapvTwfonf Y jrefrmuk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J UwGif yg0ifcJ honf/ *syefEk difiH

ok d Y0ifcJ hNyD; [mrmrwfpkNrdKU&S d Ak dvfrk d;BudK;ESif hoG m;a&mufawG YqH kcJ haMumif;od&S d&onf/ 33333 1960

jynf hESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif vufaxmufa&S UaecsKyftjzpfrSEkwfxGufcJ honf/ &efukefwuúok dvfOya'uxdu wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJ honf/

11111 Ak dvfrif;ñk d/ *syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf?

1969) pm 340/

22222a'gufwmarmifarmif? om;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Y/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyf

wk duf? 1973) pm 37/

33333 a'gufwmarmifarmif/ ]]Akdvfrkd;BudK;eJUawGUcJhpOf}}]]Ak dvfrkd;BudK;eJUawGUcJhpOf}}]]Ak dvfrkd;BudK;eJUawGUcJhpOf}}]]Ak dvfrkd;BudK;eJUawGUcJhpOf}}]]Ak dvfrkd;BudK;eJUawGUcJhpOf}}? rS [Hom0wD[Hom0wD[Hom0wD[Hom0wD[Hom0wD

owif;pmowif;pmowif;pmowif;pmowif ;pm/ (27 rwf 1970 )? pm tcsyfydk-u/



75


a'gufwmarmifarmifonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvufxufwGif w&m;&H k;csKyf

w&m;olBuD;csKyftjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ jrefrmhqk d&S,fvpfvrf;ygwD tjrKawygwD

umv wGif ynma&;&maumfrwD0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1971 ckESpf

yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDpnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwDOuúXtjzpf a&G;cs,f

wifajr§ mufjcif;cH&onf/ 1971 ckESpfwGif zG J Upnf;aomtzG J U0if 97 OD;yg0ifonf h Ek difiHawmf

zG J Upnf;yH k tajccHOya'opf(rlMurf;)a&;qG Ja&;aumfr&SifwGif tzG J U0iftjzpfyg0ifonf/ 1972

ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzG J U0ifjzpfvmNyD; 1972 ckESpfrS 1974 ckESpftxd awmfvSefa&;

tpk d;& tzG J U0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf 'kwd,tBudrfygwDnDvmcH? wwd,tBudrfygwDnDvmcHESifh pwkw¬tBudrfygwDnDvmcHwkdYwGif A[kdtvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf

oH k;Budrfqufwkduf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1974 ckESpf yxrtBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfESifh

jynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif h a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG JwGif tr&yl&NrdKUe,f rJqEe,ftrSwf(2)rS

vnf;aumif;? 1978 ckESpf 'kwd,tBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpD tqif hqifh

a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG JESif h 1985 ckESpf? pwkw¬tBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpD

tqif hqif h a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG Jrsm;wGif rEÅ av;ta&S Uajrmuf NrdKUe,frJqEe,ftrSwf(1)rS

vnf;aumif; jynfol YvTwfawmfuk d,fpm;vS,ftjzpfa&G;cH&NyD; oufqk dif&m jynfol YvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;u Ek difiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpfa&G;cs,f wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1978

ckESpfwGif Oya'aumfr&SifOuúXwm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1988 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeYwGif

jynfol YOya'tusdK;aqmiftzG J UOuúXtjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/ jrefrmhqk d&S,fvpf

vrf;pOfygwD A[k daumfrwD 11 Budrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;uk d 1988 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeY

eHeuf 8 ; 30 em&DwGif &efukefNrdKU jynfol YvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rüusif;ycJ honf/

tpnf;ta0;wGif a'gufwmarmifarmiftm; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDOuúXtjzpf

a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufcJ hMuygonf/ 1988ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeY ? eHeuf 10 ; 15 em&DwGif

&efukefNrdKU jynfol UvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rü pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfta&;ay:

tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJ h&m Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuúXESif h Ek difiHawmfor®wtjzpf rEÅ av;wk dif;?

rEÅ av;ta&S UajrmufNrdKUe,f rJqEe,f trSwf(1)? jynfol YvTwfawmfuk d,fpm;vS,f a'gufwm

armifarmiftm; a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufcJ hMuygonf/11111 1988 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif

11111jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrm hpG,fpHkusr f;ESpfcsKyf 1989/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1995) pm 244/



76

jrefrmhqk d&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcHuk d &efukefNrdKU jynfol YvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;

cef;rü usif;y&m wpfygwDpepfESifhygwDpHkpepfteuf rnfonfhpepfukd jynfolrsm;u

BudKufESpfoufaMumif; jynfol YqEcH,lyG Jusif;yjcif;rjyKawmhbJ ygwDpH kpepfjzif h taxGaxGa&G;

aumufyG J usif;y&ef ygwDnDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,f 75 &mck difEIef;ausmfrS oabmwlqHk;jzwfcJ hMuygonf/ Ek difiHawmfor®wESif hEk difiHawmfaumifpDOuúX a'gufwmarmifarmif trSL;jyKaom

pwkw¬tBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;rS tajccHOya'uk d>cif;csufjyKNyD;

ygwDpH kpepfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jusif;yEkdif&ef a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifuk dzGJ Upnf;

ay;cJ honfuk d awG Y&S d&ygonf/ wpfzef pufwifbmv 16 &ufaeYrSpwifNyD; jynfol Y0efxrf;rsm;

onf Ek difiHawmftay:opö mxm;í jynfol Y0efuk dom xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfojzif h ygwDpH k

pepfwGif usif hoH k;cJ honf htpOftvmESif htnD jynfol Ywyfrawmf? jynfol Y&JwyfzG J U paom

umuG,fa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;? jynfolY0efxrf;tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;? EkdifiHykdifpD;yGm;a&;?bkwfaumfyk da&;&Sif;tzG J Utpnf;toD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;eSif h Ek difiHawmfb@mrS vpmcHpm;Mu

aom tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;tm; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD? ygwD0iftjzpfrS EkwfxGufcGifh

jyKvk dufaMumif; xkwfjyefcJ hygonf/111111988 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif Ek difiHawmfor®w

tjzpfrS tNidrf;pm;,lcJ honf/

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf jrefrmbmom? t*Fvdyfbmomwk d Yjzif h pmaya&;om;

jyKpkcJhonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyftcsdKUrSm aoG;eD(1946)?ouf&S d&mZ0if (1956)? wk d YjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHzG J Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k(1959)? Ek difiHawmfvkyfBuHrI

jynfaxmifpkESifh OD;apm (1965)? jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;(1969)?

om;armifppfonfok d Y(1972)? w&m;Oya'taxGaxG A[kokw(1974)ESif h jynfol Y0efxrf;

om;orD;rsm;okdY(1987)pmtkyfwkdYjzpfonf/ xkdpmtkyfrsm;teuf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;(1969)pmtkyfonf 1969 ckESpf? trsdK;om;pmayqk (Ek difiHa&;pmay) &&S donf/

t*Fvdyfbmomjzif ha&;om; xkwfa0cJ haompmtkyftcsdKUrS m Note on A Book of English Verse

for Matriculation Students. The Forgotten Amrmy (1946). Burma's Teething Time(1949).

London Diary (1952). Grim War Against KMT (1953). Burma in the Family of Nations (1956).

Burma's Constitution(1959). A Trail in Burma (1960). Aung San of Burma (1961). Law and

Custom in Burma and the Burmese Family (1961). Burma and General Ne Win(1969).ESif h To

A Soldier Son (1972) pmtkyfwk d Yjzpfonf/




77


a'gufawmarmifarmifonf jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif yg0ifcJ hjcif;

aMumif h Ek difiHawmfucsD;jr§if honf hvGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if('kwd,tqih f )uk d 1975 ckESpfwGif

vnf;aumif;? EkdifiHawmfuay;tyfonfhwm0efrsm;ukd BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifh

Ek difiHawmfu csD;jr§if honf hEk difiH *kPf&nfbG J U(yxrqif h )uk d 1984 ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif;&&S donf/


a'gufwmarmifarmifonf Ek difiHwm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; t*Fvef?

a[mfvef? jyifopf? tar&duef? tpöa&;? tD*spf? vufbEGef? qGpfZmvef? tdE´ d,? eDayg?

*syef? xk dif;? pifumyl? uarÇ m'D;,m;? *smreD? w&kwf? avm? uk d&D;,m;? uae'g? b*Fvm;a'h&S f?

ygupöwef? rav;&Sm;? tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh MopaMw;vs ponfhEkdifiHrsm;okdY wm0efjzifhoG m;a&mufcJ honf/11111


a'gufwmarmifarmifonf 1947 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif [oF mwNrdKUae

ygvDref trwfOD;oef;wif ?a':usifjrwk d Y\ orD;a':cifjrif hESif hvufxyfcJ honf/ om;orD;

ckepfOD;xGef;um;cJ h&m om;orD;rsm;onfppfrIxrf; tif*sifeD,m? ynma&;0efxrf;? Xmeqk dif&m

t&mxrf; ponfjzif h Ek difiHawmfwm0efrsm;uk dxrf;aqmifvsuf&S donf/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif wpfwyfwpftm; yg0ifcJhNyD; Ek difiH hwm0efrsm;ukd BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ haom

Ek difiHawmfor®w(tNidrf;pm;) a'gufwm armifarmifonf 1994 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 2 &ufaeYü

trSwf (16)? arcvrf;? r&rf;ukef;? &efukefNrdKUwGif uG,fvGefonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif

ZeD;a':cifjrif hESif h om;oH k;OD;? orD;av;OD; ajr; 10 OD; usef&pfonf/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyfausmfol(Nidrf;)

(Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;)+ a':vJ hvJ hMunf? OD;atmifEk dif+a':oZifaX;? OD;aomif;OD;+a':,Of,OfOD;?

OD;0if;armif+ a':pifoDwm? OD;atmifa&TOD;?+ a':cifoDwmwk d Y usef&pfcJ honf/

11111

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1995jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1995jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1995jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1995jrefrm hpG,fp Hkusrf ;ESpfc sKyf 1995/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1995) pm 279-281/



yHk (9)AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif (or®w)

[ 1988 ckESpf ]

78



79

OD;apmarmifOD;apmarmifOD;apmarmifOD;apmarmifOD;apmarmif


(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 5-12-1992 uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef 24-7-1997)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúXESif hwyfrawmf ESif hwyfrawmf

umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efrsm;uk d xrf;aqmifcJ honf h OD;apmarmif (Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;-Nidrf;)onf

1928 ckESpfwGif OD;armifuav; ESif h a':rSwfwk d YrSrEÅ av;NrdKUwGif arG;zG m;cJ honf/


i,fpOfurEÅ av;NrdKU&S d ae&Sife,fausmif;[k ac:onf h A[k dtrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif; (Central National High School )(CNHS )wGif'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfcsdeftxd

ynmoifMum;cJ honf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rS m Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;wk d YESif htwlusqH k;oG m;onf h

tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;wpfOD; jzpf aom OD;&mZwf jzpfonf/ OD;apmarmifoifMum;qnf;yl;

c Jonf h ausmif;r SemrnfBuD;q&mrsm;wGif zqyv jynfxJa&;0ef BuD;a[mif;

Ak dvfcifarmifuav;onf vnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf/ þuJ hok d Y rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoefaom

q&m-q&mrrsm;xdef;ausmif; oifMum;qHk;ronf hausmif;jzpfívnf; ausmif;om;rsm;\

pdwfwGif rsdK;cspfpdwfrS m udef;atmif;pG JuyfvmcJ honf/ OD;apmarmif i,fpOfausmif;om;b0uyif

xk dpdwf"gwftNrJ&SifoefvmcJ honf/ OD;apmarmifonf xk dpOfuzG J Upnf;cJ h onf h ]]&JnTef Y}}wyfzG J UwGif

vnf; 0ifa&mufcJ h onf/ &JnTef UwyfzG J UwGif wyfpdwfrSL;tqif h? t&pf(ESpf )&pf txd&&S dcJ honf/


OD;apmarmifonfvGwfvyfa&;tBudKumvjzpfonf h*syefacwfaemufykdif;wGif

vQyfppfynm&yfrsm;ukdqufvufavhvmoifMum;NyD; rEÅav;eef;wGif;&SdtrSwf(922)ESifh

trSwf(1)NrdKUe,f tif*sifeD,mwyfwk d YwGif vQyfppfyk d YvTwfa&;Xmeü vQyfppfynmonf (Elec-

trician ) tjzpf0ifa&mufvkyfuk dif trIxrf;cJ hygonf/ rEÅ av;NrdKUtwGif;&S d "gwfwk diftrsm;pkrS m

OD;apmarmifwk dY uk d,fwk dif vQyfppfynmonfb0ü wyfqifpk dufxlcJhonf h "gwfwkdifrsm;

jzpfygonf/

jyifOD;vGiftm; u&ifrsm;odrf;yk dufpOfwGif taysmfwrf;tjzpf xk dpOfu cifrifaom

bDtD;trftD;wyfrS tMuyftcsdKUESif htwl jyifOD;vGifok d Y wk dufyG J0if&ef vk dufygcJ honf/ ok d Y&mwGif

(21)rk difü qkwfcG mvmaomtpk d;&wyfrsm;ESif hyl;aygif;rdNyD; ¤if;wk d YESif htwl rEÅ av;ok d Y jyefvnfqkwfcG mcJ h&onf/ yifrtpk d;&wyfrsm;rSm ppfuk dif;bufok dY qkwfcG m&NyD; tcsdKUrS m rEÅ av;&S d



80

bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif wyfazsmufusef&SdcJhonf/ xkdpOfrEÅav;NrdKUtajctaerS m

u&ifolykefwyfrsm;onf eef;NrdKUtwGif;ü aexk difNyD; tvHeDuGefjrLepf(epfeD )rsm;rS m 84 vrf ;?

a&Tarmif;wk dufü XmecsKyfzG if hvSpfaexk difNyD; tmV0Dvrf;? *l*sD&wDausmif;ü XmecsKyfzGif hvSpf

xm;cJ honf/ ¤if;aemufpuf&Hk? tvkyf&Hkrsm;tm;jynfolyk difodrf;onf[k taMumif;jyumuGefjrLepfrsm;taejzif h ¤if;wk d YygwDtvHrsm; tNydKiftqk difpk dufxlcJ haomfumvjzpfonf/


rEÅ av;NrdKUtm; tpkd;&wyfrsm;rS jyefvnfodrf;yk dufNyD;aemuf u&iftMurf;zuf

aomif;usef;olrsm;ESif h a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm; vIyf&Sm;x<uvmcsdefwGif OD;apmarmif

wkdif;jynftusdK; ukdo,fykd;xrf;aqmif&efESifh&&SdNyD;aomvGwfvyfa&;ukdumuG,f&ef

trsdK;om;wk dif;wGifwm0ef&S donf [laom cH,lcsufjzif h 1949 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGifwyfom;opfb0ESif hyif wyfrawmftwGif; ok d Y 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJ honf/ wyfrawmftwGif;ok d Y

a&muf&SdNyD;aemufwGif ynmt&nftcsif;ESifh OmPfynmxufjrufNyD; pdwf"gwffBuHUckdif

aomvli,fjzpfonf htavsmuf wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&; tzG J Uü wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef

a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf/ ppfynmrsm;ESifhaxmufvSrf;a&;ynmrsm;ukd qif;'0pfvrf;

(,ckAkdvf&mnTefUvrf;) NcHtrSwf(111)wGif oHk;vMumzGifhvSpfcJhonfhtajccHppfynmESifh

axmufvSrf;a&;oifwef;okdY wufa&mufoif,lcJh&onf/ xkdrSwpfqifh abmif'&Dvrf;

(,ck"r®apwDvrf;) ok d Y oifwef;ae&majymif;a&T U wufa&mufcJ h&onf/ xk dpOfu OD;apmarmifonf toufi,f&H krQru t&G,frS mvnf; ao;oG,fcJ honf/ ¤if;\pkpkaygif; uk d,ftav;csdefrS m

aygif 110 cef Yom&S donf/

ppfwyfxJa&muf&SdNyD;aemuf xkdawmif;aomtcsdefumvtwGif; wyfMuyf

wyfMuyfBuD; tqifhwpfaeYwnf;wGifyif cefYtyfjcif;ukdcHcJh&onf/1 OD;apmarmif onf

axmufvSrf;a&;wyfwGif wyfMuyfBuD;tjzpf &Srf;jynfawmifyk dif; awmifBuD;NrdKU0ef;usifa'orsm;

wGif vSnf hvnfvIyf&S m; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ OD;apmarmifonf ytk d Y0fwk dif;&if;om;rsm;tusdK;uk d rsm;pG mo,fyk d;xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ ytk d Y0ftrsdK;om;rsm;onf &Srf;ya'o&mZfrsm;uk d

qefYusif hNyD; vufeufpG Juk dif x<uaeonf h tcsdefumvvnf;jzpfonf/ awmifBuD;a'o&S d

trSwf(2)ajcvsifwyf&if;rSL;? Ak dvfrSL;BuD; oef;pdef wm0efay;csuf t&ytk d Y0ftrsdK;om;rsm;ESif h

qufoG,fvkyfuk difcJ h&aomudpö&yfrsm;aMumif h ytk d U0ftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom

11111jr0if;? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrSwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrSwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrSwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrSwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS

1990 jynhfESpf txd)1990 jynhfESpf txd)1990 jynhfESpf txd)1990 jynhfESpf txd)1990 jynhfESpf txd) / 3 Budrf/ ( &efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif; vkyfief;?1992) pm-90/



81

ocifcGefpdefESif h Ak dvf[defarmif ponf holwk d YESif h w&if;wES D; &S dcJ honf/11111ocifcGefpdefrS m qDqk difa'o

rS ytk d Y0facgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ ytk d U0fvufeufuk difrsm; aqmif&GufcJ honf/ OD;apmarmif

onf &Srf;trsdK;om;rsm; tif;a'orS yk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;jzpfonf h OD;xGef;OD;? awmifBuD; q&m

twwfoifausmif;rSyef;csDq&mBuD;OD;pHaz ponf holrsm;ESifh&if;ES D;cJhonf/ &Srf;apmfbG m;tcsdKUESif hvnf; qufqHcJ h&onf/ &yfapmufapmfbG m;ESif hvnf; OD;apmarmif oduRrf;cJ honf/

awmifyk dif; &Srf;jynfae&ma'orsm;ESif h rEÅ av;? rdw¬ Dvm? ausmufqnf? wHwm;OD; tp&S donf h

a'orsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? e,fpyfa'orsm;jzpfonf h usdKif;wH k? rk dif;jzwfESif hwmcsDvdwf paom

a'orsm;wGif vnf;aumif; a&muf&S dwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hzl;onf/ xk dpOfu jrefrmjynftwGif;ok d Y

usL;ausmfa&muf&S d aeMuaom autrfwDw&kwfjzLwyfrrsm;\ wyfrSL;csKyfjzpfol Ak dvfcsKyf

vDrD\XmecsKyfrS m rk dif;qwfü zGif hvSpfxm;csdefjzpfonf/22222

4-1/ wyfrawmft&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifrIwyfrawmft&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifrIwyfrawmft&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifrIwyfrawmft&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifrIwyfrawmft&m&Sdtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI

OD;apmarmifonf wyfrawmf\wm0efrsm;uk d ausyGefpG mxrf;aqmifaepOf1951

ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif zGif hvSpfcJ honf h Ak dvfoifwef; tywfpOf(6)ok d Y wufa&mufcJ h

&onf/ jrefrmhqk d&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESif hEk difiHawmf'kwd,or®w

wm0efud k xrf;aqmifcJ honf h'kwd,Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; at;ukd tjyifwyfrawmfü wyfrSL;BuD;rsm;

jzpfvmMuoltrsm;tjym;rS m xd koifwef;üyg&S dcJ honf/ ti,fqH k;Ak dvfavmif;rsm;pm&if;wGif

OD;apmarmif yg0ifcJ honf/ t&m&S djzpf&ef&nf&G,fcsufr&Sdí wyfrSL;\wk dufwGef;csuft& Ak dvfavmif;tjzpfavQmuf xm;cJ h&mrS t&m&S djzpfvmcJ holjzpfonf/33333

OD;apmarmifonf 1952 ckESpf? atNyDv 30 &ufaeYrSpí jyefwrf;0ift&m&S d

tjzpfcef Y tyfjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/ 'kwd,Ak dvfb0jzif h trSwf(11)ajcvsifwyf&if;wGifwyfpkrSL;?

wyfcG JrSL;tjzpf {&m0wDwk dif;jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o? rtlyife,fESif hrGefjynfe,f? oxH ka'owk d YwGif

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ xk drSwpfqif ha&mifpH kaomif;usef;olrsm; usufpm;vIyf&S m;vsuf

&S dao;onf hyJcl;wk dif;? ouúv? tH k;ES J ponf ha'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? ysOfyH kBuD;? ausmufBuD;?

11111EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK? EkdifiHawmfwkdif;usdK;jynfjyK? EkdifiHawmfwkdif;usdK;jynfjyK? EkdifiHawmfwkdif;usdK;jynfjyK? EkdifiHawmfwkdif;usdK;jynfjyK? EkdifiHawmf

Nidrf0yf ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU\ aqmif&Gufcsuforkdif;0ifNidrf0yf ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU\ aqmif&Gufcsuforkdif;0ifNidrf0yf ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU\ aqmif&Gufcsuforkdif;0ifNidrf0yf ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU\ aqmif&Gufcsuforkdif;0ifNidrf0yf ydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU\ aqmif&Gufcsuforkdif;0if

rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)? (&efukef? ,if;tzG J U? 1991)

516 pm/

22222,if;/ pm 11/

33333 ,if;/ pm 12/



82

aZ,s0wD? jzL;? awmifilponf ha'orsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? {&m0wDwk dif;"EkjzL? usKHweD;?

usHKaysmfpaoma'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ trSwf(11)

ajcvsifwyf&if;wGifaxmufvSrf;a&;t&m&S d wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf twGif;(15-11-1954)

&ufaeYwGif ppfawmif;rSrkwårok d YxGufcG mvmonf h rD;&xm;tm; rk dif;cJ Gwk dufck dufum rD;&xm;ay:yg wuúok dvfausmif;olrsm;uk d autif(ef ),ltMurf; zufaomif;usef;olrsm;u t"r®tEk difusif h

zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoG m;cJ honf/ xk dpOfu autif(ef ),ltMurf;zufaomif;usef;olacgif;aqmif

Akdvfpkd;ESifhvif;xifwkdYOD;pD;onfhaomif;usef;olrsm;onf ¤if;rD;&xm;tm;rkdif;cGJypfcwf

wk dufck dufcJ hí ¤if;rD;&xm;ay:ygc&D;onf wpf&mausmfuk dvnf; "m;pmcHtjzpfzrf;qD;cJ h&m

&efukefwuúok dvfrS ausmif;ydwfíjyefvmMuaom wuúok dvfausmif;ol(40) ausmfESif h &kyf&nf

acsmarmonf ht&yfol(15)OD;wk d Yyg0ifoG m;cJ hMuonf/ u&iftMurf;zuf aomif;usef;olwk d Yonf

xk dtrsdK;orD;i,f rsm;uk d w&kwfjzLAk dvfcsKyfavmvDxHok d Y ac:aqmifoG m;í vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;jzif h vJvS,fcJ hMuonf/ OD;apmarmifonf awmifilwGiftajcjyK&mrSyxryk dif;wGif ]]ol&def}}

trnfjzif hvnf;aumif;? 'kwd,yk dif;wGif ]]od'¨ dppfqifa&;}} trnfjzif h vnf;aumifrkwårESif h

oxH ke,fajrrsm;twGif;ü jyKvkyfonfh ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJ honf/ OD;apmarmifonf

,if;wyf&if;ü&S daepOfumvtwGif; u&ifjynfe,f oxH ka'o? awmifil c&k diftwGif;ü

AuyacsrIef;a&; ppfqifa&;rsm;ESif hrif;&efatmifppfqifa&; trnfjzif hrloJuGif;? Asaumyk?

aq;a';a'otm; ppfqif;a&;vkyf&mwGif wyfcG JrSL;b0jzif h xD;&k d;abux rSawmifbufok d Y

y'g;acsmif;wpfavQmuf a'owk d YwGif a&SUwef;wyfr[m(2)Ak dvfrSL;csKyfpdef0if;\ uGyfuJrI

atmufwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/

xk dumvrsm;twGif;1953 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 28 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvftqif hok dY

vnf;aumif;? 1954 ckESpf? ZGefv 10 &ufaeYwGif &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfBuD;tqih fok d Yvnf;aumif;

cef Ytyfjcif;cHcJ h&NyD; wyfpkrSL;? 'kwd,wyfcGJrSL;? wyfcGJrSL;ESifhwyfa&;Ak dvfBuD;wm0efrsm;ukd

xrf;aqmifcJ honf/

OD;apmarmifonf tdrfapmif htpk d;& wpfenf;tm;jzif h Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tpk d;&

vufxufwGifawmifilc&kdifvHkNcHKa&;aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef? c&kdiftvif;0if

ae&mcsxm;a&;twGif;a&;rSL; wm0ef? awmifil? xef;wyif? a&wm&Snf? tkwfwGif; jyLapmxD;

wyfzG J Ursm;\twGif;a&;rSL;? ¤if;aemufjyLapmxD;wyfrsm; zsufodrf;a&;wm0efyg ,lcJ h&onf/

1959 ckESpf? atNyDv 4 &ufaeYwGiftrSwf(1)wk dif;A[k davhusif ha&;ausmif; ok d Yvnf;aumif;?

1959 ckESpf? arv 13 &ufaeYwGif trSwf(2)wk dif;A[k davhusif ha&;ausmif; ok d Yvnf;aumif;

toD;oD;ajymif;a&T U wm0efxrf;aqmif cJ h&onf/ trSwf(2)wk dif;A[k davhusif ha&;ausmif;wGifwm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf usdKif;wHka'owGif AkdvfrSL;y&J,m; usqHk;ojzifh ppfqifa&;



83

ppfultjzpfwyfcG JwpfcJGjzif h oG m;a&mufí 0rfwmyif;ESif h0rfwmyH k a'owk dYwGif ppfqifa&;?

vH kNcHKa&;wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ OD;apmarmif 0rfwmyif;üwm0ef,l aepOf]]rk dif;r}}

wGifw&kwfjzLulrifwefwyfrsm;wyfpGJxm;cJhonf/ xkdpOfurkd;ygavGwGifw&kwfjzLrsm;u

cHppfwnfaqmufvsufXmecsKyfzGif hvSpfxm;onf htcsdefumvvnf;jzpfonf/ 1960 jynf hESpfazazmf0g&Dv 8 &ufaeYwGif trSwf(29)ajcvsifwyf&if; wG Haw;ok d Yajymif;a&T UcJ honf/

4-2/ 1962-1974 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1962-1974 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1962-1974 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1962-1974 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1962-1974 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif Ek difiHawmftwGif;ütbufbufrS,k d,Gif;csnf heJ U

aeaom tajctaersm;uk d xdef;odrf;Ek dif&ef wyfrawmfonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDuk dzG J Upnf;NyD;

Ek difiHawmf\ tmPmt&yf&yfuk dvT Jajymif;wm0ef,lvk dufonf htcsdefjzpfygonf/ OD;apmarmif

onf wyfcGJrSL;wm0efrsm;tjyif {&m0wDwkdif;twGif;&Sd "EkjzLNrdKUe,fwGifvHkNcHKa&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDOuúX tjzpf vnf;aumif;? "EkjzL? anmifwkef;? yef;waemfa'otwGif;

ppfqifa&;? vH kNcHKa&;wm0efrsm;uk d vnf;aumif;xrf;aqmifcJ h&NyD; ¤if;rSwyf&if;wpf&if;vH k;

wyfukef;NrdKUok d Yajymif;a&T UcJ h&um wyfukef;NrdKUe,f vH kNcHKa&;ESif h tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD OuúXtjzpf

vnf;aumif;? xk d Yaemuf&rnf;oif; NrdKUe,fESif hNrdKUr vH kNcHKa&;ESif htkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDOuúX tjzpf

vnf;aumif; toD;oD;yl;wG Jwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJ honf/

OD;apmarmifonf tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmif emrnfBuD; rykBuD;

qk dol vIyf&S m;cJ haom wG Haw;awmBuD;wef;a'owGif e,fajrpk d;rk d;a&;ESif hppfqifa&;wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJ honf/1963 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeYwGif trSwf(5)ajcvsif wyf&if;?

rkdif;wHkokdY,m,DvufeufBuD;wyfcGJrSL; tjzpf ajymif;a&Twm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&onf/

OD;apmarmifonf rk dif;wH k? yH kygusifa'owGif ppfqifa&;wm0efrsm;uk d xrf;aqmifcJ honf/

trSwf(5)ajcvsifwyf&if;onf rk dif;wH krS awmifilok d Yajymif;a&TvmNyD;aemuf yJcl;&k d;r&S d

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtMurf;zufaomif;usef;olrsm;ukd tvif;a&mifppfqifa&;jzifh

qifET Jwk dufck duf &mwGif &efukefwk dif;? xef;wyifNrdKUe,f? abmv,fuRef;? tk difuavmifuRef;a'orsm;\vHkNcHKa&; wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ OD;apmarmifonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

tMurf;zufaomif;usef;olrsm;ukd wkdufckduf&mwGiftawGUtBuHKrsm;jym;cJholjzpfonf/

trSwf(11)ajcvsifwyf&if;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif pOfumvtwGif; awmifil? xef;wyif?

Z&yfBuD;? jzL;? ausmufBuD;a'orsm;wGifppfqifa&;wm0ef,lpOf umvtwGif;xk da'orsm;ü

rif;rlaeMuonfh(KNDO )ESifh AuytzGJUrsm;tm; vkdufvHacsrIef;wkdufckduf cJh&onf/

xk dtcsdefuAuywk d Yonf xef;wyifNrdKUe,f(awmifil )a'owGifppfaMumif;ESpfaMumif h;cG Jum

vIyf&S m;aecJ hMuonf/ AuyppfaMumif;rSL;rsm;rS m rif ;'ifESif harmifarmifoef;(vufjywf ) wk d YjzpfMu



84

onf/ xk dAuyppfaMumif;rsm;\trnfrS m rif ;&JausmfpG mESif h wyifa&TxD; ppfaMumif;rsm;jzpfMu

onf/ awmifilteD;rS tkwfwGif;a'owGif xk dpOfuAuy ]]aygufp}} qk dolrS m ausmf Mum;emrnf

&aecsdef jzpfonf/ Auy aygufprS m ocifoef;xGef;csD;jr§if honf hAuywk d Y\ tjrif hqH k;pGrf;&nf

wHqdyfuk d &&S dxm;ol jzpfonf[kqk donf/

trSwf(5)ajcvsifwyf&if;ESifhawmifile,fajrwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfu

Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; onf a&Tusif ta&S Ujcrf;a'o? Oykofacsmif;e,fajrwGifBuD;pk d;aeonf h Auy

jrrif;OD;pD;tzG J Utm; vk dufvH &Sif;vif;wk dufck dufcJ h&onf/ u&ifjynfe,ftwGif; oa&'k d;? yqD*g;

a'orsm;wgif(KNDO )rsm;uk dvnf; &Sif;vif;wk dufck dufcJ h&onf/ 1965 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv

13 &ufaeYwGif &ufaeYwGif acwåAk dvfrSL; tqih fok d Y wk d;jr§if hcef Ytyfvmjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1967

ckESpf? arv 29 &ufaeYwGiftrSwf(29)ajcvsif wyf&if;\ vufeufBuD;wyfcG JrSL;wm0eftjyifwyf&if;rSL;wm0efrsm;uk dyg yl;wGJwm0efay;tyfcJhonf/ ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; ]]c&rf}}

ppfqifa&;wGifvnf;yg0ifcJ h&onf/

OD;apmarmif onf 1968 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 22 &ufaeUwGif trSwf(29)ajcvsif

wyf&if;odkU ,m,DwyfrSL;tjzpf ajymif;a½TUcefUtyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ OD;apmarmif onf

ucsifjynfe,frS tvGefawmawmifxlxyfvSonhf Bwd*Ha'owGif ppfqifa&;wm0efrsm;

xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ Bwd*Ha'oqdkonfrS m arcESif h arvdcqH k&m ajrmufbuf jrpfESpfoG,f

tMum;e,fajrud k awmifBwd*H[lí ESpfyd kif;&S djyefonf/ xd ka'o wGif tcsdeftawmftMumwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h&í 4if;a'orS wd kif;&if;om;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIESif h &d k;&mtpOftvm

"avhxH k;pHrsm;ud k pl;prf;avhvmcGif h&&S dcJ honf/ trSwf(29) ajcvsifwyf&if;\ wyf&if;rSL;wm0ef

xrf;aqmifpOf tdE´ d,Ed ki fi Hbufü em*tMurf;zuf aomif;usef;olrsm;onf

ucsifaomif;usef;olrsm;\ XmecsKyfod k U vma&muf NyD; oifwef; wufa&muf jcif;? vufeuf

cJ,rf;rsm;&,ljcif; jyKvkyfaeonh ftcsdefumvyifjzpfonf/ 4if; em*aomif;usef;olrsm;

jzwfoef;oG m;vmonh ftcsdefü OD;apmarmifOD;pD;aom ppfaMumif;rsm;u jzwfawmufwd kufcd kuf

acsrIef;cJ h &onf/OD;apmarmif onf ,if;wyf&if;ESif htwl ucsifjynfe,f qGrfy&mbH ka'ood k U

ppfqifa&;wm0efjzif h 0ifa&mufcJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;onf wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,laepOf

umvwGif rHpDNrdKUe,fESifhAef;armfNrdKUe,fajrmufjcrf;a'orsm;üvnf; ppfqifa&;ESifh

vHkNcHKa&;wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJh&onf/ em;azmh? tmavmbGef? qrm;a'owdkUwGif

Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;uGyfuJaom wyf&if;rSppfaMumif;? wyfcG J rsm;tajcjyKvIyf&S m;aecJ hMuonf/

xdkpOfu ,if;a'oESifh qufpyfonhf w&kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHwGif r[m,Ofaus;rI

awmfvSefa&; qifETJaeonhf umvjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu em;azmhonf autdkifataomif;usef;olrsm;\ tcd kiftrmpcef;wpfck jzpfcJ honf/ em;azmhpcef;ESif h Aef;armfta&S Uajrmuf



85

a'o ½S d autd kifatpcef;rsm;ud k wd kufcd kufodrf;yd kuf cJ honf/

OD;apmarmif onf 1970 ckESpf? rwfv 17 &ufaeUwGif acwå 'kwd,Ad kvfrSL;BuD;

tqif hod k U wd k;jr§if hcef Utyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1970 jynf hESpf? Mo*kwfv 20 &ufaeUwGif trSwf

(47)ajcvsifwyf&if;od k U wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a½T Uwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ wyf&if;rSL;

wm0eftjyif c&d kifvH kNcHKa&;ESif h tkyfcsKyfrI aumfrwDOuúwm0efrsm;ud kyg yl;wG Jxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/

1970 jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeUwGif taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfodkU

ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf vTJajymif; wm0efxrf; aqmifcJh&NyD;? ppfwdkif;BuD;rsm;\

zG J Upnf;yH kjyifqifvd kufonh ftcg rEÅ av;wd kif;vH kNcHKa&;ESif htkyfcsKyfrI aumfrwD OuúXwm0efud kyg

yl;wG Jxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/

OD;apmarmif onf taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0ef xrf;aqmifcsdefwGif tdE´ d,ESif h jrefrmhwyfrawmftMum;ü ESpfpOf ESpfzuf wyfrawmf

ud k,fpm;vS,frsm; awG UqH kaqG;aEG;jcif;ESif h BudK;rJ haMu;eef;pufjzif h tjyeftvSef qufoG,fjcif;rsm;

jyKvkyfvsuf&S donf/ tdE´ d,qufoG,fa&;puf&S d&mae&mXmerS m ESpfae&mjzpfonf/ Kohima

ESif h Aizwal jzpfonf/ jrefrmh wyfrawmftaeESifh tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh

,if;od k UqufoG,frItvsif;r&S day/ tdE´ d,wyfrawmf wpfckwnf;ESif hom qufoG,frI&S donf/

þonfrS m ESpfzufwyfzG J Ursm;\ &if ;ES D;rIud k o&kyfazmfcsufyif jzpfonf/ OD;apmarmif onf

wyf&if;rSL;b0uyif tdE´ d,Ek difiHrS jrefrmEk difiHta&S Uyd kif;od k U jzwfoef;0ifa&mufcJ honh f tdE´ d,em*aomif;usef;olrsm;ud k vd kufvHwd kufc d kufacsr Ie f ;c J h&onf/ qGr fy&mbH k\

ta&SUajrmufbufa'o ESif h ta&S Ubuf xdefeefa'oe,fajrrsm;wGifjzpfonf/ xd kpOfu

Bwd*Hawmifbufjcrf;a'owGif Ad kvfrSL;BuD;a[mif; pHom OD;pD;aomwyfzG J Ursm;

vIyf&S m;aecJ hMuonf/ trSwf(15)ajcvsifwyf&if;rS wyfcG J ESpfcG Jonfvnf; qGrfy&mbH kbufrS

vIyf&S m;cJ honf/ tdE´ d,Ed kifiHbufrS rDZd kem* aomif;usef;olrsm;onf qwf*&m;,ef bufod k U

0ifa&mufvmcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/

OD;apmarmif onf taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfü ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0ef

rsm;ud k xrf;aqmifaepOf 1971 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif; ume,f ZlqluD;(ac:)Ad kvfrd k;BudK;\

ZeD; jrefrmEk difiH od k U vma&mufvnfywfcsdefESif h BuHKBudKufaeojzif h wm0ef,l{nh f0wfjyKcJ h&onf/

1972 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvtwGif;wGifvnf; avmh'farmif hbufwefESif h 4if;\orufjzpfolwd k U

rEÅ av;od k U vma&muf vnfywf&mwGifOD;apmarmif onf ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)taejzif h

wm0ef,l{nh f0wfjyKcJ h&onf/ avmh'farmif hbufwefonf 'kwd,urÇ mppfNyD;qH k;umeD;tcsdefwGif

ta&SUawmiftm&SppfrsufES mü r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ aoemywdtjzpfwm0ef,lcJ hNyD;aemufAd kvfcsKyf atmifqef;ESif h oD[d k|fEd kifiH uEé D NrdKUwGif uEé DpmcsKyfud k vufrSwfa&;xd k; csKyfqd kcJ holjzpfNyD;



86

tdE´ d,Ek difiHü bk&ifcHESif h NAdwdoQwyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJ h&oljzpfonf/

OD;apmarmif onf taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfü ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf

wm0ef,lcsdefwGif xl;jcm;onhfjzpfpOfwpfck ay:aygufcJ honf/ ,if;rS m ucsifjynfe,frS

wd kif;&if;om;tkyfpktcsKdUud k ac:aqmifNyD; acsmfuefawmifMum;rSwpfqifh tdE´ d,Ek difiHod k U

xGufajy;cJ hMuonh f tar&duef omoemjyK armhpf(Moss )rdom;pkud k jyefvnfzrf;qD;&rdcJ hjcif;

jzpfonf/ rdrdwd k Uatmifedrdwf ppfqifa&; ppfaMumif; wpfaMumif;jzpfonf h trSwf(16)ajcvsif

wyf&if;rS ppfaMumif;onf jrefrm-tdE´ d,Ed kifiH e,fpyf jrif hrm;vSonh fawmifwef;a'owGif

tqk dygarmhpftzG J Utm; zrf;qD;rdcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;tzG J U tm; wyfrawmfppfaMumif;rsm;rS

cEÅ D;NrdKUod k U jyefvnfac:,lvmNyD; 4if;wd k Uud k jrefrmEk difiHrS xGuf cG moG m;apcJ honf/

tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif ocifpd k;tm; taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfe,fajrwGif zrf;qD;&rdcJ hpOfuvnf; OD;apmarmif ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif

aecsdefjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS taemufajrmufwdkif; wm0efcH

oufxGef;rSmvnf; &Srf;wyfBuD;? wd kif;wm;? *efUa*ga'obufwGif vSnhfvnfusufpm;

aecsdefjzpfonf/

ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfwGifyif ,cifu(East Parkistan )

ac:aom Ed kifiHonf(General Aurora )qd kol OD;pD;aom(India )wyfzG J Ursm;\ tultnDjzif h

(Bangaladesh )Ed kifiHay:aygufap&ef aqmif&Gufvmonfud kvnf; BuHKcJ honf/ Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;

onf taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif ppfOD;pD;rSL; (yxrwef;)tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif

aepOf twGif; 1972ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 24 &ufaeUwGif ta&S Uyd kif;wd kif; ppfXmecsKyfod k U ,m,D

'kwd,wd kif;rSL;tjzpf cef Utyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/

xdkUtjyif Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;onff vuf&S d'kwd,wkdif;rSL;wm0efrsm;tjyif

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufyd kif;wd kif;? wd kif;vH kNcHKa&;ESif h tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwDOuúXwm0efud kyg yl;wJ Gwm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ 1972 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufaeUwGifta&S Uajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfud kvm;½d I;NrdKUü wd k;csJ UzGif hvSpfcJ honf/ Ad kvf fcsKyfrSL;BuD;rS m 1972 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 29 &ufaeUrSpwifí

,if;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfod k U 'kwd,wk dif;rSL; tjzpf ajymif;a½T Ucef Utyf jcif;cHcJ h&onf/

4-3/ 1974-1988 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1974-1988 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1974-1988 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1974-1988 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI1974-1988 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI

OD;apmarmif onf vm;½d I;NrdKUwGif ta&S Uajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf 'kwd,wd kif;rSL;tjzpf

wm0ef ,laepOf 1975 ckESpf azazmf0g&dv 20 &ufaeUwGif er®wlajrmufbuf erf h[d kif;wGif

rH k;wyfü autd kifat tMurf;zufaomif;usef;oltzG J UESif h Auyrsm;wd kufyG JjzpfyG m;cJ h&m 4if;autd kifattzG J Uud k acgif ;aqmif vmcJ haom aZmf'efrSm usqH k;cJ honf/ aZmfwl;onfvnf;



87

autdkifattzGJU\ xdyfoD;acgif;aqmif oH k;OD;jzpfMuonh f aZmfnDtpfud krsm; teufrS

wpfOD;jzpfonf/ þjzpfpOfjzpf&yfaMumif h autd kifat zG J UtwGif; Auyqef Uusifa&;pdwf"mwfrsm;

jyif;xefpG may:aygufcJ hNyD; Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&ESih f autd kifat tzGJ Uu aqG;aEG;vdkygaMumif;

awmif;qd kvmcJ honf/ þod kUjzif h autk difatud k,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuonf h vrkefwl;*sdKif?a,m,H ESifh aZmfrdkif wdkUukd jrpfBuD;em;odkU wGifatmfwmav,mOfjzifh ydkUaqmifNyD;

Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&ud k,fpm;vS,fjzif h aqG;aEG;a&;tpDtpOfay:aygufvmcJ honf/ OD;apmarmif

onf ta&S Uajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif wm0ef,laqmif&GufaepOf er®wla'oowåKrd kif;wGif

tBuHay; ynm&Siftjzpfyl;wGJvkyfudkifaeol *smrefuRrf;usifol rpöwm 0if;[dkif; udk

autdkifattMurf;zuf aomif;usef;olrsm;rS jyefay;qG JoGm;cJhonh f jzpfpOfwpfckvnf;

ay:aygufcJ honf/ OD;apmarmifonf ,if;jzpfpOfESif hywfoufí wm0ef,lum

tqd kyguRrf;usifoltm; &S mazGaomtzG J Ursm;tm; aygif;pyf ñS dEd Iif;aqmif&Gufay;cJ h&onf/

OD;apmarmif onf ,if;od k U ta&S Uajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif wm0ef,laepOf

1973 ckESpf? rwfv 13 &ufaeUrSpwifí acwåAd kvfrSL;BuD; tqifhod k U wd k;jr§if hcef Uxm;jcif;

cHcJ h&onf/ wpfzef 1975 ckESpf? rwfv 18 &ufaeUwGif trSwf(99)ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKyf\

wyfrrSL;tjzpf cef Utyf wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf/ wyfrrSL;wm0efjzif h ta&S Uajrmufwd kif;

e,fajrwGif Auyrsm;ESif h jzpfyG m;cJ honh f BuD;rm;aom wd kufyG JBuD; rsm;ud k BuD;MuyfuGyfuJcJ honf/

Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;onf 1976 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 21 &ufaeUwGif vuf&S dwyfrrSL; wm0eftjyifajrmufyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyf\ wd kif;rSL;tjzpf cef Utyf wm0efay;jcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 30-9-1977

&ufaeUwGif ucsifjynfe,f a'oygwDaumfrwDOuúX wm0efrsm;ud kyg yl;wG Jxrf;aqmifcJ h

&onf/

OD;apmarmif onf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif wdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef

xrf;aqmifpOf jrefrmEd kifiHajrmufydkif;rS wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;pH kwd kU\ "avh p&d kufrsm;? cH,lcsuf

oabmxm;rsm;? tusif hADZ rsm;? Ed kifiHa&;arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ud k jynf hjynh fpH kpH k av;av;eufeuf

avhvmEd kifcJ honf/OD;apmarmif onf wd kif;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJ hpOfwGif csif;jynfe,frS 0DvQHESif h

&cd kifjynfe,frS cd kifrd k;vif; wd k U acgif;aqmifaom aomif;usef;ol tkyfpkESpfpkonf u&ifjynfe,frS

wpfqif h &Srf;jynfe,fESif h ucsif jynfe,fawmifyd kif; rSjzwfoef;NyD; csif;jynfe,fESif h &cd kifjynfe,f

twGif;od k U xd k;azmufvIyf&S m;&ef BudK;pm;cJ h&m ,if ;tzGJ Uonf wyfrawmfppfaMumif;rsm;\

0d kif;ywfydwfqd k UrIud k &ifqd kifcJ h &NyD; aemufqH k;wGif taemufajrmufwd kif; ppfXmecsKyfe,fajr

ajrmufbufjcrf;ü acsrIef;jcif;cHcJ h&onf/ tdE´ d,Ed kifiHbufrS em*tMurf;zuf aomif;usef;olrsm;

onf jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif;&S d em*vlrsdK;pk rsm;ud k taMumufw&m;jzif h pd k;rd k;odrf;oGif; aeonh ftcsdefvnf;jzpfonf/ tdE´ d,Ed kifiHbufrS em*tMurf;zufaomif;usef;olrsm;u jrefrmEk difiH



88

twGif; v[,fajrmufjcrf;&S d 'Hk[D;&Gm wpf&G mvHk;udk &G mvHk;uRwf tpkvd kuf tNyHKvd kuf

owfjzwfcJ hMuonf/

1979 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeUwGif Ad kvfrSL;csKyf tqif hod k U wd k;jr§if h cef Utyfjcif;

cHcJh&onf/ 1979 ckESpf? arv 4 &ufaeUwGif taemufawmifwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf wd kif;rSL;

tjzpfESif h {&m0wDwd kif; a'oygwDaumfrwD OuúXtjzpf ajymif;a½Twm0efxrf;aqmif cJ h&onf/

OD;apmarmif onf 198a ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeUwGif ppfa&;csKyftjzpf wd k;jr§if hajymif;a½T U

cefUtyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1982 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeUwGif Ad kvfcsKyftqif hwkd;jr§if h

cef Ytyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/

OD;apmarmif onf 1983 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 22 &ufaeUwGif 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

(Munf;) jzpfvmcJ hNyD; 1984 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 23 &ufaeUwGif 'kwd,Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;tqif hod k Uwdk;jr§ifhcefUtyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ OD;apmarmif ppfa&;csKyfjzpfvmNyD;aemufydkif;wGif 'kwd,

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpfodkU wdk;jr§if hwm0efay;tyfjcif;rSm ,cifutpOftvm

r&S dcJ hzl;aomjzpfpOfwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; od&S d&ygonf/ OD;apmarmif 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

tjzpf wm0ef,lpOfumvtwGif; 1983 ckESpf atmufwd kbmv 9 &ufaeU wGif jrefrmEk difiHod k U

tvnftywfa&muf&Sdaeaom awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH (udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH) or®w

cRef'l;0Srftm; &efukefNrdKU&S d tmZmenfAdrmefü AH k;azmufcG JtqH k;pD&if&ef ajrmufud k&D;,m;

tMurf;zuform;rsm;u BuHpnftm;xkwfrIjzpfpOfwpf&yf ay:aygufcJ hygonf/ ,if; udpötm;pH kprf;ppfaq;&ef tqif hjrif htzG J Uud k zG J Upnf;&mü xd kpOfu jynfxJa&;ESif h omoema&;0efBuD;

jzpfonf h Ad kvfcsKyf rif;a*gif onf tzG J Uacgif;aqmifjzpfNyD; OD;apmarmifonf 'kwd,acgif;aqmif

tjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ udk&D;,m;tMurf;zuform;rsm;udk azmfxkwfzrf;qD;onhf

ppfqifa&;rsm;ud kvnf; ud k,fwd kifud k,fus MuyfrwfuGyfuJcJ honf/

1984 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 16 &ufaeUwGif OD;apmarmif tm; Ed kifiHawmf

aumifpD\ trdef UaMumfjimpm trSwf? 95^84 ESif h 0efBuD;tzG J U\ trdef UaMumfjimpmtrSwf?9^84 wd k Ut& umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme? 'kwd,0efBuD;tjzpfcef Utyfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/

1984 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 28 &ufaeUrS Ek d0ifbmv 7 &ufaeYtxd Ek difiHawmfor®wBuD;

OD;pef;,k\ w&kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHcspfMunfa&;c&D;pOf wGifyg0ifcJhygonf/ w&kwf

acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESif h qufpyfywfoufonh f udpö&yftm;

jywfjywfom;om; odMum;aponh foabmjzif h jrefrmacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tm; rlvtpDtpOf

wGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdbJ xdkpOfu w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf

[la,mifyef;ESif h awG UqH kapcJ hygonf/ [la,mifyef; rS m ab*sif ;NrdKU wGifr&S dbJ wm0efjzif h c&D;vGefaeaomaMumif h 4if;&S d&mae&mod k U wul ;wuef UoG m;a&mufawG UqH kcJ h&onf/ xd kod k UawG UqH k



89

&mü w&kwfacgif;aqmifBuD; [la,mifyef; rS ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ESif hywfoufí jrefrmEk difiH

\ jynfwGif;a&;jzpfygaMumif; ESif h jrefrmwd k Utcsif;csif;om ajz&Sif;&rnh f udpö&yfjzpfygaMumif;

w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD\ ud k,fpm;twnfjyKajymMum;cJ hygonf/ 11111

1985 ckESpf rwfvwGif w&kwfjynfol Uor®wEdkifiH\ or®wBuD; vD&Sifeifh onf

jrefrmEk difiHod k U w&m;0ifvma&muf vnfywf&mwGif 4if;ESif htwl w&kwfjynfol UvGwfajrmufa&;

wyfrawmf yxr? 'kwd, OD;pD;csKyf f Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; ½SL½Sif; vnf; yg&S dcJ honf/ OD;apmarmif onf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwD\udpö tm; NyD;jywfoG m;ap&ef w&kwfjynf? jynfol UvGwfajrmufa&;

wyfrawmftBuD;tuJjzpfol Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; ½SL½Sif; tm; oD;jcm;{nhfcHawGUqH kNyD; AuyESif h

ywfoufí tmrcHcsufawmif;cHcJ h&m w&kwfppfbuf acgif;aqmifBuD; rS Auyrsm;tm;

ppfvufeufypönf;? cJ,rf;rsm;axmufyH hrIjyKrnfr[kwfygaMumif;ESif h 4if;tcsufud k uwdu0wfjyK EdkifygaMumif; ajymMum;cJ honf/ xd kod k U tmrcHuwdjyKcsuf wpfck&&S dcJ hjcif;\ &v'fwpfckrS m

Auyrsm;taejzif h rdrdwd k U\ pDpD0rfwmyefa'oud k xd k;azmufppfqif wk dufcd kuf&mü wpfzufEd kifiH

e,fpyftwGif;rS jzwfoef;í wd kufppfqifjcif;ESif h wd kufppfwyfrsm;tm; axmufyH h jznh fwif;jcif;

rsm;jyKvkyfvd kaomfvnf; ,if;od k U vkyfaqmifcGifhr&cJ haMumif; awG U&ygonf/ þc&D;pOfrsm;

aMumifh Auyrsm;tm; w&kwfjynfu tNyD;tydkiftqufjzwfrItajctaersm; ydkrdk

vsifjrefcd kifrmpG m ay:aygufvmcJ h&onf/ 22222

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;onf 1985 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 4 &ufaeUwGif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf cef Utyfwm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1985 ckESpfjyKvkyfcJ honh f yÍörtBudrf

ygwDnDvmcHrS A[d ktvkyftrI aqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ ,if;od k U

wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmif aepOfrSmyif 1986 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 31&ufaeUü

'kwd,Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;tqif hrS Ad kvfcsKyfBuD; tqif hod k U wd k;jr§if hcef Utyfjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/

OD;apmarmif onf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumv

twGif; 1987 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxJwGif autd kifattMurf;zufaomif;usef;ol b&efqd kif; rS11111jrefrmEk difiH? Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0if

rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)? (rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)? (rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)? (rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)? (rSwfwrf; (1988 ckESpfrS 1991ckESpf)? (&efukef? ,if;tzGJ U? 1991)

pm 19/

22222jr0if;? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941

ckESpfrS1990 jynhfESpf txd)ckESpfrS1990 jynhfESpf txd)ckESpfrS1990 jynhfESpf txd)ckESpfrS1990 jynhfESpf txd)ckESpfrS1990 jynhfESpf txd) / 3- Budrf/ ( &efukef?owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1992) pm-100/



90

tar&duef Ek difiHtwGif; ok dYjynf0ifcGif hADZm&&Sda&;twGufvDq,fvkyfBuHvdrfnmrIwpfck

ay:aygufcJ honf/ pifppf ,if; vkyfBuHvdrfnmrIonf Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&ud k qef Uusifaeaom

tar&duefEk difiH&S d pDtm&f'DbD tzG J UrStwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfol &Jausmfol \ tBuHOmPfay;csuft&

trsdK;om;'Drd kua&pDwyfaygif;pk trnfcH(NDF )tzG J Utm; urÇ mhtv,fod k U a&muf&S dtodtrSwfjyKEd kif&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIvnf;jzpf cJ honf/ od k Uaomf 4if;wd k U\ tBuHtpnfrS m atmif jrifrI

r&S dcJ hacs/ xd kpOfu autd kifat tMurf;zuf aomif;usef;ol b&efqd kif;onf vef'efNrdKUrSwpfqif h

tar&duefEkdifiHodk U 0ifa&mufEd kifa&;twGuf ADZm&&Sd&ef BudK;pm;cJ h&m tar&dueftpd k;&u

jiif;qd kcJhonf/ od k U&mwGif wpfvcef UtMumü b&efqd kif; u 4if;wd k UxHwGif 'kwd,urÇ mppf

twGif;u ucsifjynfe,fwGif ysufuscJ haom pD-47 trsdK;tpm; av,mOfrS tyd kif;tprsm;ESif h

tar&duefavol&JESpfOD;wdkU\t&dk;rsm;&Sdaeí ay;tyfvdkaMumif;jzifh ,if;EdkifiH&S d

tzd k;tc,laqmif&Gufay;aeaom yk*¾vduukrÜPDwpfckrSwpfqif h uGef*&uftrwfwpfOD;xHodk U csOf;uyfcJ honf/ ,if;uGef*&uftrwfuvnf; oufqdkif&mod kU t&d k;rsm;&&Sdatmif

autdkifat tMurf;zufaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&GufoifhaMumif;

wifjycJ honf f/ od kU&mwGif tar&duefEd kifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu autdkifattMurf;zuf

aomif;usef;olrsm; onf Ek difiHa&;t&aomif;usef;olrsm;r[kwfbJ rl;,pfaq;0g;ESif hpD;yG m;a&;

"m;jywd kufaeMuolrsm;omjzpfí tpd k;&ESif h qufoG,fvkyfud kif&ef roif haMumif;jzif h y,fcscJ h

onf/ xd k Utjyif ,if;av,mOfysuf&mae&mtm; autdkifatrsm;u awG U&Sdxm;aMumif;

owif;wpf&yfud k tar&duef&S d twåvEÅ muGefpwDusL&Sif; owif;pmü 24-10-87 &ufaeUwGif

azmfjyyg&S dvmcJ hNyD; ,if; owif;rSef -rrSefud kvnf; &efukefNrdKU&S d tar&duefoH&H k;rS pH kprf;vmcJ h&m

jrefrmEk difiHtpd k;&u av,mOfysufudpöESifhywfoufí wpfpH kwpf&m owif;ESifhtpte

ponfwd k Uud kawG Uvsif taMumif;Mum;rnfjzpfaMumif;jzif h jyefMum;xm;cJ hyg onf f/

20-9-91 &ufaeUwGif Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD; OD;tH k;a*smf rS wyfrawmf

ppfaMumif; &S mazGawG U&S dcJ haom 'kwd,urÇ mppftwGif; jrefrmEk difiHajrmufyd kif;ü ysufuscJ honh f

ppfav,mOf tysuf ypönf;t<uif;tusefponfwd k UESif hywfoufí &efukefNrdKU&S d tar&duefoH&H k;,m,Dwm0efcH rpöwm z&efuvif? [m',f*sLeD,mtm; EdkifiHjcm;a&;&H k;od kU zdwfac:í

today;ajymMum;cJ honf/,if;od kUajymMum;&mwGif vloHk;a,mufwd k U\ ud k,fyd kifeHygwfjym;

av;ckwd k U\ eHygwfjym; rsm;? av,mOfysuf\ tpdwftyd kif; tysuftpD;pm&if;? ypöwd kaoewf

tysufESpfvuf? tar&duef wyfrawmf\ a&S;OD;olejyKaowå mtysufwd k U\ tao;pdwf

taMumif;t&mwd k Uudk "mwfyH krdwåLay;tyf cJ honf/ ysufpD;cJ honhfav,mOfrS m tar&duef

ppfav,mOf pD-47 at trsdK;tpm;jzpfonfud k awG U&Sd&onf/ autd kifattMurf;zuf

aomif;usef;olrsm;u ,if;ppfav,mOfysufud k awG U&S dxm;av[ef jzif h rrSefruef vdrfnm



91

aMunmcJ hzl;onf/

OD;apmarmifonf ,if;ppfav,mOfysufudpöud k pdwf0ifpm;NyD; wyfrawmfppfaMumif;

rS &SmazGawG U&SdonhftcgwGif tjzpfrSefud kazmfxkwfNyD; oufqd kifolwd kUtm; today;&ef

vufatmufrS wm0ef&S dolrsm;udk ñTefMum;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf/ pifppf OD;apmarmiftaejzif h

ajrmufyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyf e,fajrrsm;twGif; wm0efxrf; aqmifpOftcsdefuwnf;uyif

xdke,fajrtwGif; 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; umvu ysufuscJhonfqd kaom tar&duef

ppfav,mOfyg avol&Jwd k U\ &kyfuvmyft<uif;tusef rsm;ud k tav;teufxm; &S mazGcJ hNyD;

jzpfonf/ od k Ujzif h 1988 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeUrSpwifí OD;apmarmiftm; umuG,fa&;

0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/

4-4/ EkdifiHawmftm;wm0ef,l&jcif;(EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU)EkdifiHawmftm;wm0ef,l&jcif;(EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU)EkdifiHawmftm;wm0ef,l&jcif;(EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU)EkdifiHawmftm;wm0ef,l&jcif;(EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU)EkdifiHawmftm;wm0ef,l&jcif;(EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU)vrf;pOfygwD tm;enf;csufrsm;? aysmhuGuf[muGufrsm;ukd tajcjyKum

jynfwGif;jynfy&S d vuf0Jvuf,m tiftm;pkrsm;\ aoG;xkd;ajr§mufyifhay;rIrsm;aMumif h

1988ckESpfok d Ya&mufaomtcg ta&;tcif;BuD;wpfck jzpfay:vmcJ h&onf/ ta&;tcif;

jzpfay:ap&ef t"duwGef;ykd Yay;cJ honfh EkdifiHawmf\t"dujyóemBuD; ESpf&yf&S dcJ hygonf/

,if;wk d YrS m pD ;yG m;a&;jyóem ESif h Ek difiHa&;jyóemyifjzpfygonf/ ta&;tcif;u tBudKumv

rsm;twGif; Ek difiHawmfESif h jynfolvlxk twGif; pD;yG m;a&;jyóemrsm;wpfaeYwpfjcm; wk d;wuf

vmcJ honfESif htrQ ,if;\tusdK;quftjzpf 0efxrf;rsm; ESif h jynfolvlxktwGif;ü rormrIrsm;?

tusif hysufrIrsm;? pm&dwåazmufjyefrIrsm;? uk d,fusdK;&S m a&omck drIrsm;? t*wdvk dufpm;rIrsm;

yk drk drsm;jym;vmcJ hygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;yk dif;wGifvnf; &yfuGufrS wk dif;tqif hxd zG J Upnf;xm;aom

jynfol YaumifpDtzG J Utpnf;rsm;wGif jynfolrsm;\qEESif hvnf; ruk dufnD? vkyfief;uRrf;usifrI

vnf;r&S d? uk d,fusif hodu© muk dvnf; apmif hxdef;&ef tm;enf;cJ honf h yk*¾ dKvfrsm;uk d xnf hoGif;

wm0efay;cJhjcif;rsm;aMumifh jynfolvlxktwGif; rw&m;rI? rrSefruefqHk;jzwfcH&rI

armufrmrIrsm;uk d cHpm;cJ hMu&onf/ wm0ef&S dtzG J Utpnf;tqif hqif hESif hjynfolvlxkrS m uG m[rIBuD;rm; vmcJ h&H krQru jynfolvlxk\ rauseyfrIrsm;uk dvnf; wk d;íomjzpfay:cJ honf/ bDbDpD?

AG Dtkdat? atvftdE´d, ponftoHvTifhXmersm;ESifh jynfypme,fZif;tcsdK Ywkd Yonf

jrefrmEk difiHtwGif; jzpfay:aeaom Ek difiHa&;? pD;yG m;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&; tajctaersm;uk d yH kBuD;csJ U

xkwfvTif hay;jcif;? trsdK;rsdK;aomenf;rsm;uk d toH k;jyKum aoG;xk d;vI HaqmfrIrsm;uk d jyKvkyfvm

cJ hMuygonf/ 1988 ckeSpf? rwfv 12 &ufaeY n 9 em&D 15 rdepf tcsdefcef YwGif BudKUukef;blwm

teD; pE´m0if;vufzuf&nfqkdifü pufrIwuúokdvf'kwd,ESpfausmif;om; 2 OD;ESif h

t&ufrl;aeonfh&yfuGuf vli,f 5 OD;wkdYonf uufqufoDcsif;acGzGifhckdif;&mrStpck duf&efjzpfyG m;cJ hMuygonf/ ,if;&efponf xk drQESif hyif &yfwef YroG m; cJ hbJ aemufwpfaeYjzpfonf h



92

rwfv 13 &ufaeYn 8 em&D 30 rdepf tcsdefcef YrS pí BudKUukef;&yfuGufrS t&yfom;rsm;ESif h

pufrIwuúok dvfausmif;om;rsm; wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tkyfpkzGJ U tMurf ;zufwk dufck dufrI rsm;

jzpfyG m;cJhygonf/ trI dufup jyó'f rD;avmifqk douJ hokd Y ausmif;om;rsm; qlylqEjyrIrsm;

wpfNrdKUNyD; wpfNrdKUjzpfay:vmcJ hygonf/ Ed kifiHawmftusdK;twGuf wm0ef&S doltzG J Utpnf;rsm;rSrnfrQyif aqmif&Gufay;apumrl EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsm;?

qlylvk dolrsm;rS wpfjynfvH k;twk dif;twmjzif h qlyltH k<ua&;uk dom tm;pk dufvkyfaqmifcJ hMu

ygonf/ 9-8-88 &ufaeYrSpwifNyD; vltkyfBuD;rsm;jzifh vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;tm;

tMurf;zufowfjzwfrIrsm;? wk dufck duf&efjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJ hMuygonf/ xk dtawmftwGif;

ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGif Ek difiHa&;orm;rsm;omru Ek difiHjcm;oHwreftcsdKUwk d Yyg 0ifxGuf

ajc&Iyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmMuygonf/ xk d h YaMumif h ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;wk d Y\ ajr§ mufyif hay;rI

rsm;? 0g'jzef YvI H Uaqmfay;rIrsm;aMumif h ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; oufoufuk dom awmif;qk dcJ hMu&mrS ]] ppfrSefaom'Drk dua&pD&&S da&; aqmif&Guf ay;&ef}} [lonf h Ek difiHa&;oabmouf0ifonf h

awmif;qk dcsufrsm;ukduk d pwifawmif;qk dvmcJ hMuonf/ ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGifvnf;

vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsdK;pHk 0ifa&mufvmrIwkdYaMumifh ausmif;yk&d0kPfrsm;twGif;wGif

Ek difiHa&;yk drk d&IyfaxG;vmcJ hygonf/

&efukefNrdKUwGif qlyltMurf;zufrIrsm;jzpfyG m;aepOftwGif; Zlvk difv 7 &ufaeYwGif

awmifBuD;NrdKUüvnf;qlylrIrsm;jzpfyG m;cJ hygonf/ Zlvk difv 23 &ufaeYwGif vrf;pOfygwD? ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHusif;yjyKvkyfcJ hygonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif Ek difiHawmfpD;yG m;a&;qk dif&mrl0g'

vrf;nTefrI rsm;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESif h ygwDzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'pnf;rsOf;rsm; jyifqifa&;wk d Y

twGuf aqG;aEG; aqmif&GufcJ hMuygonf/ xk d Ytjyif ,if;tpnf;ta0;ü vrf;pOfygwDOuúXBuD;

OD;ae0if; uk d,fwk difrS wpfygwDpepf ok d Yr[kwf ygwDpH kpepf ESpfckwk d Yteuf rnfonfuk dESpfouf

aMumif; wpfjynfvH k; qEcH,lyG Jusif;ya&;? ygwDOuúXBuD;tygt0if EkwfxGufvk dolrsm;\qEuk d

vk dufavsma&;? 1962 ckESpf ausmif;om;or*¾ taqmufttH kuk d zsufqD;cJ hjcif;ESih fpyfvsOf;í

tjrif&Sif;ap&efwk dYtwGuf tus,fw0ifh &Sif;vif;cJ hygonf/ Zlvk difv 25 &ufaeYwGifta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHrS qH k;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJ h&m ,if;wk d YteufygwDOuúXBuD; OD;ae0if;ESif h

'kwd,ygwDOuúXBuD; OD;pef;,kwk d Ytm; EkwfxGufcGif hjyKNyD; ygwD0iftjzpfrS tem;,lcGif hjyKcJ hygonf/

1988 ckESpftwGif;ay:aygufcJ haom ta&;tcif;onf jynfwGif;jynfytarS mif h

ya,m*jzif h wpfpxufwpfp qk d;0g;vmcJ honf/ Ek difiHawmfyk diftzk d;wefpuf&H k? tvkyf&H krsm;ESif h

ypönf;rsm; wefzk d; tm;jzif h pkpkaygif; usyfoef;aygif; 500 ausmf cef Yvk,lzsufqD;jcif; cH&onf h

tjyif tjypfrJ haomvlrsm;rS m tMurf;zuf acgif;jzwftowfcH&onftxd tajctaeqk d;rsm;ay:ayguf cJ honf/ wd kif;jynf\ wm0eft&yf&yfud k wyfrawmfu rvT Jra&S mifom wm0ef,l&



93

awmhrnf h tajctaeod k U wGef;yd k U&m a&mufcJ honf/ ,if; ta&;tcif;onf jynfwGif; jynfy&S d

vuf0J vuf,m tzsuform;rsm;aMumif h Ed kifiHawmftwGif; rNidrfroufrIrsm;jzpfyG m;cJ hNyD;

jynfaxmifpkBuD; NydKuG Jawmhrnh f tajctaeESif h Ek difiHawmf\vGwfvyfa&;ESif h tcsKyftjcm

tmPm yg vufvGwfqH k;½H I;&awmhrnh f tajctaersm; ay:aygufvmcJ honf/ xd k UaMumif h

OD;apmarmifonf wyfrawmftBuD;tuJ wpfOD;yDyD Ed kifiHawmfa&&SnftusdK;ud karQmfud k;í

Ed kifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J Uud k zG J Upnf;um 1988 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 18

&ufaeUwGif Ed kifiHawmf\wm0eft&yf&yfud k vT Jajymif;wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ OD;apmarmif

onf Ed kifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&; tzGJ UOuúXtjzpf vnf;aumif;? wyfrawmf

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef,lcJ honf/

wyfrawmfjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ukd AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif OD;aqmifrIjzifhaqmif&Guf EkdifcJhjcif;onf wyfrawmftm; acwfopfwpf&yfokdY ykdYaqmifcJhjcif;tjzpf

ork dif;rSwfausmufwpfck pkdufxl&rnf jzpfayonf/ rsufarS mufacwfwyfrawmfBuD;uk d

OD;aqmifcJ honf hwyfrawmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyftjzpf AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif onf

wyfrawmf\ aumif;jrwfaom? BuD;jrif haom tpOftvmrsm;uk d vufqif hurf;qufvuf

xdef;odrf;vmcJ holjzpfonf/ xk d YaMumif hvnf; ,aeYtcsdefwGif wyfrawmfBuD; uk domru

Ek difiHawmf\tajctaersm;uk dyg wk d;wufaumif;rGef vmatmif pGrf;aqmifEk difcJ hjcif; jzpfonf/

wpfenf;tm;jzif h qk d&ygvQif Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmifonf Ek difiHawmftm; u,fwifcJ h&onf h

'kwd,ajrmufumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf tjzpfwyfrawmf\orkdif; pmrsufESmrsm;ay:wGif

urÜnf;a&;xk d; rSwfausmufwif&rnfyifjzpfygonf/

w&m;Oya'pk d;rk d;a&;ESif he,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;wm0efuk d taumiftxnf

azmf&mwGif EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJUonf tajray:ajratmuf

tzsuftarS mif h&efql;&efajimif h tpH kpH kuk d &ifqk difwGef;vSefcJ honf/ Auywk d Yonf tmPmuk d

jzwfvrf;u &,la&;twGuf &Srf;jynfe,f wpfckvH k;uk d odrf;,l&ef? xk drSwpfqif hwpfjynfvH k;uk dodrf;,lEkdif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh EkdifiH\tajctae qkd;0g;aerIukd tcGifhaumif;,lum

rk dif;,ef;a'ouk d rD;ukef,rf;ukef wk dufck dufcJ honf/ autifef,l aomif;uef;olrsm;rSvnf;

Ek difiHawmftmPmuk d&,lEk dif&ef rJoa0ga'ouk d tiftm;tvH k;t&if;jzif h wk dufck dufcJ honf /

AuyESif hautifef,laomif;usef;olrsm;uk d wyfrawmfonf &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH acsrIef; wk dufck dufcJ honf/

aomif;usef;olrsm;onf rk dif;,ef;? rJoa0gwGifomru jrefrmEk difiHtES HUaESif h,Sufwkduf

ck dufvmcJ honf/ wyfrawmfonf jynfe,fESif hwk dif;toD;oD;wGif ppfqifa&;BuD;rsm;qifEG Jvsuf

acs;rIef;wk dufck dufcJ h&m rk dif;,ef;uk d Auyvufok d Yrusa&mufatmif &efoltm;tjyif;txef



94

acsrIef; wk dufcd kufEk difcJ honf htjyif autifef,lwk d Yodrf;yk dufxm;aom r,fx&D? rJav? armfzk d;au?

0g;c(ta[mif;)? aoabmbk d;? a0gavwk d Yuk dvnf; wyfrawmfrS jyefvnfwk dufck dufodrf;yk difEk dif

cJ honf/ zvl;&efol Ypcef;uk dvnf; BuD;rm;aomppfqifa&;qifEG Jumodrf;yk dufEkdifcJhonf/

xk d YjyifrGefaomif;usef;ol wk d Y\ pcef;wpfckjzpfaom bk&m;oH k;qlpcef;uk dvnf; wk dufck dufodrf;yk dufEk difcJ honf/

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;apmarmifonf w&m;Oya'pk d;rk d;a&;ESif h e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;

twGuf vk dtyfonf hOya'rsm;uk d jyifqifrI? y,fzsufrI? tpm;xk d;rIrsm;uk djyKvkyfjyefXmef;cJ honf/

Ek difiHawmfw&m;&Hk;csKyfa&SUae&H k;csKyf&Hk;ESifh pm&if;ppfcsKyf&H k;rsm;ukd jyefvnfzG JUpnf;cJhonf/

w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif rl(7)csufcsrSwfNyD; rSefrSefESif hjrefjrdefpD&ifyg/ vkyfxH k;nDnDaqmif&Gufyg/

vmbfay;vmbf,luif;&Sif;yg ponfaqmifyk'f(3)yk'fESif htnDvk dufemaqmif&GufcJ honf/vrf;yef;qufoG,frIvHkNcHKacsmarGUygrS jynfolrsm;\pm;0wfaea&;acsmifvnf

aprnfjzpf ojzif h vrf;yef;qufoG,frIvH kNcHKacsmarG Uap&ef wpfe,fESif hwpfe,f? wpfNrdKUESif hwpfNrdKU?

wpfjynfe,fESif h wpfjynfe,f? wpfwk dif;ESif hwpfwk dif; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGufvrf;opfrsm;

azmufvkyfjcif;? ,cifvrf;a[mif;rsm;uk d jyKjyifjcif;? ,cifurNyD;jywfao;aomvrf;rsm;uk d

qufvufazmufvkyfjcif; ponfwk d Yuk dt&S deft[kefjzif h NyD;pD;atmifaqmif&GufEk difcJ honf/ 18-

9-1988 &ufaeYrS 31-3-1991 &ufaeYtxd pkpkaygif;ukefusaiG 4498.31 oef;txd&S dcJ honf/

vrf;yef;qufoG,frIvH kNcHKacsmarG UvmonfESif htrQ ukefpnfpDqif;rI vG,fuljrefqef

vmNyD; ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm;vnf; yk drk drsm;jym;vmrnfjzpf&m NrdKU&Tmrsm;yk drk dpnfyifwkd;wuf

vmcJhonf/ &efukefwkdif; twGif; '*HkNrdKUopf? a&TjynfomNrdKUopf? vIdifom,mNrdKUopf?

a&TaygufuHNrdKUopf? a0bm*DNrdKUopf? 'vNrdKUopfrsm;uk dwnfaqmufay;cJ honf/ weoF m&Dwk dif;?

yJcl;wkdif;? &ckdifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGifvnf; NrdKUopf&Gmopfrsm;

wnfaqmufay;cJ honf/

aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESif havsmfnDaom ukefoG,fa&;kvkyfief;rsm;uk daqmif&Gufonf/ ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;wGif oGif;ukefvkyfief;? yk d Yukefvkyfief;? zufpyfvkyfief;?

Ek difiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;ESif h qufoG,fcGif h? ukrÜPDaxmifcGif hrsm;uk dyg jyKvkyfay;cJ honf/ Ek difiHjcm;

ukrÜPDrsm;ESif hqufoG,fí pufrIvkyfief;rsm;? a&eHESif hobm0"gwfaiG U &S m;azGa&; vkyfief;rsm;

aqmif&GufcGif h jyKcJ honf/ aps;uGufpD;yGm; a&;pepft& Ek difiHwumESif hqufoG,f

aqmif&Guf&mwGif uGefysLwmvkyfief;onf t"dutcef;rS yg0if vsuf&S d&m uGefysLwmvkyfief;

zG H UNzdK;a&;twGuf aiGusyf *2 oef; tukeftuscH jyifqifaqmif&GufcJ honf/ Ek difiHjcm;aiG&if;ES D;

jr§KyfESHrI Oya'uk djyefXmef;ay;NyD; pufrIvkyfief;? a&eHESif hobm0"gwfaiG U&S mazGa&;vkyfief;?



95

ig;ykpGefarG;jrLzrf;qD;a&;vkyfief;? [k dw,fESif hc&D;oG m;vma&;vkyfief;? o,f,lyk d Yaqmifa&;vkyfief;

rsm;tygt0if vkyfief; 37ckud kvkyfaqmifay;cJ honf/ bPfvkyfief;rsm;? taumufcGef

vkyfief;rsm; jyifqifwk d;csJ UcJ honf/

jynfolrsm;pm;0wfaea&;acsmifvnfap&eftwGuf v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;ESifh

opfawmu@ uk dvnf;txl;*&kjyKBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ honf/ v,f,mpk dufysdK;a&;u@wGif

pyg;pkdufysdK;rIwkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;rsm;? qnfajrmif;wmwrHwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;?

pm;oH k;oD;ES Hpk dufysdK;xkwfvkyfa&;ESif h pufrIoD;ES H pk dufysdK;xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;? a&&S da&;vkyfief;

rsm;? pk dufysdK;ajr? ajr,mazmfxkwfa&;vkyfief;rsm;uk d aqmif&Gufay;cJ honf/ Ek difiHyk dif pk dufuGif;rsm;?

arG;jrLa&;jcHrsm;uk dvnf;wk d;csJ Uay;cJ honf/ opfawmu@ wGif opfawmBudK;0k dif;rsm;jyKpkjcif;?

ysdK;axmifjcif;vkyfief;rsm;ESif h opfxkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;vkyfief;rsm;uk d wk d;csJ Uaqmif&GufcJ honf/aomif;usef;oltzsuform;rsm;\'Pfuk dcg;pnf;cHcJ hMu&NyD; acwftqufqufu

aemufus usefae&pfonf h e,fpyfa'oESif h wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;\ zG H UNzdK;a&;uk dvnf;

A[k daumfrwD? vkyfief; aumfrwDESif h qyfaumfrwDrsm;zG J Upnf;um t&S deft[kefjr§if haqmif&GufcJ h

onf/ e,fpyfa'oESif h wk dif;&if;om;vlrsd k;rsm;zG H UNzdK;wk d;wufrIonf t&S deft[kefjr§if hvsuf&S dNyD;

NrdKUopfrsm;? vrf;opfrsm;? wHwm;opfrsm;? pmoifausmif;opfrsm;? aq;&H kaq;ay;cef;rsm;?

vQyfppfrD;rsm;? ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; ponfvkyfief;rsm;zG HUNzdK;vmcJ honf/ wkdif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;rsm; zG H UNzdK;a&;odyÜ Huk dvnf; wuúok dvftqif hok d Y wk d;jr§if hzGif hvSpfay;cJ honf/

jrefrmEk difiHwpf0ef;vH k;&S d NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;uk dvnf; oef Y&Sif;vSyNyD; acwfrDap&ef

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;? vrf;wHwm;rsm;? cH k;ausmfwHwm;rsm;? apwDykxk d;rsm;?

ausmif;uef bk&m;? pmoifausmif;? aps;? aq;&H k? yef;O,smOf ponfwk d Yuk d opfvGifvSyacwfrD

aeatmifaqmif&Guf cJ honf/ &efukefNrdKUawmfuk dvnf; NrdKUt*F g&yfESif htnDwnfaqmufjyKjycJ h&m

,cktcg urÇ mhtqif htwef;rS D NrdKUawmfBuD;jzpfvmcJ honf/

trsdK;om;usef;ra&;twGuf aq;&H k? aq;ay;cef;? q&m0ef q&mrrsm;uk dvnf;wk d;csJ Ucef Yxm; cJ honf/ ,cifu aq;&H k 631 ck&S dcJ h&m 31-3-1991 &ufaeYwGif aq;&H k 673 ck?

,cif usef;rma&;Xme 1337 ck&S dcJ h&m 1408 ck ponfjzifhtoD;oD;wk d;wufvmcJ honf/

tm;upm;bufwGif urÇ mESif h,SOfNydKif &ifabmifwef;Ek dif&ef f trsdK;om;tm;upm;vkyfief;uk d

jr§ifhwifay;cJ honf/ tm;upm;ESif htm;upm;&H krsm;uk d usyfaiG 196 oef;tukeftuscHum

wnfaqmufay;cJ honf/

Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmifOD;aqmifaomEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzG J Uonf tjrifvG JrS m;rI? Ek difiHa&;ajcxk d;rIESif h jynfwGif;jynfy tarS mif hya,m*aMumif h vrf;rS m;



96

vkdufoGm;rdMuonfh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukdvnf; BudKqkda&;pcef; (27)ckzGifhvSpfum

jyefvnfac:,lvufcHcJ honf/ 1988 ckESpfta&;tcif;uk dtaMumif; jyKNyD; ydwfxm;cJ h&aom

tajccHausmif;rsm;ESif h wuúokdvf? aumvdyf? odyÜ Hausmif;rsm;uk dvnf; jyefvnfzGif hvSpf

ay;cJhonf/ ynma&;zGHUNzdK;a&;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrItwGuf rlvwef;ausmif;opf 5000?tv,fwef;ausmif;opf 360? txufwef;ausmif;opf 132 ausmif; wk d Yukd zGif hvSpfay;

Ek difcJ honf/

vlrI0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom rlvwef;BudKausmif;? aeYuav;xdef;ausmif;?

vli,f&dyfom? vli,foifwef;ausmif;? vli,fzG H UNzdK;a&;y&[dwa*[m? trsdK;orD;apmif ha&S muf

a&;? oufBuD;&G,fvGefapmif ha&S mufa&;? roefrpGrf;olrsm;apmifha&Smufa&;? awmif;&rf;

pm;aomufolrsm; yaysmufa&;? rl;,pfaq;pGJolrsm;ukoa&;? jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;?bdef;tpm;xk d;pk dufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm; uk dvnf; aqmif&GufEk difcJ honf/

Ek difiHawmftwGif;jrwfpG mbk&m;\ Ak'omoemawmfwnfwH hxGef;um; jyef YyG m;a&;

twGufvnf; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJ honf/ y&d,wå domoemtwGuf ax&0g'Ak'usrf;pmrsm;uk d

trsdK;aygif; 183 rsdK;? tkyfa& 742769 tkyf xkwfa0cJ honf/ Ek difiHawmfoHCem,utzG J U\

Mo0g'ESif htnD tajcjyK rlvwef;pmar;yG Jrsm;? yxri,f? yxrvwf? yxrBuD;pmar;yG Jrsm;?

wdyd#u"&pmar;yGJrsm;? tbd"r®mpmar;yGJrsm;ukd usif;yay;cJhonf/ pmatmif&[ef;

oHCmawmfrsm;tm; wk d;jr§ih fylaZmfcJ honf/ Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfyjdym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúXAkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;apmarmifonf EkdifiHawmftwGif; Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;xH

vSnfhvnfylaZmfNyD; omoema&;udpörsm;ukd avQmufxm;cJh&m q&mawmfBuD;rsm;u

Mo0g'uxmrsm;csD;jr§if hcJ honf/ omoemawmfwnfwH hjyef YyG m;a&;twGuf oHCmtzG J Utpnf;

qk dif&mOya'uk dxkwfjyefcJ honf/ Ak'omoemawmfwnf hwH hjyef YyG m;a&;twGuf BudK;yrf;awmf

rlMuaomq&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm;bG J UwHqdyfawmfESif h taqmifta,mifrsm; qufuyfvSL'gef;yG J

wk d Yuk d 1988-89? 1989-1990? 1990-1991 ckESpfrsm;wGifusif;ycJ hygonf/ Ek difiHawmfwpf0ef;vH k;

&S d tNrdKUNrdKUt&G m&G mrS ausmif;uefbk&m;apwDykxk d;rsm;uk d bufpH krGrf;rHjyKjyifí omomemawmf

wnfwH hjyef YyG m;a&;uk d BudK;yrf;wnfaqmufcJ honf/ &efukefwk dif;twGif; a&Twd*H kapwDawmf?

r[m0dZ,apwDawmf? urÇmat;apwDawmfrSpí tNrdKU Nrd KUt&Gm&Gm&S dwefck d; BuD;

apwDawmftqlqlukd usyfaiGodef;aygif; 2080 tukeftuscHjyKjyifrGrf;rHcJhygonf/

apwDykxk d;rsm; bufpH krGrf;rHjyKjyifay;&H kru bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;jcif;?

"r® m&H krsm;wnfaqmuf vSL'gef;jcif;? odrfawmfBuD;rsm;uk d jyKjyifwnfaqmufvSL'gef;jcif;?

awmifwef;a'oomoemjyK ausmif;rsm;wnfaqmufvSL'gef;jcif; ponfwkdYukdvnf;wpfEk difvH k;tNrdKUNrdKUte,fe,fwGif vSL'gef;cJ honfjzpf&m omomemawmfwnfwh Hjyef YyG m;a&;



97

twGuf tm;oGefcGefpk dufBudK;yrf;aqmif&Guf aepOfyif e0wywåjrm;? e0&wfo&zlywåjrm;

paomywåjrm;BuD;rsm;ESif h ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; uk dvnf; Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; OD;aqmifaom

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UumvwGif wl;azmf&&S dcJ hygonf/

wyfrawmfBuD;ud k wd k;csJ UzG J Upnf;&mwGif wyfrawmf\ zG J Upnf;rIwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;?

tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJrIqd kif&mudpö&yfrsm;ESif h vd kufavsmnDaxGpG m&S drnhf jyifqifzG JUpnf;rIrsm;udk

jyKvkyfcJ h&m wGif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif onf 18-3-90 &ufaeUrS

tpjyKí AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; tqihfjzifh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf? wyfrawmfwGif

atmufajctqif hynmay;aumfrwD OuúX? wk dif;tqif hpnf;&H k;a&;aumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;?

wk dif;^wyfrtqif hpnf;&H k;a&;aumfrwDOuúX? ucsifjynfe,fESif h {&m0wDwk dif;a'oygwD

aumfrwDOuúX? EkdifiHa&;ynmay;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIa&;&m aumfrwD0if(tcsdefyk dif;)?oabmw&m;avhvmjyKpkysdK;axmifa&;tzG J U tzG JU0if? wyfrawmfpnf;&H k;a&; aumfrwD0if

wm0efrsm;ud kvnf; xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmifonf 1992 ckESpf? atNyDv

23 &ufaeYwGiftem;,lcJ honf/

Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;onf 1954 ckESpfwGif wpfvMumzGif hvSpfcJ honf h 0ufxD;uefwk dufyG J

avhusif ha&;oifwef;ok d Ywufa&mufcJ honf/ ajcvsifwyfcG JrSL; oifwef;trSwfpOf(20)ok dY

wufa&muf&mtqif h(1)&&S dcJ honf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif wyf&if;tkyfcsKyfrIqk dif&mt&m&S doifwef;ok d Y

vnf;wufa&mufcJ honf/ 1962 ckESpf? ESpfOD;wGifzGif hvSpfcJ honf h xk d;ppftulESif ho,f,lyk d Yaqmifa&;tuloifwef;? 1962 ckESpfukefyd kif;ü yPmr ppfOD;pD;wuúod kvf oifwef;? 1965

ckESpf? ESpfqef;yd kif;wGif jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD A[d kEd kifiHa&; odyÜ Hausmif;rS zGif hvSpfaom

wyfwGif;ynmay;oifwef; trSwfpOf(4)? 1966 ckESpfwGif ppfOD;pD;wuúodkvfoifwef;

ponf hoifwef;rsm;okd Ywufa&mufcJhonf/ ppfOD;pD;wuúod kvfoifwef;wGif tqifhjrifhpG m

atmifjrifcJ holrsm;pm&if;wGifyg0ifcJ holjzpfonf/

6/ jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;OD;apmarmif onf 1982 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv 2 &ufaeUwGif jynfaxmifpkor®w

*smreDEd kifiHod k U ,m,Dwm0efjzif h oG m;a&mufcJ honf/ 1984 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 28

&ufaeYwGif w&kwfEkdifiHok d Y vnf;aumif;? 1986 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 19 &ufaeUwGif

'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;tqifhjzifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiH odkUvnf;aumif;? xdkrSwpfqifh vef'ef

[D;o&d k;avqdyfrSwpfqif h(Isles of Wright )uRef;i,fod k U ESpf&uf c&D;pOftjzpfvnf;aumif;?

1986 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 27 &ufaeUwGif Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;tqifhjzif h b*Fvm;a'h&S f

jynfol Uor®wEd kifiHod k Uvnf;aumif;? 1987 ckESpf? ZGefv 8 &ufaeUrS 12-6-1987 &ufaeUtxd



98

ud k&D;,m;or®wEd kifiHod k Uvnf;aumif;? 1987 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeUrS 30 &ufaeUtxd

xd kif;Ek difiHod k Uvnf;aumif;? 1987 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 10 &ufaeUrS Ek d0ifbmv 3 &ufaeU

txd ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiH? &lar;eD;,m;EdkifiHESif h jynfaxmifor®w *smreDEkdifiH

toD;oD;odkUvnf; aumif;? or®wBuD; OD;pef;,k\ cspfMunfa&;tzGJU tzGJU0iftjzpfoG m;a&mufcJ h&onf/ od k Ujzpfívnf; Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; onf EdkifiHwum\ tawG Utjrifud k

rsm;pG mxdawG Uavhvm oH k;oyf Ed kifcJ honf/


om;orD;rsm;rSm OD;oD[apm+ a':cifolZmjrifh? a'gufwmauoDapm+

OD;ol&apmwk d Yjzpfonf/ trSwf(79^ps)? aiG0wfrH k &yfuGuf? a&TawmifMum;(1)vrf;? A[ef;?

&efukefNrdKUwGifaexk difonf/Ek difiHawmfwm0efuk d ausyGefpG mxrf;axmifcJ haom Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmifonf

1997 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 24 &ufaeYwGifuG,fvGefcJ honf/



yH k (10)OD;Ek (0efBuD;csKyf )[ 1956 ckESpf ]

99



100

OD;EkOD;EkOD;EkOD;EkOD;Ek

(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf)(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf)(0efBuD;csKyf )

(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 25-5-1907 rS uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef 7-2-1993)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

1907 ckESpf? arv 25 &ufae? paeaeYwGif 0g;c,frNrdKUü OD;Ektm; zG m;jrifcJ hygonf/

zcifrS m OD ;pHxGef;jzpfí rdcifrS m a':apmcif jzpfygonf/ zcifOD;pHxGef;rS m 0g;c,frNrdKUe,f&S d *sD?

pD? bD? at (G.C.B.A )ac: jrefrmek difiHa&;tzG J UcsKyfBuD;\ acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfygonf/

OD;Ek\zcif OD;pHxGef;onf 0g;c,frNrdKUomjzpfí rdcifrS m yef ;waemfoljzpfonf/ rdom;pk\

pD;yG m;a&;vkyfief;rsm;uk d rdcifjzpfolrS OD;aqmifí vkyfuk difcJ hygonf/ OD;Ekonf i,fpOfu

usef;rma&;nHhaomuav;wpfOD;jzpfcJhojzifh rdbrsm;rS pdwfylcJhí vGefpG mqkd;vGef;aom

uav;tjzpf uav;a&m^vlBuD;ygrusef todtrSwfjyKcJ honf/ 0g;c,frwpfNrdKUvH k;rS ]]

wmawpaeom;}}11111 [kqk dvQif OD;EkjzpfaMumif;odcJh&onf/ OD;EkwpfESpfom; t&G,fwGif

]]armifO}}qk daom arG;csif;wpfOD;ay:xGef;cJ honf/

zcifOD;pHxGef;onf om;armifEktm;rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwftjynfht0&Sdap&ef

EkdifiHa&;rsdK;aphcsay;cJholjzpfonf/ armifEk (10)ESpfom;t&G,fa&mufaomtcsdefwGif

]]tdEd ,jynfqk dif&m twGif;0efBuD; ]]rpöwmrGefaw*l}} onf 1917 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 20&ufaeYwGifaMunmcsufwpf&yfxkwfjyefcJ honf/22222tdE´ d,jynfuk d NAdwdoQtifyg,mEk difiHawmfwGif

tusHK;0ifaomjynfBuD;wpfcktjzpfjzif hwk d;wufapí wjznf;jznf; uk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfa&;&&S d

aprnf[k azmfjycJ honf/ xk daMunmcsuft& 1919 ckESpfwGif tdE´ d,jynftkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;

Oya'[lí Oya'wpf&yfuk d NAdwdoQygvDrefüyif wifoGif;cJ h onf/ xk dok d Yaom tpDtpOfuk d

t*Fvdyfwk d YjyKvkyf&mwGif jrefrmjynfuk d csefvSyfxm;cJ haomaMumif h jrefrmrsm;u rauseyfcJ hacs/

2/ ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0armifEkonf 0g;c,frNrdKU? t*Fvdyf?jrefrmESpfbmomoiftpkd;&ausmif;wGif

ynmoifMum; cJ honf/ xk dpOfu t*Fvdyftpk d;&\uRefynma&;pepfuk d jrefrmwpfrsdK;om;vH k;u

rauseyfcJh&mrS 1282 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf 10 &uf? we*FaEGaeYwGif yxr

11111armifpk d;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdwå? 1955) pm-113/

22222

OD;oef Y? jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1961)pm 18-19/



101

ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;cJh&m OD;EkrSm yOörwef;wGif wufa&mufoifMum;aeaom

ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfcJ hNyD; xk doydwfwGif yg0ifqifET J cJ honf/ xk d Yaemuftpd k;&tamxuftyH h

r,laom yxrqH k;trsdK;om;ausmif;ü ynmqufvufoif,l cJ honf/ OD;EkonfqXrwef;ü

ynmoifMum;aepOf xk dausmif;ü oifMum;jyoay;rnf h ausmif;q&m tcuftcJaMumifh¤if;xuftwef;i,faomausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm; OD;Ektygt0if ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u

tm;vyfaomtcsdefwGif 0ifa&mufpmoifay;cJ havonf/

txl;ojzifh OD;Ekonf &mZ0ifESif hjrefrmpmayuk d pdwf0ifpm;íavhvmcJ honf

omru Ak'0if &mZ0ifuk dygpdwf0ifpm;avhvmcJ honf/ zcifjzpfolOD;pHxGef;onf NrdKUay:üEk difiHa&;

ESif hpnf;&H k;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif aqmif&GufatmifjrifaecJ haomtcsdefü om;jzpfol OD;Ekonfvnf;

ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&; vIyf&S m;rItiftm;rsm;pkpnf;Ek difaom tcsdefjzpfonf/ zcifESif htwl&efukefNrdKU *sD?pD?bD?at nDvmcHukd wufa&mufcJ hNyD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;ESif h ywfoufaom

oabmw&m;rsm;uk d avhvmod&S dcJ honf/

1921 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEk difiHtm; ]] 'k diftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;}}11111ay;&ef NAwdoQtpk d;&rS

pDpOfay;aom tcgwGif OD;Ekoonf owårwef;wGif ynmoifMum;aeaom t&G,fjzpf

aomfvnf; xkdpOfu ]]'kdiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;}} ukdvufcHí vma&mufpnf;&H k;rJqG,fol

0g;c,frNrdKUe,fukd,fpm;vS,f OD;bpDtm; ]]'kdiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;}}\r&Sif;vif;onfh

taMumif;tcsufrsm;uk d &J0H hpG mar;jref;cJ hygonf/ þonfyifvQif vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawf\ yxrqH k;0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmrnf h OD;Ek\ owå dpGrf;&nfuk d jyojcif; jzpfygonf/

&efukefNrdKU&S dNrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif;wGifynmoifMum;í tajccHynm

txufwef; atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1929 ckESpf &efukefwuúokdvfokdY wufa&mufcJh&m

jyZmwfpmayrsm;uk d txl;pdwf0if pm;cJ hNyD; ynmoifumvwpfavQmuf jyZmwfpmaya&;om;

jcif;jzif h tcsdefukefapcJ honf/ xk daemuf &efukefwuúok dvfrS ay;tyfaom 0dZÆ mbG J Uuk d &&S dcJ honf/

2-1/ wuúokdvfokd Yjyefvnf0ifa&mufjcif;wuúokdvfokd Yjyefvnf0ifa&mufjcif;wuúokdvfokd Yjyefvnf0ifa&mufjcif;wuúokdvfokd Yjyefvnf0ifa&mufjcif;wuúokdvfokd Yjyefvnf0ifa&mufjcif;

0dZÆmbGJ Y(BA )&NyD;aemuf 1934ckESpfwGif bD?t,fvfac: Oypmwef;wuf&ef

wuúok dvfok d Y 0ifa&mufcJ hNyD; xk dpOfu ausmif;wufazmfrsm;jzpfaom uk datmifqef;? uk doD[ef?

ukdausmfNidrf;? ukdodef;az (wufbkef;BuD;) wkdYESifhtwl ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmif

a&G;aumufyGJwGif trIaqmiftjzpf0ifa&muf ,SOfjyKdifí EkdifiHa&;ywfoufonfhrsm;ukd

OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufEk dif&ef BudK;yrf;cJ honf/

11111OD;oef Y? jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1961) pm 21/



102

xkdaemufOD;Ekonf wuúokdvfor*¾trIaqmifwpfOD;tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&NyD;

ausmif;om;rsm;\ txifBuD;av;pm;rIuk d&&S dcJ honf/ 1935 ckESpfwGif OD;Ekonf wuúok dvfor*¾

OuúXjzpfvmcJ honf/

2-2/ &efukefwuúokdvf'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfESifhOD;Ek&efukefwuúokdvf'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfESifhOD;Ek&efukefwuúokdvf'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfESifhOD;Ek&efukefwuúokdvf'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfESifhOD;Ek&efukefwuúokdvf'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfESifhOD;Ek

wuúok dvfor*¾üOuúXjzpfaeaomtcsdefwGif q&m? rrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;

tnTef YrvlEk difap&ef ES drfESif;pjyKonf htcsdefjzpfonf/ wuúok dvfOya'ajymif;vJ&ef a[majymcJ h

aom OD;Ektm; ausmif;tkyfBuD; ]]'D? a*s? pavmh}} 11111rS ausmif;xkwfypfcJ honf/

þuJ hok d YjzpfaepOftwGif;rS myifwuúok dvfor*¾\tmabmf ]]td k;a0r*¾Zif;}}wGif

]]i&JacG;BuD; vGwfaeNyD}} [laomaqmif;yg;udpöjzifh aqmif;yg;&Siftm; azmfjyay;&ef

jiif;qef;cJ haom t,f'Dwm uk datmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxyfrHxkwfypfcJ hjyefonf/

¤if;udpö&yfrsm;jzpfay:cJhNyD;aemufausmif;om;rsm;onf uRefynma&;tm;

tvk dr&S d[k oH k;oyfcJ hMu&mrS aoG;pnf;rdí 1936 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 22 &ufaeYwGif

ausmif;tkyfBuD;\tjyKtrlukd oydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif OD;Ekonf

wuúok dvfrS&&S dcJ haom bD? at bG J Utm; jyefvnftyfES HcJ honf/

OD;Ekonf uk datmifqef;? uk dtkef;wk d YESif htwl a&Twd*H ktv,fypö,H&S d armfvNrdKifZ&yf

tm; oydwfpcef;zGif hí aexdkifNyD;vQif aeYpOfpnf;a0vQuf pDrHcef YcG Jay;cJ honf/ xk d YaemufoydwfarS muf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; OD;aqmifí ykvdyf&H k;BuD;ok d Y csDwufum ]]uRefynmuk d

tvk dr&S d}} [ka<u;aMumfí t*Fvdyfwk d Y\ ,leD,H*suftvHukd OD;EkrS rD;&I d UzsufqD;cJ honf/

xk dpOftcgu OD;Ek\Ek difiHa&;pdwf"gwf tjynf ht0&S dcJ honfuk d t*Fvdyfwk d Yod&S dcJ hMuonf/

oydwfarSmufonhftaMumif;udpöNyD;pD;aomtcgü OD;Ekonf ausmif;okd Y

qufwufjcif;r&Sdawmhay/ okdYaomf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhOruGJokdufrysuf&Sdap&efESifh

ausmif;om;or*¾ESif hwGJí tvkyf vkyfap&ef uk datmifqef;? uk dtkef; paomausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ausmif;okdYjyefoGm;apcJhonf/ þokdYjzifh wuúokdvfoufqkdif&m

tmPmyk difwk d YrS ausmif;om;rsm;\ awmif;qk dcsufrsm;uk d vk dufavsmcJ hMuonf/

aemifwGif oydwfNyD;oGm;aomtcgü OD;Ek\ ]]oydwfarSmufausmif;om;}}

ZmwfnTef;tm; NAdwdoQbm;rm;&kyf&SifrS 'g&k dufwmwpfOD;onf &kyf&Sif&k dufcJ havonf/ xk dtcsdefu

vlBudKufrsm;aom Zmwfum; jzpfaMumif;od&S d&ygonf/

11111

arNrdKUcspfaqG? jynfolcspfaomAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; / (&efukef?ajreDukef; pmaywk duf? 1970) pm 171/



103


1929 ckESpfwGif bDat atmifNyD;aomtcg OD;oef Y\ wk dufwGef;csuft& yef;waemf

trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJ honf/ xk daemufoH k;cGNrdKU

trsdK;om; ausmif;wGif ausmif;tkyftjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/

OD;Ekonfyef;waemfNrdKUtrsdK;om; ausmif;aumfrwDOuúX\orD; rjr&D ESif hvufxyfcJ honf/

xk d Yaemuf OD;Ekonf tpk d;&tvkyfwpfckuk d 0ifa&mufvkyfuk dif&ef &efukefok d Yajymif;a&T UcJ honf/


OD;Ekonf ]]jrefrmEk difiHvHk;qk dif&m vli,frsm;tpnf;t&H k;}} wnfaqmuf&mwGif

t"duyg0ifcJh onf/ xkdtoif;onf EkdifiHjcm;ukefrsm;ukd vli,frsm;roHk;Mupwrf;[k

t"d|mefjyKvsuf Ek difiHjcm; ukefonfrsm;uk d oydwfarS mufaomtoif;jzpfonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGifurÇ mw0Srf;vH k;pD;yG m;a&; Muyfwnf;cJ hMuonf/ xk dtcsdefwGif uk d,f hMur® muk d,frzefwD;Ek difaom

tajctaeuk d jyKjyifEk difap&ef omru uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufap&efenf;vrf; &S mazGvk dpdwf

jyif;xefcJ hMuonf/

jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;ukd csKyfukdifxm;aomEkdifiHjcm;t&if;&Sifrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIukd

wk dufzsufcJhMu onf/ om,m0wD? a';'&J? zsmyHk? paomae&mrsm;ü t*Fvdyftpkd;&uk d

awmfvSefykefuefMuonf/ 1930 jynf hESpfü tkyfcsKyfaeaom t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH qmcsm;tif;epfonf bdvyfok d YjyefoGm;cJ honf/ om,m0wDe,f tvHaxmifwGif q&mpHonf ]]okyPÖu

*VKef&mZm }}trnfcHvsuf awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;íolykefxcJhavonf/

q&mpH\aus;Zl;aMumif h vlxkwpf&yfvH k;ü awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwf wk d;wufjyif;xefcJ honf/

&efukefwuúok dvfüvnf; ]] ausmif;om;or*¾ }}toif;uk dwnfaxmifcJ hMuonf/

uk dEkonf 1937 ckESpfwGif owif;pmq&mOD;bckdifESif h 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKwk d Y zG J Upnf;xm;aom

]]azbD,H }} Ek difiHa&;ygwDü 0ifa&mufulnDcJ honf/ xk dygwDrS m xk dtcsdefu ]] wk d YArmtpnf;t&H k;

}} avmuf emrnf rxif&S m;cJ hay/

]] wkdYArmtpnf;t&Hk; }}okdY? ukdEkESifh ukdatmifqef;wkdYonf wpfaeYwnf;

toif;0ifjzpfcJ hMuonf/ xk drSpí ]] ocifEk }} jzpfvmcJ honf/ wk d YArmtpnf;t&H k;ü wm0ef

xrf;aqmifaepOf tpnf;t&Hk;\ b@ma&;ESifh0g'jzefYyGm;a&;rSL;tjzpf t"duwm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJh \/ 1937 ckESpf? atNyDv (1)&ufaeYrS pí 91XmetkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh

vGwfvyfa&;uk day;&m vH k;0 tvSrf;uG ma0;onf[ktaMumif;jyvsuf wk d YArmtpnf;t&H k;rS

vli,frsm;u tjyif;txefuef YuGufcJ havonf/



104

OD;Ekonf a'gufwmbarmftpkd;&vufxufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm;

Ek difiHjcm;ynmoifapvTwf&efwk dufwGef;cJ honf/ txl;ojzif h wk d;wufaeaomta&S UzufEk difiH

rsm;ok d Y ynmawmfoifapvT Gwf&ef OD;EkrS tBuHay;cJ honf/ ]] ArmhxGuf&yf*k dPf; }}rScsrSwfcJ haom

tqk djyKcsuf (7)csufuk d om,m0wDNrdKU&Sd ]]wk dYArmtpnf;t&H k;}} nDvmcHwGif zwfMum;wifoGif;&ef OD;Ektm; wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/

4-1/ *syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI (1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI (1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI (1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI (1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI (1942-1945)

1941 ckESpfok d Ya&mufaomtcg 'kwd,urÇ mppfBuD;onf tm&Swk dufqDok d Yul;pufí

vmaomtcsdeftcgwGif OD;EkrSmrEÅav;NrdKU\tusOf;axmifwGif a&mufaecJhonf/

axmifxJütusOf; usaepOf ocifpk d;onf OD;Ektm; uGefjrLepf0g'pmayrsm;uk davhvmck dif;cJ h&m

avhvmjcif;r&SdbJ ¤if;pdwf0ifpm;onf jyZmwfpmayukdomavhvmcJhonf/ OD;Ekonfxd ktcd sefu ocifpk d;tm;

]]cifAsm;u Armjynf&J UvDeifjzpf uRefawmfu Armjynf&J U rufZifa*:uD

jzpfraygh }} 11111 [kajymqk dcJ hbl;onf/

Ek difiHa&;e,fxJok dY0ifa&mufjcif;rjyKawmh[kqH k;jzwfcsufcsvk dufaom OD;Ekonf

a'gufwmbarmfaumfrwDwGif trsm;qE´t&yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh&jyefonf/ xkdYaemuf

*syeftpkd;&vufatmufwGif a'gufwmbarmftpd k;&tzG J U zG JUcJ hjyef&mOD;EkrS mtpk d;&tzG J UwGif0ifa&mufvkyfuk difjcif; r&S dcJ hacs/ ok d Yaomf jyifyrS tultnDay;cJ honf/ xk d Yaemufjrefrmjynftm;

vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef ]]Armh vGwfvyfa&;pDpOfrItzG J U}} uk dxyfrHzG J Upnf;cJ h&m ¤if;tzG J UwGif OD;Ekyg0if

cJ h&onf/ xk d Yjyif 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1)&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfolrsm;\ac:qk dcsuft&

jrefrmEk difiHtm; ]]a&T&nfpdrf}} vGwfvyfa&; wenf;tm;jzif h twkta,mifaqmifay;aom

jrefrmEk difiH\vGwfvyfa&;&&S dcJ honf/ *syefacwf vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEk difiH\yxrqH k;aom

Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf OD;EkonfvufcHcJ honf/ rMumrDr[mArmXmeok d Yajymif;a&T UNyD;aemuf

1944 ckESpfwGif jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;wm0efjzif h xrf;aqmifcJ h&jyefonf/

jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;wm0efjzifh OD;Ekxrf;aqmifpOf tcsdefu *syefowif;pm

q&mrsm;\ ar;jref;csufrsm;uk d OD;EkrS ajzMum;cJ h&m ]] ArmESif h*syefcspfcspfcifcifjyefjzpfatmif

vkyfbk d Y[mvJ *syefawGu usKyfwk d YArmbufuulaeygw,f/ *syefuk dcspfyg/ bmnmatmfae&H kESif h

r&bl;? *syefu wu,fpdwfxm; ajymif;rS&r,f/ tcktcgrS m *syefppfbufvJ &rf;Muw,f/

11111ocifEk? ig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynf/ (&efukefNrdKU? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm

yH kES dyfwk dufvDrDwuf? 1946) pm 53 /



105

*syefukefonfawGuvJ avmbBuD;vk duf wmvGefa&m/ 'Dawmh*syeft,f'DwmawGu Armjynf

a&mufaeMuwJ h*syefrsm; pdwfajymif;vmatmif jyKjyifa&;om;ay;Mubk d Yvk daeNyD }} 11111[kyGif;vif;pG m

ajymMum;cJ honf/

xk d Yjyifbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;\udpöt&yf&yfrsm;uk d ajz&Sif;ay;&mwGifvnf; ]]t&Sifbk&m;

'Dvd ktrdef Yay;ck dif;jcif;jzif h t&Sifbk&m;wk d YrS momtjypfBuD;ygw,f? 'Dawmh ausmif;jyefNyD;om

w&m;b0em ukdtm;xkwfawmfrlyg}}22222 [kavQmufxm;cJhonfuk dod&onf/ þuJ hokd Yaom

jyóemtaxGaxGrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;ay;NyD;aemufyk dif;wGif OD;Ekonf Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;jyKvkyf

&ef wm0efay;aomtcg jiif;qefcJ honf/

*syeftm; awmfvSef&ef Ak dvfatmifqef;ESif hacgif;aqmifrsm;rS BudK;pm;&mwGif

OD;EkxHa&muf&Sd vmcJhonf/ ]] 1945 ckESpf rwfvwGif Akdvfatmifqef;? Akdvfvufsm?ocifoef;xGef;? ud kausmfNidrf;ESif h ocifpk d;wk d Yonf ocifEkxHa&mufvmMuonf/ ocifpk d;vufxJ

wGif awmfrD*ef;[kac:aom pufaoewf wpfvufygvmonf/ ocifoef;xGef; awmck dawm

hrnfjzpfaMumif;? ocifoef;xGef;aysmufoGm;vQif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifEkwkdY\

aexd kifa&;rS mcufcJvmrnfjzpfaMumif;? ocifEkESif h Ak dvfcsKyf atmifqef;ygawmck doG m;Mu&ef

oabmwlMuavonf/ 33333

xk drSwzef ocifEktm;touftEÅ &m,fESif hpk d;&drf&ojzif h *syefppfXmecsKyfrS OD;Ekuk d

ac:aqmifoGm;cJ honf/ xkd Ytwlyiftjcm;aomtpkd;&0efBuD;rsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;

tapmif hta&S mufESif h ppfbufXmecsKyfwGifaeapcJ honf/ *syefrsm;&efukefrS rxGufcG mrD uk dAaqG

(vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwf 0efBuD;csKyf ) tm;zrf ;qD;ac:aqmifxm;ojzif h vGwfajrmufrI&&S dap&ef

vnf; OD;Ek aqmif&GufcJ honf/

1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (12)&ufaeYwGif ocifEkonf a'gufwmbarmftdrfü

&S daepOf t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHwpfpif; AH k;BuJcH&ojzif h xk dtdrfrS mysufpD;í ocifEkrS mvnf;

touftEÅ &m,fESif h &ifqk difcJ h&avonf/ Mo*kwfv (14)&ufaeYwGif *syefrsm;vufeufcsrnftaMumif;BudKwifí OD;Eku od&S dcJ honf/ xk d YtaMumif;t&mukd ]]cifyGef;jzpfol ocifEku

yxrqHk;tBudrfEkdifiHa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom vQdKU0Sufxm;csufwpfckukd ajymjyjcif;aMumihf

11111ocifEk?ig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynf/(&efukefNrdKU? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm

yH kES dyfwk duf vDrDwuf? 1946) pm 18/

22222,if;/ pm 118/




106

ZeD;jzpfolrS m 0rf ;omcJ h&jcif;jzpfaMumif; ocifEkuqk dcJ honf/}} 11111

4-2/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGif BudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGif BudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGif BudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGif BudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGif BudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)

*syefrsm;vufeufcsNyD;aemuf jrefrmwpfEk difiHvHk;qkdif&macgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;yg0ifaom ]]zufqpfwk dufzsufa&;jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzG J UcsKyfBuD; }}onf 1945 ckESpf?

Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeY 12 em&Dtcsdefü ]]aeol&deftpnf;ta0;cef;r}} üwpfEk difiHvH k;ESif h

ywfoufaom taMumif;rsm;uk d aqG;aEG;í wnDwnGwfwnf;qH k;jzwfcJ hMuonf/ xk dtcsdef

*syefrsm;jrefrmhajray:rS qkwfcG mcJ hpOf a'gufwmbarmf tpd k;&ESif htwl ocifEkonf *syefok d Y

vk dufygoGm;cJ hNyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfok d Y jyefvnf

a&muf&S d cJ havonf/

xkdtcsdefwGifArmhwyfrawmfta&;ESifhqufpyfí &efukefNrdKUü usif;yaomjynfol Ytpnf; ta0;BuD;rS qH k;jzwfcJ honf htwk dif; zufqpfwk dufzsufa&;tzG J UBuD;rS oD[k dVfuRef;&S d

uE DNrdKUü usif;yjyKvkyfonf h uGefz&if hok d Y Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htzG J Uonf wufa&mufcJ hMuonf/

jrefrmuk d,fpm; vS,ftzG J Uonf vH k;0vGwfvyfa&;&&ef[laom yef;wkdifokd Y ra&mufrcsif;

BudK;pm;Mu&ef &nf&G,fxm;Muonf/

1946 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 20 &ufaeYwGif OD;Ekonf zufqpfwk dufzsufa&;ESif hjynfol Y

vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyftrIaqmiftjzpfa&;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&NyD;aemuftzGJUcsKyfESifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wk d Y tm; xdck dufepfemaprnfhtaMumif;rsm; jzpfay:vmygu vlxkrsm;oHo,

&Sif;vif;ap&ef jyóemrsm;uk d ajz&Sif;ay;cJ havonf/

xkd Ytjyifwkdif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfap&ef awmif;wef;a'oESifhjynfrwk dY

pnf;vHk;rI twGufaqmif&GufcJh&m &Srf;jynfe,fokdYoGm;a&mufí pnf;&Hk;ay;cJhonf/

apmbG m;BuD;rsm;ESif hawG YqH kí tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfcJ haomom"uwpfckrS m ocifEk(OD;Ek )rS ]],ckvk d

aoG;csif;om;csif;awGeJ U &if;&if ;ES D;ES D; awG YcsifaewmMuvSygNyD/ 'gayrJ h e,fcsJUorm;awG&J U

ya,m*aMumifh ckrSbJ awGYMu&ygw,f/ tckvkdaoG;csif;om;csif;awG &if;&if;ESD;ESD;

rawG Yjzpfatmif Oya'awG tmPmawGeJ Uom umqD;xm;&H k ruao;bl;/ ArmawG[m&Srf;?

u&if? csif;awGukd ESdrfvdrfYrnf/ ArmawGu wG,fvdrfYrnftp&Sdaom 0g'rsm;ukdvJ

olwd k YwawGrodromjzef YjzL;cJ hygw,f/ ok d[efbG m;ukd rif;BuD;&efaemifu okwfoifvk duf

xm[m Armu &Srf;uk dapmfum;vTwfvk dufxmbJ tp&S dwJ h 0g'awGuk d olwk d Y&J U&mZ0ifxJrSm

jzef YMuw,f/ trSefpifppf&Srf;uk d Armuapmfum;vTwfw,fqk dwm r[kwfwJ h taMumif;[m

11111armifpk d;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD ;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdwå? 1955) pm-68/



107


ok d[efbG m;uk dowfNyD; rif;BuD;&efaemif[m oluk d,fwk difrif;rvkyfbJ tkef;abmif apmfbG m;uk dbJ

ArmawGtay:rSm rif;vkyfawmfrlyg qkdwJhtcsufeJYyif xif&Sm;aeygNyD/ oDaygrif;ukd

t*FvdyfawG zrf;oGm;wH k;u r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;BuD;xJu vlig;&meJU"g;xrf;NyD;

oDaygrif;uk djyefvkr,fvk d Y apmif haeMuwm[m tjcm;r[kwfygbl;/ anmifa&TapmbG m;BuD;bJjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumif htckvkd &if;&if;ES D;ES D;jyefvnf aygif;oif;&wJ htcgrS m Nzd Kzsufr&Ek difwJ h

aoG;pnf;a&;tkwfjrpfukd csMuygpk d Y }} 11111 ponfjzif hajym&m apmfbG m;BuD;rsm;ESif hawmifwef;

uk d,fpm;vS,frsm;rS m rsm;pG mauseyfoG m;Muonf/

OD;EkESif htzG J U0ifrsm;onf &efukefNrdKUok d Yjyefa&mufaomtcg vGwfvyfa&;r&vQif

rae[laom oEd éXmefjzif h vlxkBuD;ESif htwlqEjyyG J? tiftm;jyyG JBuD;rsm;uk d csdrf Ycsdrf YoHrQjyKvkyf

usif;ycJ hMuonf/ NAdwdoQ tpk d;&onfar*sm*sife&,fqm[l;bwf&ef Ypftm; bk&ifcHcef Ytyfvk dufonf htcsdefü zqyvtzG J UcsKyfBuD; wGif trIaqmif0efBuD;tzG J Uopfuk d jyefvnfzG J Upnf;í

toif;\vkyfief;rsm;uk d wk dif;jynftm;&Sif;vif; jy&onf hwm0efuk d 'kwd,OuúXjzpfaom

ocifEku xrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/

uGefjrLepfwk dY\vIH UaqmfrIaMumifh ay:aygufvmaomoydwfarS mufqEjyonf h

udpörsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í OD;EkrSyif tzG JUcsKyfuk d,fpm;ajz&Sif;ay;cJh&onf/ NAdwdoQtpd k;&rS

jrefrmud k,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf aom Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;wk d YtzG J Utm; tdEd ,ok d YoG m;a&mufpOf

OD;Ekonf zqyvtzG JUcsKyfrS wm0efrsm; ,lí AkdvfcsKyfukd,fpm; wkdif;jynfukdxdef;odrf;xm;cJ h&onf/

1947 ck kESpf? atNyDv 9 &ufaeYwk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyG JBuD;uk d

pepfwus usif;yEk difcJ hNyD;aemuf tEk dif&cJ hojzif h OD;Ekonf Ek difiHa&;e,fxJok d Y0ifcJ h&jyefygonf/

taMumif;rS m zqyv tzG J UcsKyfrS ta&G;cHxm;&aom armifarmifcif onf oabF mjr§ kKyf&mwGif

ygoGm;ojzifh ¤if;ae&mukd,fpm; AkdvfcsKyfrS OD;Ektm; Nrdwfe,frS 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&ef

wk dufwGef;cJ haomaMumif hjzpfonf/1947 ckESpf? ZGefv 11 &ufaeYwGif ocifEkonfvTwfawmfOuúXtjzpf

a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf\yxrtBudrfqH k;jzwfcsufESif h

pyfvsO;fí zqyvtzG J UcsKyf 'kwd,OuúX OD;Ektygt0if 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;? Ak dvfxGef;vif;?

OD;ukdukdBuD;ESifh Akdvfcifarmifuav; wkdYonfbdvyftpkd;&(xkdacwfac:qkdcsuft&)ESifh

t*Fvefjynfoljynfom;wk d Ytm; jrefrmEk difiHa&; tajctaeem;vnfoabmaygufap&ef



108

twGuf &Sif;vif;ay;apvk dojzif h ZGefv 16 &ufaeYwGif bdvyfokd YxGufcG moGm;cJ h&m ZGef 23

&ufaeYwGif a&muf&S dcJ honf/

O D ;E konf NA dw doQuufbdey ftz G J U jre frm jynfq k di f&mtwGi f ;0e f

avmh'fvpf(p)wk d0JvfESif h awG YqH kcJ honf/ OD;Ekonf ]] Armjynfawmifwef;a'otrsdK;om;wk d Ytm;

¤if;wkd Y\uk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfa&; jyXmef;&mü jrefrmrsm;u Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdonfqk djcif;rSm

r[kwfrrSefEk difyg/ pH kprf;odomEk difyg&ef NAdwdoQ ygvDrefuk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J UwpfckapvTwfvQif

jrefrmjynfrS BudKqk dvufcH&eftoif hjzpfygonf}}11111 [kajymcJ hygonf/

aemufqH k;wGif ocifEkBuD;rSL;aom jrefrmjynfrScspfMunfa&;uk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J Utm;

NAdwdoQ tpk d;&rS jrefrmjynfok d YtmPmvT Jajymif;ay;a&;uk d 1947 ckESpf? Ek dif0ifbmvwGif

ygvDrefvTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;okdY tjrefqH k;wifoGif;&ef tm;oGifaqmif&Gufay;rnf htaMumif;uk d uwday;vk dufonf/ ocifEkESifhcspfMunfa&;tzG J Uonf yxrtqif htmPm

vT Jajymif;a&;aphpyfñ§ dEI dif;rIYuk d NAdwdoQuufbdeuf tzG J UESif homru tdE´ d,ESif hjrefrmha&;&m

yg&*lrsm;ESif hvnf; tBudrfBudrfaqG;aEG;cJ hMuonf/

ocifEkvef'efrS jyefra&mufvmrDtcsdefwGif tpkd;&tzGJUukdjzKwfcsNyD;vQif

tpkd;&opfzGJUpnf; aomtcgwGif 0efBuD;csKyf? 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? jynfxJa&;0efBuD;

ponfae&mrsm;wGif rnfoluwm0ef,l rnf ponfjzif h vQdKU0SufpG mvkyfaqmifvsuf&S dMuonf/

Zlvkdifv 13 &ufaeYeHeufwGif &efukefNrdKU ql;avbk&m;vrf;&Sd NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;ü

zqyvtzGJUcsKyfBuD;rS BuD;rSL;í vlxktpnf;ta0;BuD;wpf&yf usif;y&mocifEkrS

rdef YcGef;ajymMum;cJ honf/ xk d YaemufZlvk difv 23 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpd k;&ESif h jrefrm tpd k;&wk d Y\

aMunmcsufxkwfjyefonf/ xk daMunmcsufrS mNAdwdoQtpk d;&ESifh jrefrmek difiH wk dif;jyKjynfjyK

vTwfawmfOuúXESif hjrefrmek difiHawmftpk d;&trIaqmifaumifpDtzG J U0if'kwd,OuúXjzpfaom

ocifEk acgif;aqmifonf h jrefrmrdwfquftzG J Uonf vef'efNrdKUwGifoG m;a&muf aqG;aEG;cJ honf/

xk daqG;aEG;csufrsm;teuft"dutcsufrsm;rS m- 1/ ArmEk difiHawmfMum;jzwftpk d;&tzG J Uonf24-7-1947 aeUpí Armjynf,m,Dtpkd;& jzpfvmrnf/2/bk&ifcH\trIaqmiftzGJU

'kwd,OuúXonf ,m,Dtpkd;&tzG J UwGif 0efBuD;csKyf[líjzpfvmrnf/ 3/tjcm;trIaqmif

0efBuD;rsm;onf rifepfpwmqk daom 0efBuD;rsm;jzpfvmrnf/ 4/ArmEk difiHawmf wk dif;jyKjynfjyK

vTwfawmfutwnfjyKaom tkyfcsKyfa&;t& Armtpkd;&tm; tmPmvTJajymif;a&;

Oya'Murf;uk d atmufwk dbmvavmufwGif pwifusif;yrnf h ygvDrefü wifoGif;ay;rnf/

11111armifpk d;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD ;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdwå? 1955) pm-93/



109

5/ NAdwdoQ"eo[m,e,fy,ftjyifbufwGif vHk;0vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHjzpfbkd

qH k;jzwfcsufcs onf&S daomf NAdwdoQwk d YESif h&if;ES D;pG mqufqHygrnf [k ESpfOD;aoabmwlcJ honf/

xk daMunmcsufrsm;uk d uG,fvG,fol Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif hjrefrmEk difiHtrIaqmif

aumifpDtzG JUwk d Yonf 1947 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 18 &uf aomMumaeYwGifoabmwlcJhonf/

xkdtcsdefrSpí OD;Ekonf ,m,Dtpkd;&tzGJUwGif 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhonf/ OD;Ekonf

0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0efuk d pwifxrf;aqmif &aom tcsdefwGif vlxkBuD;wpf&yfvHk;uk d

Ak dvfcsKyf&S dpOfouJ hok d Y tpktpnf;rajy&ef xdef;odrf;xm;cJ honf/ vef'eftpk d;&ESif haqG;aEG;

&,lcJ haom tcsufrsm;uk dvnf; vlxkBuD;tm;wifjycJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyfom touf&SifaeOD;rnf

qk dvQif xk d0wå&m;uk d Ak dvfcsKyfxrf;aqmif&rnfjzpf&m ,cktcgwGifrl OD;Ekuk d,fwk dif &Sif;jy&OD;rnf/

xk dwm0efuk dvnf; OD;Ekonf Ek difeif;atmifjrifpG m aqmif&GufEk difcJ honf/ocifEkonf Zlvkdifv 26 &ufaeYwGif wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfOuú|&mxl;rS

EIwfxGufNyD [kaMunmvsuf 1947 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 27 &ufaeYwGif tpkd;&0efBuD;tzG JU

tpnf;ta0;uk d yxrqH k; tBudrfusif;y&m 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrS obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/

Zlvk difv 30 &ufaeYtpnf; ta0;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrS wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfOuú|tjzpf

anmifa&TapmfbG m;BuD;tm; cef Ytyf&ef tqk dwifoGif;í vTwfawmfrSvufcHtwnfjyKcJ honf/

vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnfh jrefrmEkdifiH awmfonf tmPmvTJajymif;&awmhrnfh

puful;rwful;tcsdefwGif wk dif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf txl;ta&;BuD;avonf h tcsdefwGif0efBuD;csKyftjzpfok d Ya&muf&S daeaom OD;Ekonf bmoma&; vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaeaomtcsdefwGif

NAdwdoQygvDrefü jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;Oya'Murf;uk d avbmtpk d;&wbuf? uGefqmaA;wpf

twk duftcHrsm;uwbuf tacstwifaqG;aEG;aeaom tcsdefvnf;jzpfonf/ ]] 1948 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYrSpí NAdwdoQpD;yG m;bufjynfaxmifpk jyifbufwGif vGwfvyfaom

Ek difiHtjzpf wnfcGif h&S donf/ }} qk daom jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;Oya'Murf; uk d aqG;aEG;rJcG J&m

288 rJ 114 rJjzifh uGefqmaA;wpftwk duftcH *kdPf;\ uef YuGufcsufuk dy,fcscJ honf/

0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf 27 Budrfajrmuf trsdK;om;aeYBuD;uk d 1947 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv 7 &uf?

aomMumaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU AEKvyef;NcHü usif;yaomtcg jrefrmtrsdK;om;vlxkBuD;tm;

wyfvSef YEI d;aqmfcGif h &&S dcJ honf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek trsdK;om;rdef YcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif ]]'DaeYupNyD;

t&uf 58 &ufajrmufwJ haeYrSm ArmEk difiHBuD;[m tcsKyftjcmtmPmyk dif EkdifiHBuD;jzpfvm

awmhr,f? ArmEk difiHBuD;twGif;rS m rS Dwif;aexk dif MuwJ h &Srf;? u&if? ucsif? csif;? rGef? Arm

tp&SdwJh wk dif;&if;om;awGvJ uRefb0uvGwfajrmufNyD; ukd,fhMur®m uk d,fzefwD;EkdifwJ h

tmPmykdifvlrsdK;awGjzpfvmMuawmhr,f/ tJ'Dvkdta&;BuD;wJhtcsdefrSm ta&;BuD;wJhpum;av;cGef;uk d uRefawmfajymcsifw,f/ 'Dpum;av;cGef;[m trSefpifppfawmh odyfcufwJ h



110

pum;awG r[kwfygbl;/ cifAsm;wk d YMum;aeuspum;awGygbJ/ 'gayrJ h ynm&S dowdjzpfcJqk dwJ h

pum;vk d arYaerS mpk d;wJ h twGuf owday;wJ htaeeJ Yajym&jcif;jzpfw,f/ 'Dpum;av;cGef;uk d

tpDtpOfeJ U ajymyghr,f/ eHygwf (1) tpGrf;ukefnDnGwfMuprf;yg/ eHygwf(2) tpGrf;ukefoef Y&Sif;Mu

prf;yg/ eHygwf(3) tpGrf;ukef&NyD;om; tiftm;uk djznf hMuprf;yg/ eHygwf(4) tpGrf;ukeftvkyfvkyfMuprf;yg/ }}22222ponfjzif h rdef YMum;oG m;cJ honf/

0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf wbufwGifvnf; wkdif;jynftm; tarSmifukdcGif;um

tvif;aqmif&ef pDrHcJ honf/ vGwfvyfaomjrefrmEk difiHonf tjcm;Ek difiHrsm;ESif h acwfrDpG m

&ifabmifwef; Ek dif&ef ]]jrefrmEk difiHbmomjyefpmaytoif; }} [laomtoif;wpfckuk d 0efBuD;csKyf

OD;Ekuyif obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufum zG J Upnf;cJ honf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf 1947 ckESpf

atmufwk dbmv 13 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpk d;&ESif h aemufqH k;tmPmvT Jajymif;a&;pmcsKyfuk dvufrSwfa&;xk d;&ef bdvyfok d Y xGufcG moG m;cJ h onf/ av,mOfpufcsdKU,Gif;í ukdif&k dNrdKUokd Y

qif;ae&ojzif h bdvyfok d Y atmufwk dbm 16 &ufaeYwGif a&muf&S donf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf

]] *a&mhpfAif;em;a[mufpf }} a[mfw,fwGif wnf;ck dae cJ havonf/ 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif

NAdwdoQrSjrefrmEk difiHok d Y tmPmvTJtyfNyD;aemuf ay:aygufvmrnf h oabmwlnDcsufuk d

NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf rpöwmtufwvDESifh jrefrmjynftpkd;& 0efBuD;csKyf ocifEkwkdYonf

a'gif;eif;vrf;? trSwf 10 NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf&H k; tpk d;&tzG J Utpnf;ta0; cef;ü atmufwk dbmv

17 &ufaeYwGif Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xk d;cJ hMuonf/jrefrmjynfwGifum; vGwfvyfa&;aMunmrnf h aeY&ufrwkdifcif 1948 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&Dv 3 &uf? paeaeY? wk dif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;ü jrefrmEk difiHawmftpk d;&

tzG J U 0ef BuD;rsm;\pm&if;uk d ocifEkuwifoGif;&m vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEk difiH\yxr0efBuD;csKyf

tjzpf OD;Ek yifaqmif&Guf&ef emrnfyg0ifvmcJ honf/

1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYeHeufyk dif; t&kPfwuf 4 em&D 20 rdepftcsdefwGif

vGwfvyfa&;aeYatmifyG Jtcrf;tem;ü jrefrmEk difiH\ yxrqH k;0efBuD;csKyfrS rdef YcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif ]] uRefawmfwk d YjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHom;awG[m 'DaeYupNyD; vGwfvyfa&;awmh&NyD/

'gayrJ h urÇ mh tajctaeuawmhjzih f ppf&dyfppfaiG UawG oef;aeovk dvk dbJ/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwk d Y

&wJ hvGwfvyfa&;[m ppf&dyfppfaiG Uoef;ae ovk dvk d&S dwJ htcgrS m &wJ hvGwfvyfa&;vk d Yqk d&rS mbJ/

'gayrJh pdwfysuftm;i,fbkdY r&Sdygbl;/ wbufuppf&dyfppfaiGYoef;ae ovkdvkd&SdayrJY

11111OD;pHNidrf;? jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962(yxrwGJ)/ wG Jbufa&;ol

a'gufwm a':jrif hMunf/ (&efukef?owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1991) pm-94/22222,if;/ pm-96/



111

wbufuvJh tm;wufp&m awGtrsm;BuD; &S dao;w,f/ uRefawmfwkd YwawG[m

tckurÇ mhacwfopfeJ UBuHKBudKufaeygw,f/ acwfopf oabm w&m;0g' awGeJ UBuHKBudKufae

ygw,f/ avmu"gwfodyÜ Hynm\wefbk d;tpGrf;uk d- pk d;rk d;toH k;csEk difwJ h acwfeJ UBuHKBudKufaeyg

w,f/ wu,fvk d Yom uRefawmfwk d Yvlom;awG[m ppfrufqk dwJ h tusif hqk d; tavhqk d;BuD;uk dzsufypfEk difr,fqk d&if- avmuedAÁ mefBuD;tvk dvk daygufvmrS m trSefygbJ}} 11111[k ajymMum;cJ honf/

xk dok d YvGwfvyfaom or®wEk difiHawmf\yxr0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmaom OD;Ekonf

vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtmPmyk diftjzpf aMunmaomaeYwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynfol

vlxkBuD; tm; owday;cJ honf/ 0efBuD;csKyfocifEku- ]] ,aeYonfum; rGefjrwfaomaeYBuD;

jzpf\/ vGefcJ haom 5 ESpfausmfu uREf kyfwkd Yonf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rnfrQyiftjyif;txefBudK;yrf;Muonfjzpfapumrl vGwfvyfa&;&&efaeYonf þrQavmufeD;uyfaeNyD[k

pdwful;rQyif rxnf hcJ hMuay/ ,ckrlum; jrefrmEk difiHonf rdrdaemifa&;uk d rdrdzefwD;Ek difaom

vGwfvyfa&;uk d &&S dcJhjyefavNyD/ uREf kyfwkd Yonf rnfonf henf;ESifhrqk d jrefrmEkdifiHBuD;uk d

vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHBuD;tjzpf tpOfwnfí aeap&eftpGrf;ukef tm;xkwfMu&ayrnf/

jrefrmEk difiHwk d;wufBuD;us,fvmatmif tpGrf;ukefaqmif&GufMu&ayrnf/ vGwfvyfa&;

atmifyef;uk d vufqkyfvufuk diftykdifqGwfcl;Ek difonftxd rsdK;cspfpdwfjzif h BudK;yrf;cJ honf h

uREfkyfwkd Yvkyfief;BuD;onf vmvwHhaomumvtwGuf r,drf;r,kdifBuH Uck difwnfwefYygap/uREf kyfwk d Y onf uk d,fusdK;uk da&S U&Iaom pdwfxm[lorQuk dy,f&S m;Mu&efESif h uREf kyfwk d YrS Dwif;

aexk dif&mjzpfaom þae&m? þXme? þa'o? þEk difiHBuD;\csrf;oma&;ESif h Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

wpfvH k;wnf; tm;oGef BudK;yrf;&ef ,aeYt"dXmefjyKMuygukefpk d Y/ }} 22222[kopö mjyKcJ havonf/

4-3/4-3/4-3/4-3/4-3/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfjynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk di fiHtajctaeonf

uGefjrLepfygwD\ tmPm&&S da&;vrf;pOfrsm;rsm;uk d t"duxm;NyD; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfatmifzefwD;cJ honf h tajctaexd jzpfcJ honf/ wpfzef 1948 ckESpf? ZGefv 13 &ufaeYwGif ocifEk

\vuf0JnDnTwfa&;rluk d aMunmcJ h&m xk daeYrS myif ocifEkrluk dvufcHaom Ak dvfrSL;atmifESif h

Ak dvfpdefrSef (&Jabmf0g)wk d Yonf zqyvtzG J UESif h yl;aygif;oG m;Muonf/ ocifEkrluk d vufrcHaom

Ak dvfzk d;uGef;ESif h Ak dvfva&mif (&JabmfjzL)wk d Yonf 1948 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 29 &ufaeYwGifawmck dum

11111 jrefrmEkdifiH? jyefMum;a&;ESif htoHvTifhXme/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;

atmifyGJatmifyGJatmifyGJatmifyGJatmifyGJ/ (&efukef? &efukefa*ZufvDrdwuf? ckESpfryg)? pm-7/22222armifpk d;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD ;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdwå? 1955) pm -9/



112

qlylaomif;usef;rIuk d pwifcJ honf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyfBuHcH& NyD;aemuf

,m,Dtpk d;&\ 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;uk dvufcHpOfuyif jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;&&S dNyD;ygu rdrdonf

0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufrnf[kaMunmcJ honf/ qlyl;aomif;usef;rIrsm;us,fjyef Yvmcsdef

wGifvnf; OD;Ekonf 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rSEkwfxGuf&ef pDpOfcJ hjyefonf/ 1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGifopömazmufwyfrsm; awmckdoG m;onfhtcg a&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm;tm;wyfrawmfrS

ckcHwk dufck dufojzif h aomif;usef;olrsm;\tiftm;NydKuG JoG m; onf/

EkdifiHa&;tajctaeonf vGwfvyfa&;ukdyif tEÅ&m,fjyKrnfhtajctaeok dY

qk dufa&muf &S donf/ &efukeftpk d;&[ktac:cHae&csdefwGif wk dif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

jynfaxmifpktpk d;& bufrS tck diftrm&yfwnfcJ honf/ &Srf;? ucsif? csif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf

0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkESif hvma&muf awGUqH kNyD; ]] rdrdwk d Yuk d vufeufom&S may;yg? olykefawGuk duRefawmfwkd Ywk dufr,f }} 11111[líajymMum;cJ h onf/ autif'Dtk drsm; tif;pdefNrdKUuk d odrf;yk duf

xm;csdefonf tpk d;&\tajctaetqk d;&G m;qH k; tcsdefyifjzpfonf/

tpk d;&tusyftwnf;awGUaecs defwGif jynfaxmifpkwnfNrJa&;twGuf

t"dutiftm;jzpf onfhwyfrawmfukdpnf;&Hk;um EkdifiHawmftmPmodrf;&efBudK;yrf;rI

wpf&yfay:aygufvmcJ honf/ aomif;usef;olrsm; vufok d Yusa&mufaeaom rEÅ av;NrdKUuk d

jyefvnfodrf;yk duf&ef 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek uk d,fwk dif oG m;a&mufpDpOfaepOf 1949 ckESpfatNyDvwGif

qk d&S,fvpfygwD0if 0efBuD;rsm;onf tpkd;&tzG J U0iftjzpfrS EkwfxGufoG m;Muonf/ 1949ckESpfonf aomif;usef;rIt&S deft[keftBuD;rm;qH k; ESpfjzpfonf/ Ek difiHa&;t& 0efBuD;csKyf

OD;EkrS wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;rIukd zefwD;ay;jcif;? ppfa&;t& AkdvfcsKyf ae0if;rS

aqmif&Gufay;aomaMumif h jynfaxmifpkBuD; NydKuG JoG m;jcif;r&S dcJ hacs/

OD;Ekonf 1956 ckeSpf? ZGefv 12 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJ honf/

xk daemuf zqyvtzG J UcsKyfOuúXtaejzif h zqyvoef Y&Sif;a&;ESif hpnf;&H k;a&;uk d aqmif&GufcJ h

onf/22222

OD;Ek0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufonf hudpörSm ,ckrSay:aygufcJ hjcif; r[kwfay/vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ajcmufvcef YtMumrSpí 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl; EkwfxGufrnf[kaMunmcJ hzl;onf/

EkwfxGuf&jcif;taMumif; \ yxrtcsufrS m e,fcsJ Uuk dawmfvSefpOfu touftk d;tdrfpnf;pdrf

ukkd pGef YvTwf wk dufck dufcJ haom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u tcGifhta&;rsm;awmif;qkdvmjcif;?

'kwd,tcsufrS m wpfOD;tay: wpfOD; r,H kouF mpdwfrsm;aMumif h tmPmvkcsifolrsm;ay:vm

jcif;? tmPmvufukdifxm;olrsm; uvnf; ykdívkdcsifvmjcif;? aemufqHk;tcsufrSm

11111

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pm? (13 ZGef 1956)/ pm 10-12/22222 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pm? (12 ZGef 1956)/ pm 3/



113

tmPmtvGJoHk;pm; jyKvmMujcif;wkdYjzpfonf/11111 jynfwGif; aomif;usef;rIrsm;aMumifh

vnf;aumif;? zqyvtzG J U0iftcsd U\ arwå m&yfcHcsufaMumif h vnf;aumif; rxGufjzpfcJ hay/

1954 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg tpövmrfbmom? c&pf,mefbmom? Ak'bmom oifMum;a&;ESif h

ywfoufí bmoma&;tH k<urIjzpfcJ honf/ 1956 ckESpf? arvwGif o*F g,emyG JawmfNyD; qH k;csdefüOD;Eku 0efBuD;csKyftjzpfrS EkwfxGuf&efwifjycJhonf/ 1958 ckESpf? arv 6 &ufaeYS

Armhacwfowif;pmArmhacwfowif;pmArmhacwfowif;pmArmhacwfowif;pmArmhacwfowif;pm wGif OD;EkaxmufcHaomtkyfpkESif h OD;ausmfNidrf;axmufcHaomtkyfpk

zqyvtzG JU twG if;wGifuG JvmcJ honf[kazmfjycJ honf/ zqyvOuúX OD;Ekuk d 1957 ckESpf

azazmf0g&Dv 28 &uf? jynfol YvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf

a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonf/ OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;? ocifwifESifh p0fcGefcsdKwkd Yonf

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfrsm;tjzpf wm0ef,lMuonf/ 0efBuD; 30 yg0ifaom OD;Ektpk d;&tzG J Uonf

rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif usrf;usdefonf/11111 1957 ckESpf? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGifESpfaygif;rsm;pG mtwlwuGvufwGJí jrefrmjynfaumif;pm;a&; twGufBudK;yrf;cJ hMuaom

yk*¾ d Kvfrsm;\ yk*¾ d KvfpG J? *k dPf;*PpGJrsm;aMumifh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 10 ESpftwGif;

pnf;vH k;rINydKuG JoG m;&onf/ OD;Ektpk d;& tzG J Uonf 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv 4 &ufaeYwGifzG J Upnf;cJ honf/

usef&S daom 0efBuD; 15 OD;tjyif? 0efBuD;topf 5 OD;uk dcef Yxm;cJ honf/ ¤if;0efBuD;tzG J Upm&if;uk d

EkdifiHawmfor®wu vufcHvkdufí ZGefv 5 &uf? aomMumaeYeHeuf 11 em&DwGif

jynfol YvTwfawmfuk d pwifusif;ycJ honf/ 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv 9 &uf aeY eHeuf 11 em&DwGif

vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; pwifusif;ycJ hNyD;aemuf axmufcHol 119 rJjzif h OD;EkOD;aqmifaom

oef Y&Sif;zqyvonf tpk d;&tmPmuk d qufvufxdef;odrf;oG m;cJ honf/2oef Y&Sif;zqyvonf

rdrdtzG J Utm;axmufcHrI&&S da&;twGuf yrnwrsm;ESif h jynfe,ftrwfrsm;ok d Y ay;tyfxm;aom

uwdrsm;ukdjznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf&mü tcuftcJrsm;awGUvm&onf/ xkd YaMumifh

oef Y&Sif;zqyvtpk d;&rS m jyóemrsm;uk d qufvuf&ifqk difcJ h&onf/

1958 ckESpf? atmufwd kbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif jynfol YvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;

pwif usif;ycJ honf/ vTwfawmfwGif 0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkrS rdef YcGef;ajymMum;cJ honf/ rdef YcGef;wGifyxryk dif;ü zqyvESpfjcrf;uG J&mrSpí Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ESif hpmtjyeftvSefay;yH krsm;azmfjyNyD;

vGwfvyfíw&m;rQw aoma&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;uk d a&S;&Ií Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tm;

&mxl;vufcHatmif wkdufwGef;&jcif; jzpfaMumif;? ,if;tcsufukd pufwifbmv 26

11111William C. Johnston, A Chronology of Burma's International

Relations 1945-1958, Rangoon, Rangoon University,1959,, p.75. 159

22222'kwd,jynfol YvT Gwfawmf? 6^2? pm 132-139/



114

&ufaeYvufcH&ef Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;ukd zdwfac:7mrSm rnfonf hya,m*rS ryg0ifaMumif;?

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;rS m tpOftvmt& wk dif;jynf\qEuk d jznf hqnf;cJ haMumif;? pdwfapwem?

owådAswå dtjyif tkyfcsKyfa&;qk dif&mukd,fawGUA[kokwrsm;vnf;&S d aeNyD;jzpfí

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;uk d 0efBuD;csKyfcef Yjcif;tm;jzif h jynfaxmifpkBuD;twGuf rsm;pG mpdwfcs&onf[k ,H kMunfaMumif;? xk d YaMumif h'Drk dua&pD rqdwfokOf;a&;twGuf Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0i;fESif hwG Jzufí

tpGrf;ukefyl;aygif;aqmif&GufMu&ef wk dufwGef;aMumif; rdef YMum;cJ honf/11111

jynfol YvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;uk d 1958 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 31 &ufaeYtxd

qufvufusif;y&m EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;rS rdefYcGef;ajymMum;csufrSm

jynfaxmifpkBuD; a&wdrfrepf&atmif BudKBudKwifwif vH kNcHKa&;tpDtpOfrsm;uk d aqmif&GufcJ h

&aMumif;? &ifqk difvm&aomtajctaeqk d;rsm;uk d tcsdefrDxdef;odrf;ay;&ef tdrfapmif htpk d;& wpfckzG J U&ef OD;EkrS wm0efay;aMumif;? þwm0efuk d acgif;ra&S mifvk daomaMumif h 'Drk dua&;pD

enf;ususygvDrefu tmPmay;tyfjcif;uk d vufcH&aMumif; rdef YMum;cJ honf/22222

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmifaom tdrfapmif htpk d;&tzG J UrS jynfaxmifpktzG J U Ouú|

OD;Ekacgif;aqmifonfhtpkd;&tzGJUokdY vTJajymif;ay;&ef wwd,jynfolYvTwfawmfnDvmc

Htpnf;ta0; uk d 1960 jynf hESpf? atNyDv 1 &ufwGifpwifusif;ycJ honf/ 1960 jynf hESpf

atNyDv 4 &ufae jynfol Y vTwfawmf nDvmcHBuD;wGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH\ 0efBuD;csKyf

tjzpf OD;Ekuk d a&G;aumufwifajr§ muf vk dufaMumif; aMunmcJ honf/

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JBuD;wGif tjywftowftEk dif&&S dcJ honf hOD;Ek OD;aqmifaom

oef Y&Sif;zqyv tzG J UcsKyfonf 1960 jynf hESpf? rwfv 17 &ufaeYü jynfvH k;uRwfnDvmcHBuD;

usif;ycJ honf/ xk dnDvmcHwGif Ouú| OD;EkrS ]] 'Drk dua&pDb0 xlaxmifa&;[m uRefawmfwk d Y

twGuf t"duta&; qkdwm xif&Sm;apcsifwJhtwGuf zqyvtzG JUa[mif;uk dzsufNyD;?

jynfaxmifpktzG J Uopfuk d uRefawmfwk d Y zG J Upnf;vk dufjcif; }} 33333 jzpfonf[kajymMum;cJ honf/

xk dtcsdefrSpí oef Y&Sif;zqyvtzG J Uuk d jynfaxmifpktzG J U(yxp)[lí ajymif;vJac:a0:cJ honf/yxptzG J UcsKyftwGif;ü vlxkvlwef;pm;tzG J U tpnf;rsm;uk dqufvufxm;&S dvk daomtkyfpkESif h

xk dtzG J Utpnf;rsm;uk dzsufodrf;í yxptzG J UwpfzG J Uwnf; om&S dvk daomtkyfpk[lí tkyfpkESpfpkuG J

11111 'kwd,jynfolYvTwfawmf'kwd,jynfolYvTwfawmf'kwd,jynfolYvTwfawmf'kwd,jynfolYvTwfawmf'kwd,jynfolYvTwfawmf? 7^1? pm 8-17/22222

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrm htvif;owif;pm?(20 ar 1960) pm 1/33333 [Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm (18 rwf 1960) pm 10-11/



116

1316 ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhaeY (1954 ckESpf? arv 17 &ufaeY)wGif

q|oH*g,emwif yG JawmfBuD;uk d &efukefNrdKU? a&ul;&yf oD&dr*Fvmukef;ajr&S d vk dPf*lawmfBuD;wGif

pwifzGif hvSpfcJ honf/ yxro*F g,emwifawmfrl&m owåyPÖ dvk dPf*lawmfBuD;\ oP² mefuk d

yH kpH,lí &efukefNrdKU urÇ mat; apwDawmfteD;wGif vk dPf*lawmfBuD;uk d aqmufvkyf&ef 1314ckESpf? wyk dwG Jvqef; 1 &ufaeY (1953 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 15 &ufaeY ) aomMumaeY eHeufwGif

yEéuf&k duftkwfjrpfcsum pwifwnf aqmufcJ h&m 1 ESpf? 2 v? 10 &ufaetMumwGif NyD;pD;

atmifjrifcJ honf/ xk dvkdPf*lawmfBuD;rS m ausmufawmifo@mef&S dí r[mygomP*k[m

vk dPf*lawmfBuD;[ktrnfwGifavonf/ tjyifywf0ef;usifrS m 455 ay? teH 370 ay&S donf/

awmifESif hajrmuftvsm;vk dufwnfaqmufxm; onf/ aiGaygif; odef; 90 rQukefuscJ honf/

xk dvk dPf*lawmfBuD;uk d qXoH*g,emwifonf h txdrf;trSwfay:vGifap&ef 0ifaygufwHcg;

6 ckESif htwGif;wk difBuD; 6 wk difjzif hwnfaqmufxm;onf/ twGif;bufwGif tvsm;ay 220?teHay 140 us,f0ef;onf/ vk dPf*lawmfBuD;twGif;bufrSMunf h vQif eH&Htm;azmufxGif;

xm;aom tayguf 3 qif hjzif h bk&m;?w&m;? oHCm &wemoH k;yg;tm; &nfrSef;í jyKvkyfxm;

onf/ tayguf&S daom eH&HwpfxyfwpfxyfvQif y|mef; 24 ypönf;uk d &nfrSef;vsuf 24

qifhpDjyKvkyfxm;onf/ tqifhwpfckvQiftxufatmuf 7 qif hpD&S dítqif hwpfqif hpDwGif

oHCmawmf tyg; 60 oDwif;oH k;awmfrlEk difonf/ oHCmpifaygif; 16 ck&S d&m rsufES mMuufESif h

txufqH k; avpkwfayguftm;vH k;wGif "r®pMumyH ko@mefrsm;jzif h 0ef;&Htkyfrkd;xm;onf/

pkpkagyif;oH*g,emwif yGJBuD;NyD;pD;onftxd usyfaiGodef;aygif; 400 cef YukefuscJ honf/

0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf q|oH*g,emwif yG JawmfBuD;ukd ta&S U tm&Swk dufwpfwk dufvH k;&S d

Ak'¨bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;uyg 0kdif;0efulnDtm; ay;atmifaqmif&GufcJhonf/

xk dok d Yaqmif&GufcJ h&mwGif atmifjrifonf hom"u rS m oD[k dVf? tdE´ d,? ,k d;',m;? uarÇ m'D;,m;?

w&kwfEk difiHpaomEk difiHrsm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;? bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;? oHwrefBuD;rsm; wufa&muf

jcif;jzif h xif&S m;cJ honf/

OD;Ekonf uk dodef;azESif h uk dvSaz (Ak dvfvusf m)wk dYrS zdwfac:ojzih f tdE´ d,ok dYoG m;cJhonf/ tdE d,Ek difiHa&;uk dvnf; avhvmMunh f&IcJ honf/ bdvyfrS tjyefwGif ]]e*g;eDe*g;eDe*g;eDe*g;eDe*g;eD

pmtkyftoif;pmtkyftoif;pmtkyftoif;pmtkyftoif;pmtkyftoif;}}trnfjzifh bdvyf ]]vuf0Jpmtkyftoif;}}qefqef pmtkyftoif;

wpfckuk dzG J Upnf;cJ honf/ e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;wk duf wGif jyZmwfrsm;a&;om;cJ honf/ ok d Yaomf

jyZmwfa&;om;NyD;aomtcg pifwifvk daomqE&S dvmjyef&m pifwif&ef BudK;pm;jyefonf/

xk d YaMumif h vrf;rawmfrStNidrf YtzG J U wpfckuk d iSm;&rf;NyD;vQif e*g;eDwk dufxkwf

acwfrS DjyZmwfrsm;xJrS ]] aemifawmfcRwfcPf;aemifawmfcRwfcPf;aemifawmfcRwfcPf;aemifawmfcRwfcPf;aemifawmfcRwfcPf; }} jyZmwfuk d Zmwfwk dufavonf/ OD;Ekonf

e*g;eDpmtkyf toif;wk duf tay:xyfwGif aeYa&m? nOf Yyg Zmwfwk dufaeonf humvwGif



117

a&eHajrtvkyform;oydwf ay:aygufvmojzif h Zmwfwk dufonf htvkyfuk dem;um Ek difiHa&;wGif

vH k;yrf;&jyefonf/ e*g;eDpmtkyfwk dufwGif &S daepOf OD;Ekonf ]]vlay: vlaZmfvkyfenf;vlay: vlaZmfvkyfenf;vlay: vlaZmfvkyfenf;vlay: vlaZmfvkyfenf;vlay: vlaZmfvkyfenf;}} pmtkyfuk d

bmomjyefqk dcJ honf/

1939 ckE Sp f a&mufaomtcg w&kwf jynfcse fau&S dwftpk d ;&xHok d Y

cspfMunfa&;rdwfquftzG J U wpfzG J UapvTwfcJhonf/ xk drdwfquftzG J U \&nf&G,fcsufrS m

zufqpf*syefrsm; uk d tultnDay;&ef jzpfonf/ OD;bvGif(oD[kdVfoHtrwfBuD;a[mif;)rS

acgif;aqmifí 'D;'kwfOD;bcsd K ? ocifEk? a':jrpdefwk d Y yg0ifMuonf/ OD;Ekonf

uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom armfpDwH k;? csLaw;? csLtifvk dif;wk d YESif h awG U&efBudK;pm;&m

ratmifjrifcJ hay/ OD;Ekonf w&kwfjynfc&D;oGm;tjzpftysufukd ]]*E ¨mv&mZ f*E ¨mv&mZ f*E ¨mv&mZ f*E ¨mv&mZ f*E¨mv&mZf } }

[laomtrnfjzif h pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfa0cJ honf/1940 ckESpf? axmifxJwGif yxrqH k;tBudrf jyZmwfwpfyk'fukd uk d,fwk difa&;?

uk d,fwk dif pifwifjyocJ honf/ axmifxJwGif OD;Ektm; Zmwfq&m[kac:Muonf/ axmifxJwGif

t*FvdyfjyZmwf 15 yk'fcef Y bmomjyefcJ h&m ¤if;wk d Yteuf ]] EGm;okd;MudK;jywfEGm;okd;MudK;jywfEGm;okd;MudK;jywfEGm;okd;MudK;jywfEGm;okd;MudK;jywf }} ESif h ]]

ykxkZaemOr®waumykxkZaemOr®waumykxkZaemOr®waumykxkZaemOr®waumykxkZaemOr®waum }} jyZmwfrsm;uk d yH kES dyfxkwfa0cJ honf/ ]] &ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f }} [laom

axmifwGif;tajctaeqk d;&G m;yH krsm;uk d o&kyfazmfonf h 0w¬Kwpfyk'fvnf;a&;cJ honf/

OD;Ekonf armfvNrdKifuRef;ok d Y oG m;a&mufípma&;jcif;tvkyfjzif h tem;,laepOf

a&;cJ haompmtkyfrS m ]]rufpZÆif;0g'qkdwmbmvJrufpZÆif;0g'qkdwmbmvJrufpZÆif;0g'qkdwmbmvJrufpZÆif;0g'qkdwmbmvJrufpZÆif;0g'qkdwmbmvJ}} [laompmtkyfjzpfonf/ OD;Ekonf

jrefrmEk difiHa&; ESif hpyfvsOf;í ]]jrefrmhtvif;}} owif;pmok d Y aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;ay;yk d YcJ honf/

¤if;aemuf&efukefok d Yjyefí ]]jrefrmhtvif;acgif;BuD;yk dif;}}owif;tmabmfrsm;uk d a&;om;cJ honf/

OD;Ekonf*syefacwfrS awG UBuHKcJ h&aom tjzpftysufrsm;yg0ifaom ]] ig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynf

}}[laompmtkyfuk d a&;om;cJ honf/

1951 ckESpfwGif From peace to stability 1952 ckESpfwGif The people win through

.1953 ckESpfwGif Burma Looks ahead .1954 ckESpfwGif Burma under the Japanese : picutres

and portraits. 1955 ckESpfwGif Forward with the people. pmtkyfrsm;vnf;a&;cJ hygonf/


1981 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif &ufaeYwGif Ek difiH h*kPf&nfbG J U csD ;jr§if hcH&onf/

rm&S,fwD;wk d;\ ,l*k dqvyfMu,fbG J UcsD;jr§if hjcif;cH&onf/



118


0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf t*FvefEkdifiHokdY 1947 ckESpf? ZGefv 23 &ufaeYwGif

vnf;aumif;? atmufwkdbmvv 10 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJhonf/

w&kwfEk difiHok d Y 1954 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 14 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? Ek d0ifbmv 29

&ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? 1955 ckESpf rwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif xk dif;Ek difiH? rwfv 25 &ufaeYwGif

tdE´ d,Ek difiH? {NyDv 16 &ufaeYwGif tif'd keD;&S m;Ek difiH? arv 28 &ufaeYwGiftpöa&;Ek difiH? ZGefv

5 &ufaeYwGif ,l*k dqvm;AD;,m;Ek difiH? ZGefv 22 &ufaeYwGif t*FvefEk difiH? ZGefv 23 &ufaeYwGif

tar&duefEkdifiH? Zlvk difv 19 &ufaeYwGif *syef? atmufwk dbmv 17 &uf aeYwGif &k&S m;?

tdEd ,? atmufwkdbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif tmz*epöwef Ek difiH? Ek d0ifbmv 8 &ufaeYwGif

qD G'ifEk difiH? 'DZifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif uarÇ m'D;,m;Ek difiH? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGifw&kwfEk difiHtoD;oD;okd YoG m;a&mufcJ hygonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynfol Yor®wEk difiH?

AD,uferfEk difiHrsm;ok d YoG m;a&mufcJ honf/ Ek d0ifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif tdE´ d,Ek difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;?

OD;Ekonf omoem 2500 jynf htxdrf;trSwfyG Jok d Y wufa&muf&ef oD&dvuF mEk difiHok d Y 'DZifbmv

wGifvnf;aumif; oG m;a&mufcJhonf/ 1957 ckESpfarvwGif xk dif;Ek difiH 'DZifbmv 14

&ufaeYwGif tdE´ d,Ek difiHok d YoG m;a&mufcJ hygonf/ uk dvHbk dNrdKUwGif tdE´ d,? oD[k dVf? ygupöwef?

tif'kdeD;&Sm;0efBuD;csKyfrsm; tygt0if usif;ycJhaom ukdvHbkduGefz&if;jzpfajrmuf&ef

pDpOfaomyk*¾ d KvfwpfOD;taeESif h wufa&muf cJ h Ny D;aemuf tif'k de D;&Sm;Ek di fiHwGiftmz&duESif htm&SEk difiHrsm; wpfpkwpfa0;wnf; urÇ mh&mZ0ifwGif yxrOD;qH k; usif;ycJ haom

befa'gifnDvmcHBuD;jzpfajrmufonf h wk difatmif BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ honf/

0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aqmif&Guf&mwGif

w&kwfjynfol Yor®w Ek difiHok d YoG m;a&mufí armfpDwH k;? csLtifvk dif;paom w&kwfacgif;aqmifrsm;

ESifhaqG;aEG;cJhonf/tpöa&;vfEkdifiH? ,l*kdpav;AD;,m;EkdifiH? NAdwdefEkdifiH? tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH? *syefEk difiH ponfrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? tmz*efepöwefEk difiH? qk dAD,uf

&k&Sm;EkdifiHrsm; okdYvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufí Nidrf;csrf;a&;\ta&;ygaomjyórsm;ukd

aqG;aEG;cJ honf/


OD;Ek\ZeD;a':jr&D onf 1993 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv & &ufaeYwGifuG,fvGefcJ honf/

om;orD;rsm;rS m a':pef;pef;Ek+(OD;oufwif )? OD ;atmif&Jjrif h+ a':jrjrat;? OD;aomif;xk duf+

a'gufwmaroZifoef;xk duf? OD;atmif+a':cifpef;EG J U? oef;oef;Ek(attk dtm? jrefrmyk dif;

tpDtpOf )+ OD;atmifNidrf;? a'gufwm cifat;oufwif(c) a':cifat;Ekwk dYjzpfonf/



119

trSwf(42)? jynfaxmifpkvrf;oG,f? q&mpHvrf;rBuD; ? &efukefwGif aeonf/

*syefacwfEk difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;? zqyvOuúX? wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfOuú|?

vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf\ yxrqH k;0efBuD;csKyfjzpfcJ haom OD;Ekonf 1995

ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefcJ honf/



yHk (11)OD;AaqG (0efBuD;csKyf )

[ 1956 ckESpf ]

120



121

OD;AaqGOD;AaqGOD;AaqGOD;AaqGOD;AaqG

(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf )

(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 17-10-1915 uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef 6-12-1987 )1/1/1/1/1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;AaqGonf weoFm&Dwkdif;? xm;0,fNrdKUESifh

rk dif;ig;q,fuG ma0; aom tH k;yifuGif;&GmwGif tzOD;xGef;vI dif? trd a':yJav;wk dYrS 1915

ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv (7)&ufaeY wGif arG;zG m;cJ honf/ arG;csif; oH k;a,mufteufti,fqH k;

jzpfonf/ xd ktcsdefü tH k;yifuGif;&G mw0k dufwGif ow¬KwGif;vkyfief;onf vsifjrefpG mwk d;wuf

vmcJ haomaMumif h ol YxufigOD;atmifaeYcsif;ncsif; olaX;jzpfcsifvk dolwk d Y ajccsif;vdrfaecJ honf/

wk dif;&if;om;rsm;rnfrQyifBudK;pm;aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ Uwk d Uonf tNyHK;rysuf

ae&m,loG m;cJ hNyD;aemuf Arm? &Srf;? rGef? u&if ponf hwk dif&if;om; wk d Yonf ow¬KwGif;rsm;ü

ulvD? vcpm;tvkyform;rsm;omjzpfapcJ honf htjyif tpm;tpmuk dcsdKUwJ hpG m pm;aeMu&onf /

þok d Yjzif hjrefrmwk dif;&if; om;wk d YrS m qif ;&JrG Jaevsuf e,fcsJ Ut*FvdyfESif h w&kwf? ukvm;Ek difiHjcm;

om;awGom olaX;jzpfZdrf&pfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ þuJhokdYaomtajctaewGif

armifAaqG onf BuD;jyif;vmcJh&ojzif h rsdK;cspfpdwf? Ek difiHjcm;om; rkef;wD;pdwfrsm;onf

i,fpOfuyifudef;atmif; jzpfwnfvmcJ honf/2/2/2/2/2/ ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0

armifAaqGonf jrefrmwk d Y\"avhxH k;pHtwk dif;&G mbkef;BuD;ausmif;ü ynmoifMum;

cJ honf/ xk drSwpfqif h &SifomraPjyKNyD;aemuf vlxGufcJ honf/ &SifvlxGuf armifAaqGonf

xm;0,ftrsdK;orD;txufwef;ausmif;ok dYoGm;í (2)ESpfynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ pdwf"gwf

jyif;xefNyD; t&G,fxG m;BudKif;oljzpfonf h tavQmuf rdef;uav;rsm;Mum;wGif roif havsmfí

trsdK;om;tv,fwef;ausmif;ok d Yajymif;í ynmoifay;cJ h&onf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif xm;0,fNrdKUtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;pmar;yGJ ajzqk datmifjrifcJ honf/ armifAaqGonf

i,fi,fuyif &JpGrf;owåd&SdcJhonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;u olYukdaMumufMuonf/

OD;AaqGonf r[kwfrcHaompdwf&S doljzpfaomfvnf; tzG J Utpnf;rsm;ü tvkyfvkyfaomtcg

onf;cHpdwfarG;oljzpfonf/ ausmif;Ak'bmomtoif;wnfaxmif&mwGif OD;AaqG onf

acgif;aqmifí yg0ifcJ honf/ ausmif;om;or*¾tzG J UukdzG JUpnf;&mwGifvnf; OD;AaqGyif

acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf/ OD;AaqG onf rsdK;cspfpdwfjyif;xefvGef;NyD; vlrsdK;jcm;ukdvnf;



122

tvGefrkef;wD;\/ ]] ukvm;xk d;toif;}}11111 [lí pkNyD;aemuf ukvm;rsm;uk d acsmif;í&k dufcJ haom

aMumif h 0k dif;íxk d;Muonf/ xm;0,frS ukvm;rsm; tawmfyif'ku©rsm;cJ h&onf/

xk dok d YqlqlylylvkyfcJ haomfvnf; OD;AaqGonfpmzwfjcif;? pma&;jcif;? uAsmzG J Ujcif;?

aqmif;yg; a&;jcif;rsm;uk d tcsdef&vQif &ovk davhvmcJhonf/ tcsdefweft&G,fa&mufí

ynmoifNyD; todw&m;rsm;&&S dvmaomtcsdefwGif wk d YArmrsm;uRefouf&Snfí qif;&JepfrGef;jcif;

uif;rS aumif;rnf[k tawG;&um ]]ukvm;xk d;toif; }} uk dzsufNyD; pdwfoabmxm;jcif;wGif

wlrQaom &Jabmfuav;rsm;ESif hwG Jzufí ]]vufzuf&nfqk difzGif hjcif;}} ]]qHyifnSyfqk difzGif hjcif;}}

]]uGrf;,mqk difzGif h jcif;}} paompD;yG m;a&;udpörsm;uk d aqmif&GufvmcJ honf/

OD;AaqGq,fwef;atmifjrifcJ haom 1936 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúok dvfrS aygufzG m;

vmcJhaomf 'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf e,ftoD;oD;okdYjyefYES HUvmcJhMu&mAaqGwk d Yusufpm;aeaom xm;0,fok d Y ul;pufa&muf&S dvmcJ honf/ uk dEk? uk datmifqef; paom

wuúok dvf rS oydwfacgif;aqmif rsm;onf uk dAaqGtm;pnf;&H k;Ek difcJ honf/ or*¾acgif;aqmif

uk dAaqGonf uk dEk? uk datmifqef;wk d YESif h tquftoG,fjyKum &efukefwuúok dvfok d Ya&muf

onftxdc&D;jyif;ESifcJ hMuonf/

aumvdyfausmif;om; uk dAaqGonf tEktMurf;a&m,SufvQuf&S donfud k Oyrmjy

&aomf q,fwef;ausmif; om;b0uyif tEkynmrsm;uk d avhvmvk dufpm;cJ hol wpfa,muf

jzpfí wuúok dvfwGif ol Y\uavmifuk d qufaoG;cJ honf/ ]][k dufpul;oef;oef;}} ]] jrif haqG

}} paom uavmifemrnfqef;awGjzif h *sme,frsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0w¬K-uAsmrsm;vI difvd IifBuD;

a&;om;ay;yk d YcJ honf/ OD;AaqGpmayrsm;um; pum;vH k;ajymifajrmufvSonf htjyif uAsmav;csdK;

wk d YrS mvnf; t*F gajrmufonf/ ]] '*H kr*¾Zif;}} ]],k0wD}} ]]u0drsufrSef}} ]]BuD;yG m;a&;}} ]]'D;'kwf*sme,f}}

]]AE¨Kv*sme,f}} paom*sme,fr*¾Zif;BuD;rsm;wGif OD;AaqGa&;om;onfhpmrsm;onf

vuf&majymifí ygpNrJjzpfcJ honf/

wuúokdvfor*¾\ ]] tk d;a0r*¾Zif; }} wGifvnf; OD;AaqG\uavmifpGrf;uk djrifawGUEkdifygonf/ ]]uufo&if*Gufaxmf ]} taMumif;aqmif;yg;wGif olYuavmif

vuf&majymifajrmufqH k;jzpfcJ honf/ tk difpDtuf&mxl;&Sifrsm;uk d xk d;ESufxm;onf h aqmif;yg;

jzpfí &mxl;*kPfodrfrufaomrEl;reyftif;,m;ausmif;aqmif Akdvfqefol ]]ruufo&if

*Gufaxmf }} ukdvnf;vufoHajymifajymifESif h rnSmrwmoa&mfía&;om;xm;yHkrSm

xdrdawmufajymifcJ haom pum;vH k;rsm;jzif h xGifí a&;om;cJ haMumif;avhvmawG U&S dcJ hygonf/

11111armifarmif? ouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0if / (&efukef? ormrdwå? 1956) pm- 63/



123

3/3/3/3/3/ 0efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b00efxrf;b0

1945 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 1 &ufwGif qkd&S,fvpfygwDOuúXtjzpf wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1947 ckESpfrS 1952ckESpftxd zufqpfwk dufzsufa&;ESif hjynfol YvGwfvyfa&;

tzG J UwGiftwGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJ hNyD; 1952 ckESpfwGif zqyv 'kwd,OuúX tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEk difiHukefonfrsm;uGef*&ufwGif OuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJ hygonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif wk dufBuD;rJqEe,f wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf trwf?

1952 ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cH&NyD; 1953 ckESpfwGif

ow¬KwGif;0efBuD;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&jyefonf/ 1953 ckESpfwGif tm&Sqk d&S,fvpf

uGefz&if hOuúX? 1956 ckESpfwGif vrf;rawmfNrdKUe,fygvDreftrwf? 1956 ckESpf? ZGefv 12

&ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1957 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv

25 &ufaeYwGif0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJ honf/ 1957ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfESif humuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpf usrf;usdefcJ honf/ trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;XmeESif h

pD;yG m;a&;ESif hvlrIa&;tzG J Uuk dwk d Yuk dvnf; yl;wG JítkyfcsKyfcJ haMumif;awG U&S d&ygonf/ 1958 ckESpf?

ZGefv 4 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJ hygonf/

4/4/4/4/4/ Ek difiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0EkdifiHa&;b0

OD;AaqGonf EkdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsuftaxmuftxm;jzpfonf h urÇ mhorkdif;

&mZ0if? peaA' ponf hbmom&yfrsm;uk d,lNyD;ausmif;rwufcJ hay/ emrnfcHom ausmif;pm&if;

wGif oGif;xm;onf/ uk dAaqG onfausmif;rwuf? pm;ar;yG JrajzyJ wuúokdvfe,fajrwGif

pkpkaygif;(5)ESpfcef Y wuúok dvfpm&if; 0ifí wuúok dvfe,fajrüaexk difcJ honf/ ausmif;om;

or*¾rsm;ukd acgif;aqmifí EkdifiHa&;ukdvkyfcJ honf/ Oypmtxufwef;(tkdif-at

txufwef;)txdomwufa&mufcJ honf/

ukdatmifqef;ESifhukdEkwkdY\ qGJaqmifrIaMumifh ukdAaqGEkdifiHa&;e,fxJhokdY

0ifa&mufcJh&m 1938 ckESpfwGif ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;or*¾\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmcJ honf/ 1938 ckESpfonf 1300jynf h a&eHajroydwfBuD; toGifaqmif

aom ta&;awmfyHkESpfjzpfvmonf/ wwd,tBudrfausmif;om;oydwf (Ak dvfatmifausmf

usqH k;jcif;) rEÅ av;ü tmZmenf (17)OD;usqH k;jcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJhNyD; a&eHajroydwfBuD;ü

uk dAaqGonf or*¾twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf xk dta&;awmfyH kwGif acgif;aqmifcJ h&onf/ uGefjrLepf-

rmhufpf0g'rsm;uk dvnf; avhvmNyD;aemuf q&mBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom ocifpk d;? ocifoef;xGef;

wk d Yuk dvnf; q&mwifqnf;uyfcJ h&avonf/

a&eHajroydwfonf&efukefok d Y OD;vSnf hí pkaygif;wyfBuD;zG J UumcsD wufvm&mvrf;



124

wavQmuf ukdAaqGESifhukdA[def;wkdYonf wyfOD;rSacgif;aqmifí vk dufyh gvmcJhMuonf/

a&eHajroydwfum; e,fcsJ Ut*Fvdyfrsm;BuD;pk d;NyD;aemif wk dufBuD;rsm;? NcH0ef;BuD;rsm;BuD;rm;pG m

aqmufvkyfNyD;? um;w0D0DESif h armfvk d Y<um;vk d Y&S daepOfrS m jref rmtvkyform;rsm;tzk d U xrif;

riwf&H kwr,f? aeylusJwJ acR;oH&J&JESif h tdrfpkwfuav;rsm;ESif h Oya' csKyfcs,frIatmufüeif;jym;jzpfaecJ hMu&onf/ xk d YaMumif h vk dtyfaomawmif;qk dcsufrsm;uk d awmif;um ta&;qk d

oydwfarS mufí csDwufvmcJ hMujcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmrsm;onf e,fcsJ Ut*Fvdyfwk d Y\ tkyfpk d;rI

eif;jym;b0üyif r&IrvStvl;tvJcHaecJhMu&onfhtcsdefü oydwftiftm;rSmvnf;

BuD;oxufBuD;vmNyD; ukdAaqG\ owif;rSmvnf;jyefYES HUí jrefrmjynfwpf0Srf;vHk;

odvmMuavonf/ ]] AaqGuG- AaqGuG }}[kvnf; a<u;aMumfvmonf/ ]] usm;BuD;-AaqG

}} [kvnf; tm;ay;Muonf/ tvkyform; oydwfwyfBuD; tm; tm;ay;ulnDí

w&m;a[mcJhaomaMumifh rauG;axmifrS csKyfaESmifjcif;cHcJU&onf/ axmifajcmufvjypf'PfusNyD; rauG;axmifrS tif;pdefaxmifokdY ajymif;a&TUjcif;cH&onf/ ausmif;om;

rsm;qEjyMuaomaMumif h axmifrS uk dAaqG vGwfajrmufcJ honf/

uk dAaqG axmifrS jyefvGwfvmcJ hNyD;aemuf Ek difiHa&;uk dyif vkyf&efqH k;jzwfcscJ honf/

Ek difiHa&;uk d tm;oGifcGefpk dufBudK;yrf;vkyfvk daomqEaMumif h 1939 ckESpfwGif ausmif;rS xGufum

xm;0,fok d YjyefvmcJ hNyD; tvkyfvkyfaecJ honf/ wuúok dvfwGif r&S dqif;&Jaomoli,fcsif;rsm;ESif h

EGrf;yg;aeaom uk dA[def;ESif huk dxGef;&S def (Ak dvf&efEk dif ) wk d Ytm; axmufyH HulnDcJ honf/1940 jynf hESpfwGif ausmif;om;or*¾uk d acgif;aqmif&ef txl;ac:,ljcif;cH&í

jyefvmcJ h &onf/ ukdAaqGonf pnf;vH k;a&;uk dvnf;jyKvkyf&? t*Fvdyfuk dvnf;awmfvSef

ykefuef&ef zG J Upnf;xm;aom bD-tm&f-yD ac:olykefygwDtwGuf xda&mufaomvQdKU0Sufvkyfief;

rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcJh&onf/ ]]e*g;eD}}pmapmifwGifvnf; e,fcsJUt*FvdyfawG npfywfyH k?

jrefrmh h*kwfaoG;pkyfaeyH k? jrefrmawG evefrxlEk difatmif eif;jym;jzpfaeyH kpaomEk difiHa&;aqmif;yg;

rsm; raerem; a&;om;cJ honf/ pmapmifxGufcgpqk dvQif uk dAaqGESif he*g;eDxGef;a&Twk d YESpfOD;onf

pmapmifwpfckvHk;ukd yifyrf;BuD;pGm a&;om;cJh&onf/ ¤if;wkdY\ pmayvufoHaMumifh

e*g;eDpmapmifonf vlBudKufrsm;vmcJ honf/

bD-tm&f-yD(Burma Revolutionary Party ) ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD;? yD-tm&f-yD(

People's Revolutionary Party )ac: jynfol Yta&;awmfyH kygwDwGif ocifjracgif;aqmifí

uk dausmfNidrf;? uk dAaqG? ocifcspfwk d YonfOD;pD;tzG J U0ifjzpfNyD; uk dAaqGonf pnf;&H k;a&;t"du

wm0efcH jzpfNyD; uk datmifBuD; (Ak dvfrsL;csKyfatmifBuD;)? uk darmifarmif(Ak dvfrSL;BuD; armifarmif )



125

wk d YESif hwG JbufvkyfaqmifcJ honf/11111 ykef;vQdKí t*Fvdyfuk d ykefuefrIjyKvkyf&onfrS mvG,fuljcif;r&S d

cufcJvSayonf/ vufeufqk dí bmrQr&S d? ypfír&aom 6 vH k;jyL;aoewfwpfvufuk dom

tm;udk;ae&ojzifh pdwf"gwfckdifNrJrSjzpfrnfjzpfaMumif; ukdAaqG BudK;yrf;cJh&onf/

xkdtcuftcJrsm;aMumifh wpfcgwpf&HwGif aiGaMu;t& vG,faomenf;rsm;jzpfonfh"m;jywk dufcsifpdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmaMumif; awG U&S d&ygonf/

uk dAaqGonf *syefjynfok d Y yk d YaqmifapvTwfrnfh vli,fvufa&G;pifwpfpkuk d

,k d;',m;rSjzwfí ay;ykd Y&ef wm0efusvmojzif h tzGJ Uay;aomaiGav;q,fusyfwdwdukd

aqmifum &onf henf;jzif hBuHzefNyD;,k d;',m;e,fpyfok d Y ta&mufoG m;cJ honf/ e,fcsJ Ut*Fvdyf

tapmif htMuyfwk d Y wif;MuyfrIaMumif h ratmifjrif hyJ jyefvmcJ h&onf/

4-1/4-1/4-1/4-1/4-1/ *syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1942-1945)Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htzG J Uonf *syefESif hyl;aygif;í ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf

BuD;uk d ,k d;',m;bufrS csDwufvmcJ hMuNyD; weoF m&Dbufuk dausmfum &efukefok d Y ta&muf

csDwufvmaomfvnf; OD;AaqGonf weoF m&Dwk dif;vH kNcHKa&;twGuf xm;0,fwGif usefcJ h&

onf/ *syefwyfrsm;uk d jrefrmjynftwGif;yk dif; 0ifa&mufcGif hrjyKyJ tajctaeMunf hNyD;

jynfyrS myif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfuk dom tm;ay;í apvGwf&efjzpfonf/ ok d Yaomf

armfvNrdKifuk d odrf;NyD;aomtcg tkyfcsKyfa&;ay;&efawmif;qk daomfvnf; *syeftrSwf(55)

wyfrawmf rS ,wdjywfjiif;cJ honf/22222 ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzif htkyfcsKyf&efjyifqifNyD; ocifacgif;aqmif

rsm;ESif hvnf; cyfa&S mifa&S mifaecJ honf/ xk daMumif hAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESif hwyfrawmfOD;pD;BuD;rsm;?

OD;ausmfNidrf;? OD;AaqGwk d Y e,fcsJ Uuk dtNyD;tyk difrEk dif&ao;rDuyif *syefuk d awmfvSefpdwful;xm;

cJ hMuNyD; jzpfonf/

*syefESif h ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwk d Y e,fcsJ Uwk d Ytm; wk dufckdufaepOftwGif;

weoF m&Dwk dif;wpfckvH k;eD;yg; Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf OD;AaqGwm0ef,lcJ h&onf/ *syefvlrsdK;

taMumif;odaom OD;AaqGonf *syefuk dawmfvSefEk dif&ef jyifqif&jyefonf/ OD;AaqG \tBuHtpDuk d *syefrsm;odoG m;ojzif h &efolwpfOD;taejzifhrSwfxm;cJonf/ OD;AaqGonf

t*Fvdyfrsm; ajy;MupOftcsdefüvnf; awGU&mae&mowfap[k trdefYxkwfjyefjcif;

cHcJ h&oljzpfonf/ *syef0ifvmaomtcsdefüvnf; csufcsif;yif &efol Ypm&if;0ifcJ h&jyefonf/

11111jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;tESpfcsKyf(1988)jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;tESpfcsKyf(1988)jrefrmhpG,fpH kusrf;tESpfcsKyf(1988)jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;tESpfcsKyf(1988)jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;tESpfcsKyf(1988)? (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1988) pm -226/

22222

tdZkrd,wwfpka&m? uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haom rDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haom rDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haom rDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haom rDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJ haom rDemrDuDuef;/ bmomjyefol a':cif&D/(&efukef? bmomjyefESif hpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1981) pm- 141/



126

e,fcsJUt*Fvdyf ESif h *syefiykrsm;onf ol Ytay:BuHpnfrIrsm;uk d OD;AaqGurNzHK/ jrefrmjynf

onf*syefrsm;tkyfcsKyfrI atmufwGif&S daepOf OD;AaqGonf Nrdwfc&k difjynfol YawmfvSefa&;ygwD\

trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&Gufvkyfuk dif jyefcJ honf/

*syefvufatmufwGif jrefrmrsm;a&mufaeaom 1942 ckESpf tcsdefwGif OD;AaqG

tm; &efukefok dYvm&ef taMumif;Mum;NyD;aemuf jynfxJa&;0efBuD;jzpfaom ocifjru

ae&mcsxm;ay;ojzif h ]]aubk dwk dif }} ac:NrdKUjyumuG,fa&;wyfuk dOD;aqmifcJ h&onf/ ¤if;wyfzG J U

onf jrefrmtpk d;&\ vufatmufcHvnf; r[kwf? *syefESifhvnf;wk duf&k dufrywfouf

ol Yenf;ol Y[efjzif h jrefrmwpfjynfvH k;\ vGwfvyfa&;twGufaqmif&GufcJ h&onf htzG J U jzpfonf/

&efukefuefawmfBuD;&S d at;uRef;wGif wJrsm;xk d;um OD;AaqGaecJ h&onf/ ]]aubk dwk dif Ak dvfcsKyf

AaqG}} [kvnf;ac:Muonf/ aubk dwk difwyfom;rsm;um;avaMumif;umuG,fa&;? NrdKU&G m

vH kNcHKa&;? rD;owfzG J Upnf; vkyfaqmifa&;paom vkyfief;rsm;tjyif tkyfcsKyfa&;yk dif;rsm;uk dvnf;

yl;wGJaqmif&GufcJh&onf/ oifwef;qif;NyD;vQif &yfuGufrsm;okdYjzefYum pnf;&Hk;Mujcif;?

OD;vSarmifBuD;rSL;aom NrdKUjyumuG,fa&;tzG J U ponf hwk d YESif h qufoG,fvkyfuk difcJ honf/ &JtzG J UrS

&JrSL;BuD;wpfa,muf? tifpywfawmfESpfa,muf? vufaxmuftifpywfawmf (10)a,muf

wkdYukd aubkdwkdifESifhyl;wGJí ]] aubkdwkdif AkdvfcsKyf AaqG }} xHokdYay;ykd Yxm;onf/

þok d YaomtcsdefwGifvQdKU0SufpG mzG J Upnf;xm;aom zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tzG J UwGif yg0iftm;ay;

ulnDcJ honf/uGefjrLepfwk d Yonf 0g'orm;rsm;omjzpfí xda&mufaomtultnDbmrQray;cJ h

acs/ ygwDBuD;yGm;a&;twGufomrsufjcnfrysufvH k ;yrf;aeonf/ ¤if;wd k Yonf

tem*wftwGufa&S UarQmfvif haeMuolrsm;om jzpfonf/ wk dufck dufjcif;jzif h aoaMu? ysufpD;

apíusef&pfolrsm;ukd okwfoifypfvkdufrnfhtjyif ygwDutmPmukd,lrnfomru

trSefwu,f e,fqif;í pnf;&H k;&mwGifvnf; uGefjrLepfrsm;onf xda&mufrI r&Sdacs/

¤if;wk d YbufrS 26 a,mufomta&G;cH&NyD; wpfEk difiHvH k;twGufusefaom 800 a,mufausmfuk d

wyfrawmfESif h bD-tm&f-yD uomxkwfay;cJ h&onf/ ¤if;jyif zufqpf*syefuk dawmfvSefí

1943ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif vkyfMu&ef pDpOfcJ honf/ ok dYaomf ratmifjrifcJhay/ 1944

ckESpfwGifvnf; xyfrHBudK;pm;cJ hjyefonf/ wpfyk dif;wpfpESif hysufcJ h&onf/ 1945 ckESpf? rwfv

27 &ufaeYwGif vGwfvyfa&;twGufawmfvSefa&;pwif&ef? ok d Ywnf;r[kwf tenf;i,fqk dif;iH H h

&efjzpfaeonf h tajctaewGif txufjrefrmjynf\ ajymif;vJvmaom tajctaeaMumif h

rwwfombJ rwfv 27 &ufaeY rwkdifrD txufjrefrmjynfpwifíawmfvSef&efukd

owfrSwfvk dufMuonf/þok d Yjzif h Ak dvfrSL; Axl;rS azazmf0g&DvxJwGif txufjrefrmjynfrEÅ av;ü&S daom



127

*syefrsm;ukd awmfvSefwkdufckdufae cJhonf/11111 rwfvxJwGifvnf; yJcl;ü AkdvfausmfaZm

(Ak dvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;) wyfESif h awmfvSef&eftwGuf jyifqif&mXmeBuD;jzpfaom ]] pHjyausmif;

}}ukd*syefrsm;rS rodrom0k dif;nSyfxm;Muonf/ apmapmxGufrS tajctaeaumif;rnf?

zdnSyfíwk dufck dufcH&vQif ysufpD;rnf htajctae&S daMumif; Ak dvfausmfaZmxHrS ta&;BuD;owif;ay;yk d Yojzif h 27 &ufaeYuk dyif azmufxGufawmh[k trdef Yay;csuft& rwfv 27 &ufaeY

rS myifa&muf&mae&mu awmfvSefa&;pMuawmh[kvnf; trdef Yuk d wqufwnf;ay;vk duf&

onf/ Ak dvfarmifarmif? Ak dvfcspfNrdKif? Ak dvfodrf;armif ponf hwyfrsm;onf rif;vS? yJcl;&k d;r

ponf hae&mrsm;ü wyfazsmufí awmfvSefa&;uk d pcJ hMuawmhonf/

uGefjrLepfrsm;onfawmfvSefa&;umvwGifüyif *syefuk dcsrf;omay;í Armvli,f

acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tjyKwfwkduf&ef pDrHNyD;jzpfonf/ ysOf;rem;e,füwm0efusaom

OD;ausmfNidrf;uk d okwfoifypfrnf/ &efukefüwm0ef,lrnf h OD;AaqGuk d *syefawGowfvQifowfrnf

raovQif wjcm;enf;jzif h azsmufypfrnf/ wjcm;olrsm;uk dvnf; tvm;wl&Sif;vif;ypfrnf

paom pDrHudef;rsm;csí aqmif&GufcJ hMuonf/

1945 ckESpf? rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü OD;AaqGuk d *syefwk d Yuzrf;vk dufMu

onf/ uGefjrLepfrsm;0rf;omrqH k;jzpfí AaqG tm; aoNyD[k arQmfvif hcJ hMuonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;

onf e,fokdY rqif;jzpfyJ OD;AaqGvGwf&efaqmif&Gufay;&mwGif &efukefü OD;vSarmif

(oHtrwfBuD;a[mif;)ESif haecJ haMumif;? OD;AaqGuk d *syefrsm;u uk d,fa&;&mZ0ifa&;ck dif;ojzif ht*Fvdyf bmomjzif h a&;ay;cJ haMumif;awG Y&ygonf/ OD;AaqG tusOf;axmifü 24 &ufwdwd

axmifuscHcJh&NyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif vGwfajrmufvmcJ honf/

&efukefwGifwyfrsm; upOfuvsm;jzpfaeonf htjyif awmfvSefa&;tzG J Ursm; onfvnf; tuG JuG J

tjym;jym; jzpfaecJ honf/ acgif;aqmif&S maeonf htcsdefwGif OD;AaqGa&mufvmNyD; tuG JuG J

tjym;jym; jzpfaeaom wyfrsm;uk d pkpnf;í vlaygif; 2000ausmf&S dvmaomtcg arv (1)

&ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUud k OD;AaqG OD;pD;aomwyfrsm;rS odrf;yk dufcJ hMuonf/

4-2/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfBudK;yrf;(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfBudK;yrf;(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfBudK;yrf;(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfBudK;yrf;(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfBudK;yrf;(1945-1948)

OD;AaqGwkdY&efukefuk dodrf;ykdufNyD;aemuf jyóemrsdK;pHkukd ajz&Sif;aecJh&onf/

tdE´ d,trsdK;om; wyfrS vlaygif; 2000 ausmfuk dabmufaxmfoCFef;uRef;ü ae&mcsxm;ay;

cJ h&onf/ axmifrSvGwfvmaomt*FvdyfppfoH k H H Yyef;rsm;uk dvnf; auR;arG;&onf/ t*Fvdyfwyf

rsm; onf tvH k;t&if;ESif h &efukefNrdKUukd0ifí &efol&Sif;ap&ef uGufpdwfwk dufAH k;BuJrnf[k

11111ausmfNidrf;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;us dyf / (&efukef? tif;0pmaywk duf? 1998) pm 13/



128

&nf&G,fxm;cJ hMuonf htcsdefü jrefrmwyfrawmfu &efukefuk d odrf;yk dufNyD; &efolrsm;&Sif;cJ hNyD;rS

tacsmift*Fvdyfwyfrsm;a&muf&S dvmonf/ &efukefuk d t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;onf odrf;yk dufaMumif;

aMunmcJ hNyD;aemuf jrefrmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;ESif h awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;uk d txifao;pG m

qufqHcJ hMuonf/ OD;AaqGwk d Yvlwpfpkonf t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; trIefBudwfcsifpdwf aygufvmcHMuonf/

uGefjrLepfygwD0if ocifpk d;? ocifoef;xGef; wk d Yonf e,fcsJ Ut*FvdyfESif h tar&duef

wk d Yuk d t<uif;rJ hvufeufcscJ hMuonf htjyif axmufcHMuí csD;usL;cJ hMuonf/ e,fcsJ Utm;

awmfvSef&ef uwdysufuGufNyD; ygwDBuD;yG m;&efBuD;yG m;&eftwGufomru tmPm&rI paom

udpö&yfrsm;uk dom OD;wnfaeaMumif;yk dí odvmojzif h Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;\

oabmwlnDcsufjzif h ocifjr? OD;ausmfNidrf;? OD;AaqGwk d Y acgif;aqmifaom ]] qk d&S,fvpfygwD

}}uk dwnfaxmifcJ h&onf/11111 qk d&S,fvpfygwDonf uGefjrLepfygwDxuf (7) vausmfausmf

aemufuscJ honf/ OD;AaqG tm; qk d&S,fvpfygwD Ouú| &mxl;uk dvufcHapcJ honf/ þok d Yjzif h

OD;ausmfNidrf; onf qk d&S,fvpfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmcJ honf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif

OD;ausmfNidrf;onf qk d&S,fvpfygwD OuúX jzpfvmcJ hNyD;aemuf OD;AaqGonf ygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf

tjzpf vkyfuk difaqmif&GufcJ hjyef&m Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm; t*Fvefok d Y

oG m;a&mufta&;qk daepOftwGif; OD;AaqGonf zqyvtzG JcsKyf\ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf

aqmif&GufcJh&ayonf/ jrefrmouú&mZf 1309 ckESpf? jymokdvjynfhausmf 9 &uf(t*Fvdyfouú&mZf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf )we*FaEGaeY eHeuf 4 em&D 20 rdepf

tcsdefwGif jrefrmjynfonf vH k;0vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmyk dif? jynfaxmifpkor®w

jrefrmEk difiHawmfBuD; tjzpfok d Y a&muf&S dcJ honf/

4-3/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)

OD;AaqGonf qk d&Sv,fygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJ hNyD;

aemuf 1952 ckESpfwGif zqyv 'kwd,Ouú|jzpfvmcJ honf/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGifwk dufBuD;rJqEe,frS jynfol YvTwfawmftrwftjzpfa&G;aumuf wifajr§ mufojzif h 0efBuD;tzG J U

wGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD; tjzpfaqmif&GufcJ honf/ 1953 ckESpf? aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufwGif

&efukefwuúok dvfausmif;om;tzG J U ig;zG J UrS ausmif;om; 100 tm; OD;AaqGESif h OD;ausmfNidrf;

tp&S daom qk d&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;u EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ay;cJ honf/ 1953 ckESpfwGif

tm&Sqk d&S,fvpfuGefz&if h tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif OD;AaqGonf obmywdtjzpfa&G;cs,fcHcJ h&

11111OD;AaqG? ygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSef/ (&efukef? zqyvyH kES dyfwk duf? 19 -) pm 7/



129

onf/ 1954 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif *syefEkdifiH? wkdusdKNrdKUüusif;yaom

tm&Sqk d&S,fvpfESpfywfvnfnDvmcHü obmywdtjzpfaqmif&GufcJ honf/11111 1956 ckESpf

jynfol YvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyG J aemufyk dif;wGif zqyvtzG J Utm;vlxk axmufcHrI tm;enf;

vmcJhonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;onf uGefjrLepfqefYusifha&;pdwf"gwfjyif;xefoljzpfonf/OD;ausmfNidrf;ESifhOD;AaqGwkdYonf yrnwtiftm;BuD;vm jcif;onf aiGukda&vkdoHk;um

uGefjrLepfrsm;u vufeufjzif hNcdrf;ajcmufí rJay;ck dif;jcif;aMumih f jzpfonf[k qk dcJ honf/1

OD;Ekonf 1954 ckESpfrSyif tpk d;&tzG J U0efBuD;rsm; uk d,fusif hw&m;ysufrI wm;qD;&efaqmif&GufcJ h

onf/ OD;Ek ygwDoef Y&Sif;a&;vGwfvyfpG maqmif&GufEk dif&eftwGuf 1956 ckESpf? ZGefv 12

&ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;uEkwfxGufcJ honf/ 1956 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGif

OD;AaqGtm; &efukefNrdKU? vrf;rawmftrwf rJqE´e,f jynfolYvTwfawmftrwftjzpf

a&G;cs,fwif ajr§mufjcif; cH&NyD;aemuf 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekae&mwGif 0efBuD;csKyf tjzpfqufvufa&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif; cH&onf/ 0efBuD;csKyfwm0eftjyif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;XmeESif h

trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;Xmersm;uk dvnf; OD;pD;aqmif&GufcJ h&onf/ 1956 ckESpf? ZGefv 13

&ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf usrf;opö musdefqk dcJ honf/ 1956 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif

,leefzef&S DwGif w&kwf-Arme,fpyfvlxktpnf;ta0;uk d usif;y&m w&kwwf-Armvlxk 2000

cefYwufa&mufí w&kwf0efBuD;csKyf csLtifvkdif;ESif h jrefrm0efBuD;csKyf OD;AaqGwkd Y

wufa&mufcJ hMuonf/ zqyv Ouú| OD;Ek tpk d;&xJok d Y jyef0ifa&;? r0ifa&;twGuf 1956

ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGifwGif jyKvkyfaom zqyvtvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;wGif

ocifausmfxGef;rS tqk dwifoGif;í zqyv tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J U qH k;jzwf twnfjyKcJ honf/

OD;AaqGonf 1957 ckESpf? azazmf&Dv 25 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS tem;,lcJ honf/

1957 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 28 &uf jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif OD;Ektm;

0efBuD;csKyftjzpfwifajr§ mufcJ hjyefonf/ OD;AaqG onf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJ h

NyD;aemuf 0efBuD; 30 OD;yg0ifaom OD;Ektpk d;&tzG J Uonf rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGifusrf;usdefqk dcJ h

onf/1957 ckESpf? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif twk duftcHtrwfrsm;rS zqyvtpk d&tm;

t,H ktMunfr&S daMumif;tqk dwif oGif;cJ honf/ vTwfawmftrwf OD;at;armif(jynf )u

tqk dwifoGif;í ocifcspfarmiftygt0if trwf 10 OD;u axmufcHcJ honf/ þokd Yjzif h

ESpfaygif;rsm;pG m twlwuGvufwG Jí jrefrmjynfaumif;pm;a&; twGufBudK;yrf;cJ hMuaom

yk*¾ dKvfrsm;\yk*¾ dKvfpG J? *k dPf;*PpG Jrsm;aMumif h vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 10 ESpftwGif; pnf;vH k;rINydKuG J

11111 pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;? twG J 3? trSwf 8 / (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1954) pm 88/



130

oG m;&onf/ Ek-wiftkyfpkESif h aqG-Nidrf;tkyfpk [líuG Jjym;oG m;cJ honf/ OD;AaqGu ygwDwnfNrJa&;

uk d t"du&nf&G,fcJ holjzpfí ¤if;wk d YygwDtm; wnfNrJzqyv[kac:qk dum OD;Eku ¤if;\ygwD

oef Y&Sif;a&;twGuf oef Y&Sif;zqyv [laomtrnfuk d cH,lcJ hMuonf/ OD;EkESif h OD;ausmfNidrf;wk d Y

\ y#dyu©jyif;xefvmcsdefwGif OD;ausmfNidrf;ESifh ocifwiftkyfpkwkdY\ y#dyu©rSmvnf;jyif;xefvmcJhonf/ xk dYaMumif h 1958 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom

&efukefc&k difqk d&S,fvpfygwD tpnf;ta0;wGifvnf; zqyvwGif *k dPf;*PESif htkyfpkrsm;&S d

aeaMumif;? ukd,fhvlolY*kdPf;*Prsm;ukd wkdufzsufypf&rnf[k 'kwd,OuúX OD;AaqGrS

xkwfazmfajymMum;cJ honf/11111 1958 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufaeYwGif OD;AaqGESif h OD;ausmfNidrf;wk d Yonf

OD;EkxH pmwpfapmifay;yk d YcJ honf/ ¤if;pmwGif vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rwk difrD arv 31

&ufaeYok d Yr[kwf ZGefv 1 &ufaeYxufaemufrusapbJ av;OD;aumfrwDawG YqH kaqG;aEG;

Ek difa&;twGuf tcsdefuef Yowfay;&ef awmif;cHcJ havonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf arv 31&ufaeY &ufpGJjzif hjyefcJhonf/ jyefMum;pmwGif 1958 ckESpf arv 3 &ufaeY zqyv

tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;wGi f zqyvOD;p D ;tzG J U tpnf;ta0;ac:&ef

owfrSwfjcif;r&S dcJ haMumif;? ¤if;tjyif zqyvtm; wpfzuftkyfpkok d Yay;&ef oabmrwlaMumif;

uk d 1958 ckESpf? arv 5 &ufaeY wGif OD;tkef;armifrSwpfqif h OD;ausmfNidrf;ok d YjyefMum;NyD;

jzpfaMumif;? Ek-wif-aqG-Nidrf; avOD;aumfrwD awG YqH ka&;ESif hywfoufí uwday;xm;onf h

twkdif; OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdYESifh arv 31 &ufaeY naewGif 0efBuD;csKyftdrfü

awG YqHkrnfjzpfaMumif;yg&S donf/ Ek-wifESifh aqG-Nidrf;tkyfpkESpfckvH k;onf wpfzuftkyfpkuk

tEk dif&a&; twGuf Ek difiHa&;y&d,m,f<u,f0pG mBudK;yrf;ouJ hok d Y vTwfawmftrwfrsm; uk dvnf;

enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzif h rJqG,fpnf;&H k;cJ hMuonf/ 1958 ckESpf? ZGefv 9 &ufaeYwGif OD;AaqGonf

OD;EkOD;aqmifaomtpk d;&tzG J U tm; t,H ktMunfr&S daMumif;tqk dwifoGif;&m 8 rJtuG mjzif h

&I H;ES drf hcJ honf/

&Srf;jynfe,frS uk d,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zqyv tzG J UcsKyf Ouú|BuD; OD;AaqGESif h1961

ckESpf? Zlvk difv 6 &ufaeYwGif awG YqH kaqG;aEG;Muonf/ OD;AaqGrS zuf'&,frluk d rdrdwpfOD;wnf;yk*¾ dKvfwpfOD; wnf;taejzih f ESpfNcdKufaxmufcHaMumif;? ok d Yaomfzuf'&,frljzpfay:vmap&ef

zefwD;ay;yH kuk drl rBudKufaMumif; xnf hoGif;ajymMum;cJhygonf/ aqG;aEG;yG JwGif zuf'&,frl

taMumif;tygt0if vlrsdK;a&;t"du&kPf;rjzpfa&;ESif hpdwf0rf;ruG Jjym;a&;rsm;uk d aqG;aEG;cJ hMu

onf/22222

11111

xGef;aeYpOfowif;pmxGef;aeYpOfowif;pmxGef;aeYpOfowif;pmxGef;aeYpOfowif;pmxGef;aeYpOfowif;pm/ (20 Zefe0g&Dv 1958 ) pm 15/22222aMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pm/ ( 9 Zlvk dif 1961) pm 1?15/



131

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif z,f'&,frlESifhyufoufí OD;AaqGrS

]]wk dif;&if;om;rsm;onf wpfaqGwpfrsdK;wnf;jzpfcJ hMuyH k? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH&S djynfe,frsm;ESif h

tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&S d jynfe,frsm;rwlnDrItajctaersm;uk d EI dif;,SOfazmfjyoG m;ygonf/

jynfe,ftrsm;pk onf rzGHUNzdK;rwkd;wufbJ aemufwef;usaeouJhokd Y ArmjynfrtcsdKae&mrsm;wGifvnf; zG H UNzdK;wk d;wufrI tvGefaemufusvsuf&S daMumif;ESif h tajctae

t&yf&yfaMumif h a'otm;vH k; tqif;&JcHNyD; BudK;pm;Muzk d Yvk dao;aMumif;? wk dif;&if;om;tm;vH k;

vufwG JNyD;BudK;pm;Mu&if ratmifjrifEk difp&m r&S daMumif;}} &Sif;vif;ajymMum;cJ hygonf/11111

1961 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 29 &ufaeYwGif Ak'bmomuk d Ek difiHawmfbmomtjzpf

owfrSwfcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh wkdif;jynfrNidrf;roufrIrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\

jynfaxmifpktpk d;& vufxufwGif &Srf;apmbG m;rsm;onf z,f f'&,frluk dwifjy awmif;qk dum

zuf'&,frlr&vQif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHrS cG JxGufrnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufcJ hMuojzif h jynfaxmifpk

NydKuG Jrnf h tEÅ &m,fjzpfay: vmcJ honf/ xk dok d YjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf\ txl;,k d,Gif;

vmaomtajctaeqkd;ukd xdef;odrf;pdrfYaomiSm 1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif

Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmifaom ArmhwyfrawmfrS Ek difiHawmftmPmuk d xdef;odrf;cJ honf/

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS

EkdifiHtmPmxdef;odrf;cJhonf/ vuf&Sdtpkd;&tzGJUudk xdef;odrf;&mwGif OD;AaqGvnf;

yg0ifcJ honf/1968 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD;

AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;rS EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifyk*¾dKvfBuD; 33 OD;tm;awGYqHk&mwGifvnf;

OD;AaqGyg0ifcJ honf/ 1968 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHjynfwGif

nDnGwfa&;tBuHay;tzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ausnmcsuftrSwf 72

uk dxkwfjyefcJ hNyD;? ,if;tBuHay;tzG J UwGif txufygacgif;aqmif 33 OD;yg0ifcJ honf/22222

oCFef;uRef;NrdKUe,f&S d ]] &efrsdK;atmifapwD }}rS m OD ;AaqGOD;pD;wnfxm;uk d;uG,fcJ haomapwDawmfjzpfonf/ xm;0,for*¾em,uBuD;wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ 1949-50

ckESpfrsm;twGif; jynfaxmifpkBuD;acsmufxJus&efvufESpfvH k;omvkdawmhonfhtcsdefwGif

11111OD;jr[ef? jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (pwkw¬wG J )jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (pwkw¬wG J )jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (pwkw¬wG J )jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (pwkw¬wG J )jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (pwkw¬wG J )/wG Jbufa&;ol OD;odef;vI dif/ 'k-

Budrf/ (&efukef? jrefrmEk difiH? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1991) pm 190-201/

22222

cspfMunfa&;MunfnTef Y? OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&H ktaygif;tygrsm;ESif he,fcsJ U*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&H ktaygif;tygrsm;ESif he,fcsJ U*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESif he,fcsJU*kdPf;/ (&efukef?cspfMunfa&;pmaywk duf? 1970) pm 38/



132

zqvy tuG JtNyJMum;wGif rnfonf hbufrS bufrvk dufbJ Mum;aea&;0g'ud kvufuk difxm;

zqyvtzG J UcsKyfnDnGwfrI&S datmif BudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJ honf/


OD;AaqGonf 1955 ckESpfwGif ,l*kdpvyfEkdifiHor®wBuD; rm&S,fwD;wkd;\

*kPfxl;aqmif yxrqif hqkwHqdyf? 1959 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&; armfuGef;0if yxrqif h?

xk dif;Ek difiH bk&ifrif;jrwf\ tjrif hqH k; qifjzLwHqdyfwk d Yuk d&&S dcJ honf/ 1968 ckESpfawmfvSefa&;

aumifpDOuúXBuD; Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;rS ac:,lawG UqH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf hEk difiHa&;acgif;aqmif

33 OD;wGif OD;AaqGvnf; wpfOD;yg0ifcJ honf/ 1980 jynf hESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpf

or®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf? EkdifiHawmf aumifpDu OD;AaqGtm;]] EkdifiH h*kPf&nf }} yxrqif hukd

csD;jr§if htyfESif;cJ honf/6/ jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;jynfyc&D;rsm;

OD;AaqGonf 1956 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvwGif tdEd,Ek difiHok d YoGm;a&mufcJ honf/

w&kwfjynfolY or®wEk difiHok dY 1956 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGifvnf;aumif;? 1957 ckESpf?

Zefe0g&DvwGifvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJ honf/ 1957 ckESpf? {NyDv 26 &ufaeYwGif

tar&duefEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;? ZGefv 7 &ufaeYwGif *syefEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;? 'DZifbmv

8 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;oG m; a&mufcJ honf/ OD;AaqGonf t*Fvef? jyifopf?uarÇm'D;,m;? *syef? *smrPDEkdifiH? ,l*kdqvyfEkdifiH rsm;okd Yvnf; avhvma&;c&D;

oG m;a&mufcJ honf/


OD;AaqGonf *syefrawmfvSefrDumvtwGif;üyif uGefAif hausmif;ol ]]EkEk}}ESif h

cspfa&;qk dcJ h NyD; 1945 ckESpf? Ek dif0ifbmvwGif vufxyfcJ honf/ ]]EkEk}} onf ]]a':EkEkaqG}} [k

trnfwGifc J hygonf/ om;orD;(10)a,mufxGef;um;cJ honf/ om;orD;rsm;rSma':aeEG,fAaqG+ OD;ausmfvGefvS? OD;aersdK;AaqG+ a':xdyfwifrl? OD;aezl;AaqG+ a':pE mat;?

OD;aexGef;AaqG? OD;aenTefYAaqG+a':at;at;jrif h? OD;aerif;AaqG? a':aeMunfAaqG?

a':aepnfAaqG? a':ae&nfAaqG wk d Yjzpfonf/ trSwf(84)? yef;vI difvrf;? prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f

wGifaeonf/ 1987 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 6 &ufaeYtouf 73 ESpft&G,fwGif &efukefNrdKU

[krfvrf;aetdrfü uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufonf/



yHk (12)Ak dvfrSL;csKyf pdef0if; (0efBuD;csKyf )

[ 1974 ckESpf ]

133



134

OD;pdef0if;OD;pdef0if;OD;pdef0if;OD;pdef0if;OD;pdef0if;


(arG;arG;arG;arG;arG; 19-3-1919) ( uG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGefuG,fvGef29-6-1993)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

tNidrf;pm;Ad kvfrSL;csKyf? tNidrf;pm;EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESif h tNidrf;pm; EkdifiHawmf

aumifpD0if OD;pdef0if;udk tz wd kufyd kif&JrSL; OD;oif;NrdKif? trd a':zGm;MuLwd k Yu 1919ckESpf?

rwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif armfvNrdKifNrdKU 'nif;ukef;&yfü arG;zG m;cJ honfonf/ arG;csif;ig;a,muf

&d Sonf hteuf 'kwd,ajrmuf om;jzpfonf/ i,fpOfuyif zcifuGefvGefoG m;í xm;0,fNrd KU

taemuf&yf&d S tbd k;tbG m;rsm;ESif htwl t&G,fa&mufonftxd aexd kifcJ honf/


rlvwef;ynmudk xm;0,fNrdKU OD;NyKH;&ifausmif;wGif vnf;aumif;? ig;wef;rS

ckESpfwef;txd trsKd;orD;tv,fwef; ae&Sife,fausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? ckESpfwef;rS

10wef;txd xm;0,fNrdKUtpd k;&txufwef;ausmif;wGifvnf;aumif; ynmoif,lonf/

10wef;yxrESpfus&I H;ojzif h 1938ckESpfwGif armfvNrdKifNrdKU&d S rdcifESif htwljyefvnfaexk difNyD;

&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoausmif;wGif 10wef;ynmqufvufoif,lonf/ xdkESpfwGif

Adkvfatmifausmf oydwfay:aygufcJh&m ausmif;\ oydwfarSmufaumfrwDwGifyg0ifNyD;

usKdufoHvefoydwfpcef;wGif c&d kifaumfrwD0iftjzpf aqmif&Guf onf/ oydwfvSefNyD;aemuf

10wef;pmar;yJ G ajzqd katmifjrifojzif h xm;0,fNrdKUod k Yjyefí aexd kifonf/


OD;pdef0if;onf 1940jynf hESpfwGif &JtzJ G Uod k Y0ifa&mufNyD; rEÅ av;NrdKU&d S&Jtkyfoifwef;

ausmif;wGif wpfESpfoifwef;wufonf/ 1941ckESpfwGif &Jtkyfoifwef;atmifjrifNyD; xm;0,fNrdKU

wGif tvkyfoif&Jtkyftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1941ckESpfwGif xm;0,fNrdKUud k *syefwyfrsm;

odrf;yd kufvd kufaomtcg armfvNrdKifNrdKUod k Y jyefvmcJ honf/


1941 ckESpfwGif usKdu©rDrSrk'k HNrdKUod k UcsDwufvmaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf

(bD-tdkif-at)odk Y 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ Adkvfvusfm\ wm0efay;csuft&

aumhu&dwfNrdKUwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrsm; zJG Upnf;pk&k H;NyD; rk'k Hod kYajymif;a&T U pcef;csum

ppfa&;avhusifhrIrsm;jyKvkyfonf/ rk'kHwGif *syefwdkY\vufeufodrf;,ljcif;cH&onf/



135

Adkvfvufsm\ trdefYay;csuft& wyfrsm;pk&kH;NyD; oabFmjzifh &efukefNrdKUodkYcsDwufcJh&m

oabF may:a&mufrS *syefwd k Yuvufeufrsm;jyefvnfay;tyfonf/ &efukefNrdKUod k Ya&mufaom

tcg pdeftefaxmfeDausmif;wGif pcef;csNyD;&efukefNrdKUvk HNcKHa&;ud k wm0ef,l&onf/ pdefaxmfeD

ausmif;rS a*:&mukef;od k Y wyfrsm;ajymif;a&T U NyD ;aemuf zsmyk HrSwyfrsm;ud k wm0ef,loifwef;ay;um tkyfcsKyf&onf/ xd k Yaemuf tif;pdefc&d kifwyfrsm;ud k tkyfcsKyf&ef xyfrHwm0efay;tyfjcif;

cH&NyD; tif;pdefwyfrsm;ud k pk&k H;um yJcl;NrdKUod k Y ajymif;a&G UcJ honf/

OD;pdef0if;onf 1942ckESpfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfud k ArmhumuG,fa&;

wyfrawmf (bD-'D-at)tjzpf ajymif;vJzJ GUpnf;aomtcg bD-'D-atwyf&if;(3)

pufaoewfBuD;wyfpk wyfpkrSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ wyf&if;rsm;&Sdt&m&Sd(10)OD;pD

vlaygif;(30)? r*Fvm'H k- Ak dvfoifwef;ausmif;? yxrywf oifwef;wufaeolrsm;ESif htwl

a&G;cs,fcH,lí oG m;a&mufppfynm oif,l&efjzpfonf/ a&G;cs,fxm; onf ht&m&S drsm;uk d

wyf&if;rsm;wGif ppfynmrsm; oifMum;ay;vsuf&S d onf/ *syeftBuHay;t&m&S d ]'kd;td}rS

olwm0ef,l&onf h wyf&if ; (2)rS t&m&S d(10)OD;uk d ynmoiftjzpf tm;vH k;ta&G;cs,fcH&

apcsifonf/ ppfynmrsm;uk d wyf&if;wGif jyif;jyif;xefxef oifMum;ay;cJ honf/ t&m&S drsm;rS m

bD-tk d kif-atwGif wyfrSL;/ bD-'D-at ü oH k;vk dif;wpfyGif h/ jyefwrf;0ift&m&S dtjzpf cef Ytyfjcif;

cH&olrsm;uk d *syeftMuHay;t&m&S drsm;rS *syefjynfok d Y ppfynmoif,l&ef apvTwfvk dMuonf/

Ek difiHawmfvGwfvyfa&; r&&S dao;ay/ eHeufyk dif; ppfynmoifwef;NyD;onf htcg aeYv,fwGifoifwef;om;t&m&S d 30 rS ysOf;rem;ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf ppfXmecsKyfü *syefpm

oif,lcJh&onf/ AkdvfBuD; pdef0if;onf oifwef;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJ hNyD;

*syefpmoifoifMum;yk d Ycsay; olrS m Ak dvfrSL;tqif h&S d *syefBuHay;t&m&S djzpfonf/ ysOf;rem;NrdKUwGif

ppfoifwef;rsm; NyD;onf htcg wyf&if; (2) &efukefok d Yajymif;a&T UcJ h&onf/ &efukefNrdKU? odrfjzLvrf;

0efBuD;rsm;&H k;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdif txufwef;ausmif;taqmufttHkwGif ]] OD;Owår-

*wfaum}}[k *syefbmom pmoifausmif;BuD; wGif t&m&S d 30 tm; txl;tpDtpOft&

xkdausmif;BuD;wGif *syefpm tcsdefjynfhoifcJh&onf/11111 wyf&if;(2)rS wyfcGJrSL; rSmzufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif txufArmjynfwk dif;rSL;? &Srf;jynfe,fawmifyk dif;ü usqH k;oG m;ol

atmifyef;NrdKUwGif txdef;trSwfausmufwk dif pk dufxl*kPfjyKcH&ol? ppfausmif;BuD;rsm;&S dae

onf hwyfe,fuk d ]] Axl;wyfNrdKU }}[kowfrSwf*kPfjyKcH&aom Ak dvfrSL; Axl; jzpfonf/ Ak dvfBuD;

pdef0if;onf xk dyk*¾ dKvfESif h ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwGif xm;0,fNrdKUrS vk dufygvmcJ honf/

11111

rauG;jrif harmif/ wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;/(&efukef? 0if;pmay? 1999) pm 242 /



136

ysOf;rem;NrdKUwGif oifwef;wufNyD;aemuf &cd kif&d k;rod kY jynfNrdKUrSwpfqif h wyf&if;wpfckvk H;

csDwuf&mwGif yg0ifcJ honf/ 1944ckESpfwGif ysOf;rem;NrdKUü bD-'D-at wyf&if;(6) zJ G Upnf;cJ h&m

pufuav;aoewfBuD;wyfcJ G wyfcJGrSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1945ckESpfwGif

wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf wd k;jr§if hxrf;aqmifNyD; ysOf;rem;NrdKUrS o&ufNrdKUod k Ywyf&if;ajymif;a&G Uonf/ o&uftaemufjcrf; ur®? o&uf? rif;vS? rif;wkef;NrdKUrsm;wGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf

pnf;&kH;vIyf&Sm;rI rsm;jyKvkyfonf/ o&ufNrdKUwGif 1945ckESpf?rwfv 27 &ufaeYü zufqpf

awmfvSefa&; pwifqifEJ Gonf/ awmfvSefa&;wGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Ad kvfrSL;tqifhodk Y

wd k;jr§if hay;onf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&; qifEJ GaepOf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h r[mrdwfwyfrsm;

awG Uqk Ha&;ud k Ak dvfrSL;pdef0if;rSwm0ef,laqmif&GufcJ hNyD;aemuf zufqpf*syefrsm;ud k wd kufxkwf&ef

ewfwvif;NrdKUod k Y wyfrsm;ajymif;a&GUí ewfwvif; ta&S Ubufprf;BuD;? "r®i,f? uefpk

ppfrsufES mud k wm0ef,lNyD; yJcl;&dk;rtaemufjcrf;ppfqifa&;ud k uGyfuJcJ honf/ zufqpfrsm;ppfawmif;od k YqkwfcG maomtcg bD-'D-atwyf&if;(6)ud k OD;pD;NyD; yJcl;&d S wdkif;trSwf(4)ESif h

yl;aygif;cJ honf/ ppfawmif;jrpfppfrsufES m wGif anmifudkif? u'Gwf? bdk;pyÜm,f? usKH&J?

AdkvfuawmfwdkYudk ppfrsufESmwpfcktjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ xdkppfrsufESmwGif bD-'D-

atwyf&if;(6) ud kwyf&if; (106)rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf [k jyifqifzJ G Upnf;onf/

4-1/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1945-1948)vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1945-1948)

Ak dvfBuD;tqif hjzif hwyf&if;(6)wyf&if;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmif pOf 1945ckESpf? rwfv24 &ufaeYwGif wdkif;(7)ppfXmecsKyf pcef;cs&m tmvH(ajrxJ)NrdKUe,f? jyvdkY&GmwGif

Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h twl wd kif;(7)wd kif;rSL; Ad kvfrSL; atmif? wyf&if;(2) wyf&if;rSL; Ad kvfBuD;

pef;,kwdk YESif htwl zufqpf awmfvSefa&;jyifqifrI rsm;udk aqG;aEG;cJ h Muonf/11111

Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if;onf rwfv 27 &ufaeY eHeuf(7)em&Dcef YwGif o&ufNrdKUtpGef&S d wyf&if;(6)

ppfXmecsKyfwGif Ad kvfrSL;atmif? Ad kvfBuD; pdefrSef? wyf&if;(2)wyf&if;rSL; Ad kvf pef;,k wd k YESif htwl

rwfv 27 &ufaeYnü zufqpf*syefwdk Ytm; pwifawmfvSefrnf h tpDtpOfESif h wyf&if;^

wyfcJ Grsm; csDwufMurnf htpDtpOf? wyfcsxm;rnf h pcef;rsm;ESif h wd kufyJ Grsm; pwifonf htpDtpOf

wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfESif h wyf&if;rsm;tquftoG,frjywfa&; &efol Yowif;rsm; tvsiftjrefyd k Y

a&;ESifh jynfolvlxktm; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ESif h ywfowfí 0g'jzefYcsD vIHaqmfa&;

tpDtpOfrsm;? &yf&G mumuG,fa&;ESif h tkyfcsKyfa&;udpörsm;ud k aqG;aEG;cJ hMuonf/ 1945ckeSpf?

rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if;OD;pD;onf h wyf&if;(6)onf nae 3 em&DtcsdefwGif

11111

ocifwifjr? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESif h wdkif; (10) wdkif; /3 -Budrf/ (&efukef? r[meE´ pmay? 1976) pm 334/



137

rif;wkefe,fok d Y csDwufcJ honf/ n 11 em&D 30 rdepftcsdefwGif rif;wJ&G mbkefBuD;ausmif;ESif h

teD;tem&Sd acsmif;jyifwGif &yfem;cJ hNyD;aemuf wyf&if;(6)rS *syeftMuHay;t&m&S d(2)OD;ESifh

wyfMuyfBuD;(3)OD;? wyfMuyf(1)OD;wkdYtm; zrf;qD;&m tzrf;rcJhbJckcHojzifh ypfcwf

okwfoifcJ h&onf/rif;wJrS qufvufcsDwufcJ h&m rwfv 28 &ufaeY eHeuf 4 em&DtcsdefwGifwGif;v,fokdY a&muf&Sd&yfem;cJhNyD; zufqpf*syefwkdYtm; wkdufckduf&efwyfjzefYcJhonf/ /

Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if;OD;pD;onf wyf&if;(6)onf o&ufpcef;ok d YqufvufcsDwufcJ hNyD; n11 em&D

tcsdefwGif yif;tk difpcef;wGif wyfpcef;cscJ honf/ rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif wk dif;rSL; Ak dvfrSL;atmif?

'kwk dif;rSL; Ak dvfBuD; pdefrSefwk d YESif htwl Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if;onf ppfaoemywd Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;xHok d Y

oG m;cJ hMuonf/ {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfBuD; pdef0if;OD;pD;onf wyf&if;(6)onf yif;tk difpcef;rS

ykPÖ m;&G mok d Yajymif;a&T UcJ honf/ {NyDv 16 &ufaeYwGif &efol(300)cef Y rif;ukef;rS o&ufbufok d Y

csDwufvmMu&m anmifi,f&G mwGif&Sdaom wyf&if;(6) pufBuD;wyfcG JrS t&mcHwyfMuyfcspfxGef;ESif h &Jabmfwpfa,mufwk d Yonf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;twk dif; txufrSpkefqif;vmaom

&efolavSwpfpif;uk d urf;yg;ay:rS ypfcwfwk dufck duf&m &efolavSwpfpif;ESpfjr§Kyfí avSay:

ygvmaom *syef(30)cef YusqH k;cJhonf/ {NyDv 25 &ufaeYwGif Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if;OD;pD;aom

wyf&if;(6) ppfXmecsKyfpcef; ykPÖm;&GmwGif wyfrSL;rsm;tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf/11111

tpnf;ta0;ok d Y wk dif;(7)wk dif;rSL; Ak dvfrSL;atmif? Ak dvfBuD;pdefrSef? wyf&if;(2)wyf&if;rSL; Ak dvfpef;,k?

wyf&if;(6)wyf&if;rSL; Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if; ponfwk d Ywufa&mufcJ honf/ {NyDv 27 &ufaeYwGif

wGif;v,fpcef;wGif wyf&if;(6)wyfcGJ(1)rS uif;axmufvmaom &efol(7)a,mufESifh

xk dawG Ywkdufck dufcJ h&m &efol(5)a,mufusqH k;cJ honf/ arv 7 &ufaeYwGif ppfaoemywd

Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htzG J U ? Ak dvfBuD; pdef0if;\ wyf&if;(6)ppfXmecsKyfpcef; ykPÖ m;&Gmok dY

a&muf&S dvmcJ honf/ Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;trdef Yt& txufrif;bl;? rif;vSe,fppfa&;tajctae

ESif h pufrIvufrIwyf&if;(2)\ vIyf&S m;rItajctaersm;uk d od&S d&ef wyf&if;(6)ppfXmecsKyfrS

wyfpdwfwpfpdwfuk d Ak dvfxGef;wifOD;pD;apNyD; rif;bl;e,fok d YapvTwf axmufvSrf;apcJ honf/

1945 ckESpf? ZGefvukefwGif Ak dvfBuD;pdef0if; OD;pD;onf hwyf&if;(6)onf wk dif;(7)ppfXmecsKyfvufatmufrS wk dif;(4)ppfXmecsKyfvufatmuf? yJcl;ppfrsufES mok d Y ajymif;a&T Uwm0efxrf;aqmif

11111jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;

('kwd,wGJ)? 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ)? 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ)? 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ)? 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv('kwd,wGJ)? 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv/ w-Budrf/ (&efukef?

owif;ESif h pme,fZif; vkyfief; ?1999) pm 77/

22222jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;

(wwd,wG J )? 1945-1948(wwd,wG J )? 1945-1948(wwd,wG J )? 1945-1948(wwd,wG J )? 1945-1948(wwd,wG J )? 1945-1948 / (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1995)pm 60/



138

cJ h&onf/ OD;pdef0if;onf uE´ DpmcsKyft& ArmhwyfrawmfjyefvnfzJG Upnf;aomtcg 1946

ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwGif 'kAd kvftqih fjzif h ppf&k H;csKyfwGifXmecJ Gt&m&d Stjzpf wm0ef

ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 22222 qufvufíArmhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (3)wGif wyfpkrSL;tjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ oefvsifNrdKUwGif pcef;csaepOftwGif; wyfcJ G(3) ud kOD;pD;í a';'&J?zsmykHod kY ajymif;a&GUwm0ef,l&onf/ 1946ckESpfwGif uavmNrdKUü t&m&dSi,foifwef;

wufa&muf onf/ qufvufí Ad kvfBuD;tqif hjzif h Armhaoewfud kifwyf&if;(3)wGif 'kwyfcJ GrSL;

wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1947ckESpfwGif ppfOD;pD;wuúod kvfod k Ywufa&mufNyD; Ad kvfrSL; tqif hjzif h

Armhaoewfud kif wyf&if; (3)wGif wyfcJ GrSL;wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef

wd kif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfac:aomtcg oefvsifNrdKUod k Yjyefíwyfpk&k H;onf/ 1947ckESpf? Zlvk difv

19 &ufaeYwGif Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htwl tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&aom

tcg &efukefod k Ywyfrsm; ajymif;a&G UNyD; &efukefNrdKUvk HNcKHa&;ud k wm0ef,l&onf/ 1947ckESpfwGifppf&Jwyfrsm;zJ G Upnf;a&; twGuf jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xmeod k Y Ad kvfrSL;tqih fjzif h txl;t&m&d Stjzpf

ajymif;a&G U xrf;aqmifcJ honf/

4-2/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifBudK;yrf;rI(1948-1962)

OD;pdef0if;onf 1948ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ajcvsifwyfrsm;zJ G Upnf;aomtcg

r*Fvm'k H&d S ajcvsifwyf&if;(1)wGif Ad kvfrSL;tqif hjzif h 'kwyf&if;rSL;wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/

u&ifaomif;usef;ol rsm; x<uykefuefcsdefwGif tif;pdefwd kufyJ G? pmAl;awmif;wd kufyJ Grsm;ü yg0ifwd kufcd kufcJ honf/ 1948ckESpfwGifyif 'kAd kvfrSL;BuD;tqif hod k Y wd k;jr§if hjcif;cH&NyD; ajcvsifwyf&if;(1)

wyf&if;rSL;wm0ef qufvufxrf;aqmifonf/ 1950jynf hESpf? Zefe0g&dv 20 &&ufaeYwGif

yxrtBudrfwyfrSL;nDvmcHü wyf&if;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf wufa&mufcJhonf/11111

1951ckESpf wGif awmifyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfü ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf vnf;aumif;? 1951

ckESpf? rwfv 28 &ufaeYwGif ajcjrefwyfr[m(3)rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wyfrSL;nDvmcHok dY

wufa&mufcJ honf/1952wGif wef;jrif ht&m&d Soifwef;wuf&ef t*FvefEd kifiHod k Y oG m;a&mufcJ h

onf/ 1953ckESpfwGif Ad kvfrSL;BuD;tqif hodk Y wdk;jr§ifhcH&NyD; wyfr[m(2)wyfr[mrSL; wm0ef

xrf;aqmifonf/ 1956ckESpf wGif yd kif;avmhoifwef;wuf&ef xk dif;Ed kifiHod k YoG m;a&mufcJ honf/

1957ckESpfwGif wyfr[m(4) wyfr[mrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1958ckESpfwGif ppf&k H;csKyfü

wJ GzufppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmifonf/

11111 jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;

(pwkw¬wG J )? 1948-1962(pwkw¬wG J )? 1948-1962(pwkw¬wG J )? 1948-1962(pwkw¬wG J )? 1948-1962(pwkw¬wG J )? 1948-1962 / (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1996)pm 133/



139

OD;pdef0if;onf 1958ckESpf? tdrfapmif htpd k;&vufxufwGif td k;tdrfXme? vrf;XmeESif h

jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xmersm;ü 'kwd,OuúXwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf htjyif ppfypönf;BuD;Muyf

a&;tzJ G UOuú|ESif h wJ GzufppfaxmufcsKyfwm0efrsm;ud kyg yl;wJ Gxrf;aqmifcJ h&onf/ 1961ckESpf

wGif AdkvfrSL;BuD; tqif hjzif h awmifyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyf wd kif;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrSAd kvfrSL;csKyf tqif hod k Y wd k;jr§if hjcif;cH&onf/ ppfwd kif;rsm;jyefvnfzJ G Upnf;aomcg tv,fyd kif;wd kif;

ppfXmecsKyf wd kif;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/

4-3/ 1962-1985 twGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1985 twGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1985 twGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1985 twGif;BudK;yrf;rI1962-1985 twGif;BudK;yrf;rI

OD;;pdef0if;onf 1962ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeUwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu Ek difiHawmf

tajctae t&yf&yfudk xdef;odrf;wm0ef,laomtcg awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzJGU0if

jzpfvmonf/11111

1963 ckESpf? rwfv 29 &ufaeYwGif tv,fyk dif;wk dif; wk dif;rSL;taejzif h wyfrSL;nDvmcHwufa&mufcJ honf/222221963ckESpfwGifjrefrmhqd k&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ygwDpnf;urf;

xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwD0ifwm0efud kyg yl;wJ Gxrf;aqmifonf/ 1964ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;

tpd k;&tzJ G U jynfolYvkyfief;ESif htdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;Xmewm0efcH(0efBuD;)tjzpf wm0ef

ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1971ckESpf? yxrtBudrf ygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDvkyfief;pdppfa&;

aumfrwDOuú|tjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fwifajr§mufjcif;cH&onf/ 0efBuD;tzJGU0ifrsm;tm;

wyfrawmfrStNidrf;pm; ,lcGif hjyKa&;rlt& 1972ckESpf?{NyDv 20&ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfrS

tNidrf;pm;,lNyD; aqmufvkyfa&; 0efBuD;Xme?0efBuD;wm0efqufvufxrf;aqmifonf/1974ckESpf? {NyDv 26 &ufaeY yxrtBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmfESif h jynfol UaumifpDtqif hqif h

a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufyJGwGif xm;0,fNrdKUe,f trSwf(1)rJqE´e,frS jynfolYvTwfawmf

ud k,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&NyD; yxr tBudrf jynfol YvGwfawmftpnf;ta0;u Ed kifiHawmf

0efBuD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1977 ckESpf? rwfv 28 &ufaeYwGif Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf

tjzpf tem;,lNyD; 1977ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif jynfol UvTwfawmf\ Ed d kifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf

a&G;cs,fowfrSwfjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ 1985ckESpf? Ed kif0ifbmvwGif Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpfrS

tNidrf;pm;,lcJ honf/

11111jr0if;? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 rS 1990wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 rS 1990wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 rS 1990wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 rS 1990wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 rS 1990

jynfhESpftxd)jynfhESpftxd)jynfhESpftxd)jynfhESpftxd)jynfhESpftxd)/ 3Budrf? &efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1992/ pm 31/


(yOörwGJ ) 1962-1974(yOörwGJ) 1962-1974(yOörwGJ ) 1962-1974(yOörwGJ) 1962-1974(yOörwGJ ) 1962-1974 / 'k -Budrf/ (&efukef? owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;?

1999) pm 123/



140


OD;pdef0if;onf Ed kifiH hwm0efrsm;ud k BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ hjcif;aMumif h Ed kifiHawmfu

csD;jr§if htyf ESif;onf hpnfolwHqdyf? oD&dysHcsDbJ G U? ta&;awmfyk HwHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&; pnf;&k H;rI

wHqdyf? vGwfajrmufa&; wHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if(yxrqif h )ESif h Ed kifiH h*kPf&nfbJ G U

(yxrqif h )wd k Yud k &&d ScJ honf/11111


OD;pdef0if;onf Ek difiHawmfwm0eft&yf&yfud k xrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; Ed kifiHjcm;

wd kif;jynfrsm;odk Y wm0efjzif htBudrfBudrfoG m;a&mufcJ honf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif t*FvefEk difiH?

1958ckESpfwGif a[mifaumif? zdvpfyd kifESif h xk dif;Ed kifiH rsm;od k Yvnf;aumif;? 1959ckESpfwGif

tpöa&;Ed kifiHESif h *smrPDEd kifiHod k Yvnf;aumif;? 1960jynh fESpfwGif ESpfwGif tar&duef? 1964ckESpfwGiftdEd ,Ed kifiHESif h ygupöwefEd kifiHrsm;od k Yvnf;aumif;? 1968ckESpfwGif pifumylEd kifiHESif h

rav;&S m;Ed kifiH rsm;od k Yvnf;aumif;? 1972ckESpfwGiftar&duefEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1975

ckESpfwGif eDaygEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1976ckESpfwGif oD&dvuFmEkdifiHodkY vnf;aumif;

oG m;a&mufcJ honf/


OD;pdef0if;onf 1943ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwGif rEÅ av;NrdKUae Ad kvfBuD;baz?a':rkef;wd k Y\orD; a':jra&TESif h vufxyfcJ honf/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf oufpGef YBudK;yrf;

xrf;aqmifcJ hNyD; Ed kifiHawmfwm0efrsm;ud k pGrf;pGrf;wrHxrf;aqmifcJ haom tNidrf;pm;Ad kvfrSL;csKyf?

tNidrf;pm;Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfESif h tNidrf;pm; Ek difiHawmfaumifpD0ifOD;pdef0if;onf 1993ckESpf?

ZGefv 29 &ufaeYü &efukefNrdKUwGif uG,fvGefcJ hygonf/

uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD;a':jra&TESifhom; OD;zkef;rif;acgif+a':at;at;oG,f?

OD;wifhrif;acgif+a':jrifh jrifhat;? OD;aX;rif;acgif;? OD;Munfrif;acgif+a':Zifrmatmif?OD;oefYrif;acgif? a':rDrDzkd;om? OD;atmifrif;acgif? orD;a':cifOD;vGif? a':at;at;vGif

wk d YusefcJ honf/




yH k(13)OD;armifarmifc (0efBuD;csKyf )

[ 1977 ckESpf ]

141



142

OD;armifarmifcOD;armifarmifcOD;armifarmifcOD;armifarmifcOD;armifarmifc

(0efBuD;csKyf)(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf)(0efBuD;csKyf )(0efBuD;csKyf)

(arG; 7-6-1920 uG,fvGef- 30-4-1995)1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

tNidrf;pm;Ak dvfrSL;BuD;ESif h tNidrf;pm;Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf OD;armifarmifcud k tz

OD;cspfaz? trda':cifwif hwk d YrS 1920 jynf hESpf? ZGefv 7 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü arG;zG m;cJ honf/

arG;csif; nDtpfuk dESpfOD;teufti,fjzpfonf/

i,fpOfwpfESpfom;wGif zcifuG,fvGefoG m;NyD; rdcifrS mvnf; aemuftdrfaxmifjyK

oG m;í ta':tysd KBuD;rsm;ESif htwl t&G,fa&mufonftxd aexk difcJ h&onf/2/ ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0ynmoifb0

1929 ckESpf touf 9 ESpfa&mufrS rlvwef;ynmukdpwifoif,lonf/

ausmif;wGifynm xl;cRefaomaMumif h q&m? q&mrrsm;rS twef;ausmfí wifay;jcif;cH

&onf/ 1936 ckESpf touf 16 ESpfwGif 10 wef;pmar;yG Juk d jrefrmpm*kPfxl;jzif h xl;cRefpG m

atmifjrifonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúok dvf okd Ywufa&mufíynmoif,lcJ honf/

&efukefwuúok dvfaeYausmif;om;toif;ESif h pufrIodyÜ Hausmif;toif;rsm;wGif toif;0ifjzpfonf/ 1941 ckESpf bDtufpfpD(tif*sifeD,m) aemufqH k;ESpfwGif bG JUr,lbJwuúokdvfrS

EkwfxGufNyD; awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifqifEGJcJhonf/ OD;armifarmifconf 1955 ckESpf?

atmufwkdbmv 29 &ufaeYrS 1956 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 7 &ufaeYtxd refcsufpwm

pufrIwuúok dvfwGif ynmoif,lcJ honf/


OD;armifarmifconf 1944 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhwyfrawmfok d Y0ifa&muftrIxrf;NyD;1944 ckESpf? arv 27 &ufaeYwGif *syefacwf wwd,ywf ppfwuúok dvf Ak dvfoifwef;

wufa&mufcJ honf/ 11111 Ek d0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;qif;cJ hNyD; av,mOfypftajrmufBuD;

wyfwGif wyfpkrSL;tqifhjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;wGifwkdif;(1)

wyf&if;(106)ü wyfpkrSL;tjzpf awmfvSefa&;NyD;qH k;onftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

OD;armifarmifconf awmfvSefa&;NyD;qH k;NyD;onf htcg ppfjyefb0jzif h &&mtvkyfrsm;

11111

Ak dvfrif;ñk d? *syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969)pm223/



143

vkyfuk difumb0uk d &kef;uefonf/ 1947 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 6 &ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfok dY

wpfzefjyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpf? atNyDv 19 &ufaeYrS Mo*kwfv 15

&ufaeYtxd Ak dvfoifwef;jyefvnfwufa&muf onf/ Ak dvfoifwef;qif;NyD; 1948 ckESpfrS

1962 ckESpftxd wyfrawmfvQyfppfESif hpufrIwyfzG J U? umuG,fa&;ypönf;xkwfvkyfrIwyfzG J Ursm;wGif 'kwd,Ak dvftqifhrS 'kwd,Ak dvfrSL;BuD;tqih ftxdvnf;aumif;? umuG,fa&ypönf;

xkwfvkyfrI nTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf Ak dvfrSL;BuD;tqif htxdvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmif

cJ honf/


OD;armifarmifconf 1962 ckESpfrSpí pufrI0efBuD;XmewGif wG JzuftwGif;0ef?

twGif;0efESif h 'kwd,0efBuD;wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif jrefrmqk d&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD tvkyform;a&;&m XmeBuD;wGif aumfrwD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? A[k djynfol Y

tvkyform; aumifpDwGif tvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwD0ifESifh OuúXtjzpfvnf;aumif;

wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif t&efA[k dtvkyftrIaqmif

aumfrwD0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&NyD; pufrI0efBuD;XmeESif h tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf

wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1973 ckESpf 'kwd,tBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif t&efA[k d tvkyftrI

aqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1972 ckESpf? {NyDv 20 &ufaeYwGif

Ak dvfrSL;BuD;tqif hjzif h tNidrf;pm;,lcJ honf/ 1974 ckESpf yxrtBudrf jynfol Y vTwfawmfESif hjynfolYaumifpD tqifhqif ha&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG JwGif vIdifNrdKUe,ftrSwf(2) rJqEe,frS

jynfolYvTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f tjzpfta&G;cH&NyD; pufrI0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf

wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ wwd,tBudrf ygwDnDvmcHwGif A[kdtvkyftrIaqmif

aumfrwD0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;? yxrtBudrftvkyform;tpnf;t&Hk; OuúXtjzpf

vnf;aumif;a&G;cs,fjcif;cH& onf/ 1977 ckESpf? rwfv 29 &ufaeYwGif Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf

tjzpf pwifxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/11111 1978 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrS 15 &ufaeYtxd

usif;ycJ haom 'kwd,tBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fyG JwGifvnf;

0efBuD;csKyftjzpfxyfrHa&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&onf/ wpfzef 1985 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 4 &ufaeYrS

18 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJ haom wwd,tBudrf jynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif h

a&G;cs,fyG Jvnf;aumif;? 1985 ckESpf? atmufwk dbmv 6 &ufaeYrS 20 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJ h

aom pwkw¬tBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfESifh jynfolUaumifpDtqifhqifha&G;cs,fyGJwGif

11111 jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1978/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1978) pm 6 /



144

vnf;aumif; 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf 3 Budrfqufwk duf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&olwpfa,mufjzpfonfuk d

awG Y&S d&ygonf/

0efBuD;csKyfOD;armifarmifc wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumvjzpfaom 1988 ckeSpf?

rwfv 12 &ufaeY n 9 em&D 15 rdepf tcsdefcef YwGif BudKUukef;blwmteD; pE m0if; vufzuf&nf

qk difü pufrIwuúok dvf'kwd,ESpfausmif;om; 2 OD;ESif h t&ufrl;aeonf h&yfuGuf vli,f 5

OD;wk d Yonf uufqufoDcsif;acGzGif hckdif;&mrStp ck duf&efjzpfyG m;cJ hMuygonf/ ,if;&efponf

xk drQESif hyif &yfwef YroG m; cJ hbJ aemufwpfaeYjzpfonf h rwfv 13 &ufaeYn 8 em&D 30 rdepf

tcsdefcefYrSpí BudKUukef;&yfuGufrS t&yfom;rsm;ESifh pufrIwuúokdvfausmif;om;rsm;

wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tkyfpkzGJU tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrIrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/ trIdufup

jyó'frD;avmifqk douJhok dY ausmif;om;rsm; qlylqEjyrIrsm; wpfNrdKUNyD; wpfNrdKUjzpfay:

vmcJ hygonf/ Ed kifiHawmftusdK;twGuf wm0ef&S doltzG J Utpnf;rsm;rS rnfrQyif aqmif&Gufay;

apumrl EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsm;? qlylvk dolrsm;rS wpfjynfvH k;

twk dif;twmjzif h qlyltH k<ua&;uk dom tm;pk dufvkyfaqmifcJ hMu ygonf/ vltkyfBuD;rsm;jzif h

vH kNcHKa&;wyfzG J U0ifrsm;tm; tMurf;zufowfjzwfrIrsm;? wk dufck duf&efjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJ hMu

ygonf/ xkdtawmftwGif; ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;omru

EkdifiHjcm;oHwreftcsdKUwkdYyg 0ifxGuf ajc&Iyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmMuygonf/ xkdhYaMumifh

ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;wk d Y\ ajr§ mufyif hay;rI rsm;? 0g'jzef YvI H Uaqmfay;rI rsm;aMumif hausmif;om;rsm;ta&; oufoufuk dom awmif;qk dcJ hMu &mrS ]] ppfrSefaom 'Drk dua&pD&&S da&;

aqmif&Gufay;&ef}} [lonfh Ek difiHa&;oabmouf0ifonfh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd

pwifawmif;qk dvmcJ hMuonf/ ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGifvnf; vuf0Jvuf,mya,m* rsdK;pH k

0ifa&mufvmrIwk d YaMumif h ausmif;yk&d0kPfrsm;twGif;wGif Ek difiHa&;yk drk d&IyfaxG;vmcJ hygonf/

&efukefNrdKUwGif qlyltMurf;zufrIrsm;jzpfyG m;aepOftwGif; Zlvk difv 7 &ufaeYwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUü

vnf; qlylrIrsm;jzpfyG m;cJ hygonf/

1988 ckESpf? rwfvtwGif; jzpfyG m;cJ haom ta&;tcif;wGif jzpfay:vmaomudpö

rsm;twGuf wm0efruif;aMumif;awG U&S d&ojzif h 0efBuD;csKyfarmifarmifctm; Ek difiHawmf

0efBuD;csKyf tjzpfrS Ekwfy,fvk dufaMumif; Ek difiHawmfaumifpDrS 1988 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 26

&ufaeYwGif aMunmcJ hygonf/11111

11111

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 19789jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 19789jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 19789jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 19789jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 19789/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1989) pm 10/



145

1988 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYrSr 27 &ufaeYwGif rav;&S m;Ek difiH0efBuD;csKyf

'gwGwf&S&D a'gufwm r[moD,m rk d[mrufonfvnf;aumif;? azazmf0g&Dv 29 &ufaeYrS

rwfv 5 &ufaeYtxd xk dif;Ek difiHtdrfa&S Urif;om; r[mAm*sD&m avmifuGefonf vnf;aumif;?

xk dif;bk&if hvufeufuk difwyfzG JUrsm;\ ppfaoemywdESifh ppfOD;pD;csKyf Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; csmAvpfa,mifcsdKif,k'fonf {NyDv 21 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? b*Fvm;a'h&S fjynfolYor®wEk difiH

or®wBuD; [lpdefrk d[mruftm&Swfonf {NyDv 26 &ufaeYrS 28 &ufaeYtxdvnf;aumif;?

Oa&mybH kaps;tzG J Utpnf;rsm;aumfr&SiftzG J U0if uavmh'fa&Sqef onfZlvk difv 5 &ufaeYrS

&ufaeYtxdvnf;aumif; tvnftywfvma&mufcJ honfuk d awG Y Y&S d&ygonf f/


OD;armifarmifconf jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif yg0ifcJ hjcif;aMumif hEk difiHawmfu csD;jr§if honf h vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if('kwd,tqif h )uk dvnf;aumif;? Ek difiHawmfu

ay;tyfonfh wm0ef rsm;ukdBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifh EkdifiHawmfu csD;jr§ifhonfh

aZ,sausmfxif ppfrIxrf;aumif; wHqdyfESifh EkdifiH*kPf&nf(yxrqifh)ukdvnf;aumif;

&&S dcJ honf/


Ek difiHawmf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; 1957 ckESpfwGif *syef? a[mifaumifESif hxk dif;Ek difiHrsm;ok d Y vnf;aumif;? 1959 ckESpfwGif ta&S UOa&myESif h taemufOa&myEk difiHrsm;ok d Y

vnf;aumif;? 1960 jynf hESpf? Zlvk difvwGif tar&duefEk difiHok d Y vnf;aumif;?11111 1961 ckESpfwGif

xk dif;? uarÇm'D;,m;? rav;&Sm;ESif h w&kwfjynfol Yor®wEkdifiHrsm;okd Y vnf;aumif;? 1962

ckESpfwGif csufuk dpvk dAm;uD;,m;? *smrPD? tDwvDESif hjyifopfEk difiHrsm;ok d Y vnf;aumif;? 1964

ckESpfwGif &lar;eD;,m;? MopaMw;vs? *smrPDESif h *syefEk difiHrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1965 ckESpfwGif

w&kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiHokdYvnf;aumif;? 1966 ckESpfwGif &lareD;,m;? csufukdpvkd

AufuD;,m;Ek difiHESif h MopMwD;,m;Ek difiHrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1969 ckESpfwGif taemuf*smrPDESif ht*Fvef Ek difiHrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1970 jynf hESpfwGif *syef? jyifopfESif h tdE´ d,Ek difiHrsm;ok d Y

vnf;aumif;? 1977 ckESpfwGif taemuf*smrPD? tDwvD? MopaMwvs? t*Fvef? qGpfZmvef?

tif'k deD;&S m;ESif h pifumylEk difiH rsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1979 ckESpfwGif uk d&D;,m;? a[mifaumifESif h

pifumylEk difiHrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1980 jynf hESpfwGif xk dif;? jyifopfESif h pifumylEk difiHrsm;ok d Y


pwkw¬wGJ (1948-1962)pwkw¬wGJ (1948-1962)pwkw¬wGJ (1948-1962)pwkw¬wGJ (1948-1962)pwkw¬wGJ (1948-1962)? (&efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1995)pm 158/



146

vnf;aumif;? 1984 ckESpf? {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif MopaMw;vsEk difiH? {NyDv 7 &ufaeYwGif

e,l;ZDvefEk difiH? Ek d0ifbmv 15 &ufaeYwGif csufuk dpvk dAufqk d&S,fvpfor®wEk difiH?11111 1986

ckESpf?{NyDv 10 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH? Mo*kwfv 11 &ufaeYwGif

,l*k dqvm;AD;,m;Ek difiH? Mo*kwfv 14 &ufaeYwGif ,lar;eD;,m;Ek difiH? pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif *syefEk difiH? pufwifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif pifumylEk difiHrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif;? 1987 ckESpf?

{NyDv 9 &ufaeYwGif xk dif;Ek difiH? ZGefv 29 &ufaeYwGif tif'k deD;&S m;or®wEkdifiH? Zlvkdifv 4

&ufaeYwGif pifumylESifh rav;&S m;Ek difiHrsm;okd Yvnf;aumif;? 1988 ckESpfwGif pifumyl?

t*FvefESif h bla*;&D;,m; Ek difiHrsm;ok d Yvnf;aumif; wm0efjzif h oG m;a&mufcJ honf/

7/ rdom;pkb0rdom;pkb0rdom;pkb0rdom;pkb0rdom;pkb0

OD;armifarmifconf OD;a&T? a':jrwifwk d Y\orD; a':cifcifav;ESif h vufxyfcJ h&mom;wpfOD;ESifh orD;wpfOD;xGef;um;onf/ om;jzpfolrSm uG,fvGefoGm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/

jrefrmhvGwfvyf a&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif wpfwyfwpftm;yg0ifcJhNyD; EkdifiHawmfwm0efrsm;ukd

BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhaom tNidrf;pm; AkdvfrSL;BuD;ESifhtNidrf;pm;EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf

OD;armifarmifconf 1995 ckESpf? {NyDv 30 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefcJ hygonf/

uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD;a':cifcifav;? (OD;rsdK;nTef Y )+ a':vGifvGifjrif h?a':EkEk&D + (OD;vTrf;rk d;)ESif h

arG;pm;orD;wpfOD;ESif h ajr;ESpfOD; usef&pfonf/trSwf(10)? oD&dvrf;? yg&rD&dyfom? &efuif;NrdKUe,f

wGifaeonf/

11111

1984 ckESpf jynfjrefrm1984 ckESpf jynfjrefrm1984 ckESpf jynfjrefrm1984 ckESpf jynfjrefrm1984 ckESpf jynf jrefrm/ jr0wDt,f'DwmtzGJ U/ ( &efukef? jr0wDyH kES dyfwk duf?1985) pm 227/



147

yH k (14)ol&OD;xGef;wif (0efBuD;csKyf )

[ 1988 ckESpf ]



ol&xGef;wifol&xGef;wifol&xGef;wifol&xGef;wifol&xGef;wif


(arG;arG;arG;arG;ar G; 10-2-1923 - )1/ i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0i,fpOfb0

ol&xGef;wif uk d 1923 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwGif jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUü

arG;zG m;cJ honf/


wkd YArmtpnf;t&Hk;0ifausmif;om; oHrPdacgif;aqmifESif h ajratmuf

awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJ honf/ Oypm(odyÜ HbG J U)&&S dcJ honf/


1944 ckESpf? arv 27 &ufaeYwGif *syefacwf wwd,ywf ppfwuúokdvf

Ak dvfoifwef;wufa&mufNyD; Ek d0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;qif;cJ honf/11111 vGwfvyfa&;

wk dufyG Jrsm;wGif ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwyf&if;(3)? wyf&if;(1)? r*Fvm'H k ppfwuúok dvfESif h

wkdif;(7)ppfXmecsKyf? rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfwGif wk dif;(7)e,fajr? oeu(4)wkd Yü wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrtqif hukd &&SdcJhonf/ 1948-1949ckESpftxdwyf&if;(5)wGif wyfcG JrSL;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf/ jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;

&NyD;ptcsdef a&mifpHkolykef[kac:aom aomif;usef;olrsm;x<uaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf/

autrf'Dtkdwkd Yuvnf; tiftm;tBuD;rm;qHk;ESih f tjyif;xefqHk; xkd;azmufppfukd

BuHKawGUcJ h&onf/ wyfcG JrSL; Ak dvfBuD; xGef;wifonf wyf&if;(5) ]]*}}wyfcG Jud k wm0ef,l&NyD;

tif;pdef? BudKUukef;ESif h &mausmfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;ausmif;Mum;wGif ae&m,lcJ h&onf/

Ad kvfBuD;xGef;wif onf ol Y&Jabmfrsm;uk d]]nwk dif; rpk d Yryk d Y&efolawGu ypfaew,fuG m? tvum;tdyfa&;ysufw,f?

'Dn igaumif;aumif;tdyfr,f? &efolvS HpGyfvmrxk d;rcsif; ighrEI d;eJ U}} 22222 [k

11111Ak dvfrif;ñk d? *syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf*syefacwfppfwuúokdvf/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969)

pm223/

22222

rSL;ordef? ]]&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f}}?rSwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wk/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1995/ pm 111/



149

rS mNyD; pdwfcsvufcstdyfaepOf eHeuf 3 em&Dcef YwGif aoewfoHrsm;qlnHaeatmif

Mum;&csdefwGif tdyf,mrSxcJhMuonf/ wkdufay:rSatmifqif;NyD; a&wGif;ab;wgif

rsufES mopfaepOf aoewfoHrsm; aygufaygufavS mfouJhok d Y rsm;jym;vmcJ honf/ xk dtcg

Ad kvfBuD;xGef;wifrS

]]at;...'Dwpfcgxl;jcm;w,f? &efolefwkdufNyDxifw,f? tm;vHk;

owdxm;Mu? ae&m,lMua[h}}11111

[ktrdef Yay;vk dufonf/ uysmu,m ppf0wfpH kaumuf0wfvkdufNyD; em;pGif h

rsufvH k;zGif h avhvmaepOf eHeuf 4 em&Dcef YtcsdefwGif pufrIwuúok dvfausmif;bufrS E Coy

(wyf&if;(5)rS tm;jznf h&efyk d Yvk dufonf hvlopfrsm;ESif hzG J Upnf;xm;onf h topfwyfcG J )rS wyfMuyfESif h

&Jabmfrsm;rS ]] Ak dvfBuD;...&efoltkyfeJ Uoif;eJ U odyfrsm;w,f? usrf;pmoifausmif; bufu&,f0yfa&S mhbufu&,f vS drf hqif;vmw,f? olwk dY&J Utm;rwfum;wef;BuD;vnf; bDtk dpD"gwfqD

qk difvGefNyD; wHwm;em;a&mufoG m;NyD}} [kowif;yk d YcJ honf/ xk dtcsdefu ol&OD;xGef;wifowå d&S dyH kuk d

a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haom ]] jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;}} pmtkyfwGif

]]wyfcG JrSL; Ak dvfBuD;armifvGif'Pf&m&w,f? tustqH k;rsm;vGef;wJ haeUrS m

&JabmfawGwuf&eftrdef Yay;aomfvnf; rwufcsif rwufMuawmhbl;?

'geJ UxGef;wif (,ck Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf-tNidrf;pm;)rS xNyD;vrf;avQmufjy&

w,f? usnfqHawGu ol Yem;w0D0DESif h wpfcsufrSrSefbl;? olu ]]Munf hyguG?

vlqk dwm aoaeYaphrSaowm}} qk dNyD; &JabmfawGukd &Jaq;wifw,f?

NyD;awmhwufzkdY trdefY ay;awmh wufMuw,fvkdY AkdvfcsKyfae0if;u

owdw&ajymw,f[ka&;om;xm;ygonf/}} 22222

au'Dtk dwk d Yxkd;ppfonf oHcsyfum;um;rsm;uk d a&SUwef;wifí wk dufck dufojzif h

tif;pdef-&efukefum;vrf;ay:&S d wyfrawmf\a&S;wef;umuG,fa&;pnf;usdK;aygufoG m;cJ honf/

apmbifqifNcH&S d wyf&if;a&S Uwef;uGyfuJa&;pcef;vnf; usoG m;cJ honf/ xk dtcsdef bDtk difatOD;xGef;a&Ttdrfüae&m,lxm;aom wk dif;ppfXmecsKyfrS tajctae ododcsif; wyfrSL;BuD;uk d,fwk dif

toif h&S daom a&wyfrawmfrS bk dzmtajrmuf]]wHjrufpnf;}}uk d um;vrf;ay:wifNyD; &efol

tm;rwfaumfvHtvmuk d apmif htypfck dif;cJ honf/ wHjrufpnf;u ypf&eftoif hjzpfjzpfjcif;

11111rSL;ordef? ]]&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f&efukeftpdk;&acwf tif;pdef&,f---wyf&if;(5)&,f}}? rS

wyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wkwyfrawmfa&T&wk/ (&efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1995)? pm 111/22222

a'gufwmarmifarmif? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/(&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969)? pm 322/



150

ypfuGif;xJokdY &efolum;rsm;a&muf&SdvmcJh&m ypfcwfwkdufckduf&m csufaumif;rSefNyD;

&efoltm;rwfum;rD;avmifysufpD;cJ honf/ a&S UqH k;rS &efoltm;rwfum;\um;armif;oluk d

t&ufrl;atmifwk dufxm;NyD; ajcaxmufuk d oHBudK;cwfcsnf aomhcwfxm;ojzif h h qif;rajy;

Ek difbJ ae&mwGif yG Jcsif;NyD; aoqH k;cJ honf/

umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xmeppf&H k;ü ntdyfaom OD;pD;csKyfrSvnf; owif;&&csif;

t&efxm;aoma&wyfrS Ak dvfBuD; awmfrD&k dufESif h bk dzmtajrmufrsm;? Ak dvfBuD; armifarmifBuD;\

atmfvDuef*rf;rsm; apvTwfcJ hygonf/ ,if;uJhok d Y tm;rwfum;awGxdrSefNyD; rwufEkdif

aomfvnf; ajcvsifESif hwpfzG J Y? um;ESif hwpfzG J U au'Dtk dwk d Y &efukefuk d csDwuf&ef BudK;pm;cJ hMuonf/

ok d Yaomf tif;pdeft0if BudKUukef; bk d;awmf&mausmfausmif;wGif wyfpG Jxm;aom Ak dvfBuD; xGef;wif

\ wyfcG J]]*}}onf aemufrqkwfbJusefcJ honf/ Ak dvfBuD; xGef;wifuk d,fwk dif owå d&S d&S dESif h jzwfNyD;

xk d;ppfqifwk dufck dufcJ honf/ &efolonf ppfoabmt& aemufausmrvH krI ESifhppfxk d;rIuk d

txl;aMumufMu&onf h xH k;wrf;pOfvmt& wpfcsdK;wnf;qkwfcJ h&onf/ Ak dvfBuD;xGef;wif

vnf; tif;pdefwkdufyGJwGif ol&bGJcsD;jr§ifhcHcJh&onf/ trSwf(4)ajcvsifwyf&if;ESifhtwl

&efBuD;atmif ppfqifa&;wGif yg0ifwkdufckdufcJhonf/ wyf&if;rSL;? acwåwyfr[mrSL;?

ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)? 1971 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfavhusif ha&;rSL;? wyfxdef;csKyfwm0efrsm;uk d

xrf;aqmifcJ honf/


1971 ckESpf? ZGefv 28 &ufaeYrS Zlvkdifv 11 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJhaom

yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcHESif h 1973 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 8 &ufaeYrS 21 &ufaeYtxd

usif;yaom 'kwd,tBudrfygwDnDvmcH G1981ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 3 &ufaeYrS 8 &ufaeYtxd

usif;yaom pwkw¬tBudrf ygwDnDvmcHwk d Yü ygwDA[k dtvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf

a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1974 ckES fp? Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYrS azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYtxd

usif;ycJhaomfyxrtBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfESif hjynnfol YaumifpDtqifhqif ha&G;cs,fyG J ESif h1978 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrS 15 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJ haom'kwd,tBudrf jynfolY

vTwfawmf ESifhjynfolYaumifpDtqifhqifha&G;cs,fyGJü jrpfMuD;em;rJqEe,f(1)rS jynfol Y

vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf/ tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;?

or0g,r0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; tjzpfwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJ honf/ 1981 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbm 9 &ufaeYrS

12 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJhaom wwd,tBudrfjynfolYvTwfawmfyxrtpnf;ta0;ü

ewåvif;NrdKUe,f rJqE´e,f(1)rS ol&OD;xGef;wiftm; 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? pDrHudef;ESifh

b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/ 1985 ckESpf?atmufwk dbmv 6 &ufaeYrS 20 &ufaeYtxdusif;ycJ haom pwkw¬tBudrf f jynfol YvTwfawmf



151

ESif hjynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fyG JwGifvnf; 'kwd,Budrfajrmuf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? pDrHudef;

ESif hb@ma&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJ h&ygonf/ 1988 ckESpf? Zlvk difv

27 &ufaeYwGif pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;uk d jynfol YvTwfawmf

tpnf;ta0;cef;rüusif;ycJ h&m ol&OD;xGef;wiftm; 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufcJ hMuygonf/11111 1988 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyfwm0efrS tem;,lcJ hygonf/


ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyfESif h Ek difiH h*kPf&nfbG J U(yxrtqif h )uk d &&S dcJ honf/


1977 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif MopMwD;,m;ek difiHokd Yvnf;aumif;? 1980

jynf hESpf? {NyDv 28 &ufaeYwGif tif'k deD;&S m;Ek difiHESif h *syefEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;? pufwifbmv

23 &ufaeYwGif tar&duefEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;? 'DZifbmv 6 &ufaeYwGif jyifopfEkdifodk Y

vnf;aumif;oG m;a&mufcJ honf/ 1982 ckESpf? Zlvk difv 6 &ufaeYwGif *syefEk difiHok d Y oG m;a&mufcJ h

onf/ 1984 ckESpf? {NyDv 21 &ufaeYwGif e,fomvef? NAdwdef? AJv*sD,rfEk difiHok d Uvnf;aumif;?

ZGefv 16 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfEkdifiHokd Yvnf;aumif;? atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif

w&kwfEk difiHok d Yvnf;aumif;oG m;a&mufcJ hygonf/ 1985 ckESpfwGif atNyDv 20 &ufaeY rS ar

20 &ufaeYtxd *syefEk difiH? xk dif;Ek difiH? rav;&S m;Ek difiH wk d YESif h atmufwk dbmv 12 &ufaeYwGifukd;&D;,m;or®wEkdifiH? 1986 ckESpf? arvwGif zdvpfykdifEkdifiH? atmufwkdbmvwGif

tar&duefEk difiH? 1987 ckESpf? atNyDv 19 &ufaeYwGif *syefEk difiH? pufwifbmv 15 &ufaeYwGif

tar&duefEk difiH wk d Yok d Y toD;oD;oG m;a&mufcJ honf/

11111 jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1989) pm243/



tydk fif;(3)

ed*H k;ESifhtBuHjyKoH k;oyfcsuf



152

ed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsufed*H k;ESif htBuHjyKoHk;oyfcsuf

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhMuaom

Ek difiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;(wenf;tm;jzif h Ek difiHawmfor®wESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;)\ tw¬KyÜwå dpmwrf;tm; a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif jzpf&yfwpfckckuk daomfvnf;aumif;? vkyfaqmifcsufwpf&yf&yf

uk daomfvnf;aumif;? taMumif;t&mwpfcsufuk d aocsmusepG mrSwfom;jyKpkvk dolrsm;tm;

tusdK;&S drnf[k oH k;oyfrdygonf/ ¤if;jyif ao;i,faomtaMumif;t&mrSpí puúef Y? rdepf?

tcsdefumv aeY&uf? v? ESpf ponfwk d Yygrusef ork dif;rSwfwrf;wifxm;csufrsm;uk d txl;

&S mazGjyKpkxm;jcif;tm;jzif h A[kokwynm&S mrS D;vk dolrsm;? okawoDrsm;twGuf pepfuspG mjzif h

wpfae&mwnf;ü &S mazGawG U&S dEk difrnf[k ,lqrdygonf/

þpmwrf;uk d avhvmzwf½I olrsm;taejzif hvnf; jynfaxmifjrefrmEk difiHawmf\tkyfcsKyf a&;pepfajymif;vJvmyH kuk d NcHKiH kavhavm Ek difonf htjyif Ek difiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;\

pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;? jzwfoef;cJh&aom b0c&D;rsm;? wpfOD;pD\uGJjym;jcm;em;aom

t&nftcsif;rsm;uk d awGYjrifEk difygonf htjyif twk,l p&mrsm;? rSwfom;avhvmp&mrsm;?

tbufbufrSwd k;wufrI&S daMumif;uk d oH k;oyfawG Ujrifod&S dEk difygonf/

tusOf;rQwpfOD;csif;oH k;oyfwifjy&aomf vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH

awmf\ yxrqH k;or®wBuD;jzpfaom p0fa&Tok duf onf &Srf;trsdK;om;BuD;jzpfNyD; vGwfvyfa&;\

tBudKatmifyG Jjzpfaom jynfaxmifpkaeYBuD; jzpfay:vmaponf h yifvH knDvmcHBuD;jzpfay:

vmatmif BudK;yrf; aqmif&GufcJ h&mwGif yg0ifcJ holwpfOD;jzpfygonf/

or®wBuD;a'gufwmbOD;onfw&m;0efBuD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;? Ek difiHawmf

or®wBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hygonf/ *syefacwf0efxrf;rsm;\ b0uk d

or®wBuD;uk d,fwk difa&;aom ]]uREk fyf\jrefrmjynf}} t*Fvdyfbmomjzif h jyefqk dí a&;om;

xm;aom pmtkyfxJwGifawGY&S dEk difygonf/ ¤if;aemuf vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEk difiHawmf\ 'kwd,or®wBuD;&mxl;tjzpfESif h wm0efxrf;aqmifoG m;aMumif; awG Y&S dEk difygonf/

¤if;tjyifor®wBuD; ref;0if;armifonf *syefacwfawmfvSefa&;aysmufusm;b0

wGif wk dif;jynftwGuf toufuk dy"merxm;yJBuD;yrf; aqmif&GufcJ hyH kawG UEk difygonf/ OD;Ek

OD;aqmifaomtpk d;&vufxufwGif u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm; a&mifpH kaomif;usef;olrsm;

pkd;rkd;vktcsdefumvwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGuf wm0efododopöm&Sd&Sd

OD;wnfaqmif&GufcJ hyH k 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekuk d,fwk dif or®wBuD; a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufcHcJ h&onf haeYwGifxnh foGif;ajymcJ haMumif;awG Y&S dEk difygonf/



153

xk drQruor®wBuD; OD;ae0if;onf vGwfvyf&jyD;acwfwk dif;jynfuk du,fwifcJ hyH k?

tdrfapmif h tpd k;&tjzpfwpfBudrf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpd k;&taejzif hwpfrsdK;? jynfaxmifpk

qkd&S,fvpfor®wEkdifiHawmftpkd;&taejzifhvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonfrSm

orkdif;aMumif;t& avhvmoH k;oyfawG U&S dEk difygonf/ ¤if;tjyif or®wBuD; w&kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwf e,fyk dif;jcm;onf hpmcsKyfuk d csKyfqk dEk difcJ hyH kud kvnf; awG U&S dEk difygonf/ 1974 ckESpf

Ek difiHawmfzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya't& usif;yaom a&G;aumufyG JrS&&S donf h jynfol Y uk d,fpm;vS,f

rsm;tm; Ek difiHawmftmPmuk d pepfwusvT JtyfEk difcJ hygonf/

¤if;aemufor®wBuD;OD;pef;,k onf AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; vufxufrS

uG,fvGefoG m;onf htcsdefxd wk dif;jynftay:opö m&S d&S d wm0efodod BudK;yrf; aqmif&GufcHyH kuk d

awG YjrifEk difygonf/

or®wBuD; OD;pdefvGifonfvnf; jynfxJa&;ESif homoema&;0efBuD;? ygwDtaxGaxG

twGif;a&;rSL; wm0efrsm;ay;tyfjcif;cH&NyD; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH awmftwGuf

OD;vnfrokefBudK;yrf;cJ h? aqmif&GufcJ holwpfOD;jzpfygonf/ Ek difiHa&;tajctaeaumif;rGefjcif;

r&S daomcsdefwGif or®wtjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cHcJ h&oljzpfcJ hygonf/

or®wBuD;a'gufwmarmifarmifonfEk difiHa&;tajc taeaumif;rGefr&S daom

tcsdefwGif or®wtjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h&ygonf/

xk d Ytjyif Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmifonf Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;

tzG JU (,aeYEk difiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESif hzG H UNzdK;a&;aumifpD )OuúXtjzpf vGwfvyfa&;

jyefvnf qH k;½H I;&awmhrnf htajctaeok d Ya&muf&S daecsdefwGif wk dif;jynfuk d ork dif;ay;wm0eft&

u,fwifcJ h&oljzpfonf/

wpfzef jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ haom0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek

onfvnf;wk dif;jynfukd vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdatmif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wk dYESifhtwl BudK;yrf;

aqmif&GufcJ holjzpfonf/ Ak'bmomuk d Ek difiHawmfbmomtjzpftodtrSwfjyKay;Ek difjcif;rS m

jrefrmvlrsdK;wk d Y\ bmomomoemxGef;um;ap&ef &nf&G,fí jyKvkyfay;cJ honfrS m tvGefyif

*kPfjyKavmufonf[k,lq&ygonf/

OD;pdef0if; onf jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wEk difiHawmf\yxrqH k; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpf

onf/ *syefacwfrS 1972 ckESpf wyfrawmfrS tNidrf;pm;,lonf htcsdefxd Ek difiHawmftusdK;uk d

wyfrawmfom;b0jzihf BudK;yrf;cJholjzpfonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl zufqpf

awmfvSefa&;wGif &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wk dufck dufEk difcJ holjzpfonf/ wpfzef0efBuD;csKyfb0tjzpf Ek difiHawmfuk dBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ honf uk dawG Y&S dEk difygonf/



154

0efBuD;csKyf OD;armifarmifconf jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDacwfwGif

0efBuD;csKyftjzpf 10 ausmfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJ holjzpfonf htjyif xk dygwDwnfNrJEk difap&ef

twGuf BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJ holwpfOD;jzpfygonf/

0efBuD;csKyf ol&OD;xGef;wif Ek difiHa&;qlylrljzpfyG m;aeaomtcsdefwGif 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf

a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufjcif;cH&oljzpfygonf/ 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpf 7 ESpfcef Ywm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h

ygonf/ a'gufwmarmifarmifwk d YESif htwl wm0efxrf;aqmifolrsm;jzpfonf/

þpmwrf;onf 1948 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpf tcsefumvtxd jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEk difiHawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ haom or®wBuD;rsm;ESif h0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\ tw¬KyÜwå duk d

wpfpkwpfa0;wnf; jyKpkxm;jcif;jzpfojzif h vlyk*¾ dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufpD\b0ESif h vlyk*¾ dKvftpk

tzGJ Uwpfck\ b0rsm;uk d aygif;pyfavhvmvQif twk,lp&mrsm;? ynm,lp&mrsm;? avhvmp&mrsm;uk d wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; awG YjrifEk difygonf/

]]pmayonfacwf\aMu;rH k? pmtkyfpmayvl YrdwfaqG? pme,fZif;wk dif;acwfork dif;?

tvdr® mpmrS m&S donf? pmMunf hwk dufwHcg;wpfcsyfzGif hxm;jcif;onf tusOf;axmifwHcg;wpfcsyf

ydwfonfrnf\}} tp&S daomaqmifyk'frsm;t& þpmwrf;jzif h pmMunf hwk dufESif hokynmXme

twGufvnf;aumif;? rdrdwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaomwyftwGufvnf;aumif;? wyfrawmf

twGufvnf;aumif;? Ek difiHawmftwGuf wpfaxmif hwpfae&mrS tusdK;&S doG m;rnfqkdvQif

pmwrf;jyKpk&jcif;twGuf yDwdjzpfaernfjzpfygaMumif; ½k daousdK;EG HpG mjzif h wifjytyfygonf/



155

usrf;uk d;pm&if;

jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;

1/ ausmfNidrf;? &JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf&JabmfoHk;usdyf/ &efukef? tif;0pmaywk duf? 1998/

2/ ausmf0if;? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD;/ jrefrmEk difiHa&; 1958-1962 (wwd,wG J )/ wG Jbufa&;ol OD;jr[efESif h

OD;odef;vd Iif/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1991/

3/ MunfñTef Y? cspfMunfa&;cspfMunfa&;cspfMunfa&;cspfMunfa&;cspfMunfa&;/ OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;/ &efukef?

cspfMunfa&;pmaywk duf? 1970/

4/ cspfaqG? arNrdKUarNrdKUarNrdKUarNrdKUarNrdKU-/ jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ &efukef? ajreDukef;pmaywk duf?

1970/

5/ cspfarmif? ocifocifocifocifocif? 0d"l&-0d"l&-0d"l&-0d"l&-0d"l&-/ uRefb0ArmjynfuRefb0ArmjynfuRefb0ArmjynfuRefb0ArmjynfuRefb0Armjynf/ &efukef? aAmawmhpmay? 1968/

6/ - - - / vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufjrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufjrefrmjynf / &efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969/

7/ pHNidrf;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)/ wG Jbufa&;ol a'gufwm

a':jrif hMunf/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD; Xme? 1991/

8/ pk d;armif? armifarmifarmifarmifarmif? 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek0efBuD;cs KyfOD;Ek/ &efukef? ormrdwå? 1955/

9/ pdefjrif h? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD;/(vkyfom;rsm;aumfvdyf )-/ ESpf-200 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;tbd"mefESpf-200 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;tbd"mefESpf-200 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;tbd"mefESpf-200 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;tbd"mefESpf-200 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;tbd"mef/ &efukef?

yifra&pD;pmay? 1969/

10/ aZ,sm? armifarmifarmifarmifarmif/ j refrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJ/ &efukef? EG,feDpmay? 2002/

11/ nDnD? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm/ jrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;armfuGef; (1975)? rsufarSmufumvjrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;armfuGef; (1975)? rsufarSmufumvjrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;armfuGef; (1975)? rsufarSmufumvjrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;armfuGef; (1975)? rsufarSmufumvjrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;armfuGef; (1975)? rsufarSmufumv

jrefrmEkdifiH rSwfwrf;jrefrmEkdifiH rSwfwrf;jrefrmEkdifiH rSwfwrf;jrefrmEkdifiH rSwfwrf;jrefrmEkdifiH rSwfwrf;/ &efukef? urÇ mvH k;pmay? 1978/

12/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfaqmifcsuforkdif;tusOf;csKyfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfaqmifcsuforkdif;tusOf;csKyfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfaqmifcsuforkdif;tusOf;csKyfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfaqmifcsuforkdif;tusOf;csKyfawmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfaqmifcsuforkdif;tusOf;csKyf/ &efukef? jynfol YvTwfawmf?

[1965]/

13/ wifjr? ocifocifocifocifocif/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wkdif;(10)wkdifzufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wkdif;(10)wkdifzufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wkdif;(10)wkdifzufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wkdif;(10)wkdifzufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wkdif;(10)wkdif;/ w-Budrf? &efukef?

r[meEpmay? 1976/

14/ 1974 ckESpfrS 1987 ckESpftxd jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;XmerSxkwfa0aom vpOfvpOfvpOfvpOfvpOfxkwf

a&S Uok dY*sme,fa&SUok dY*sme,fa&S Uok dY*sme,fa&SUok dY*sme,fa&SUok dY*sme,f/



156

15/ 1948 ckESpf rS 1959 ckESpftxdxkwfa0aomvpOfvpOfvpOfvpOfvpOfxkwfpmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;rsm;/

twG J(1)? trSwf(12) rS twGJ(7) trSwf(10) txd/

16/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd aeYpOfaeYpOfaeYpOfaeYpOfaeYpOf xkwf aMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pmaMu;rHkowif;pm/17/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd aeYpOfaeYpOfaeYpOfaeYpOfaeYpOf xkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pmjrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/

18/ wyfrawmfa&T&wk 1995? rwfwyfrawmfa&T&wk 1995? rwfwyfrawmfa&T&wk 1995? rwfwyfrawmfa&T&wk 1995? rwfwyfrawmfa&T&wk 1995? rwf/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1995/

19/ xGef;aepOfowif;pmxGef;aepOfowif;pmxGef;aepOfowif;pmxGef;aepOfowif;pmxGef;aepOfowif;pm/ (20 Zef 1958)/

20/ Ek? ociociociociocif/ ig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynfig;ESpf&moDArmjynf/ &efukef? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwk duf? 1946/

21/ Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúX? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúX? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúX? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúX? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfEk difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J UOuúX? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif\ wk dif;jynfok d Ywifjycsufarwå m&yfcHcsufrsm;? Ek difiHjcm;Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif\ wk dif;jynfok d Ywifjycsufarwå m&yfcHcsufrsm;? Ek difiHjcm;Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif\ wk dif;jynfok d Ywifjycsufarwå m&yfcHcsufrsm;? Ek difiHjcm;Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif\ wk dif;jynfok d Ywifjycsufarwå m&yfcHcsufrsm;? Ek difiHjcm;Ak dvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; apmarmif\ wk dif;jynfok d Ywifjycsufarwå m&yfcHcsufrsm;? Ek difiHjcm;

owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rdefYcGef;rsm;owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rdefYcGef;rsm;owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rdefYcGef;rsm;owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rdefYcGef;rsm;owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rdefYcGef;rsm;/ p-Budrf?&efukef?

jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1989/

22/ ESif;auo&m/ jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;(at'D 1824rS at'D 1987jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;(at'D 1824rS at'D 1987jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;(at'D 1824rS at'D 1987jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;(at'D 1824rS at'D 1987jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;(at'D 1824rS at'D 1987

txd)txd)txd)txd)txd)/ &efukef? jr0wDyH kES dyfwk duf? 1993/

23/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf t|rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf t|rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf t|rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf t|rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf t|rESpfywfvnfpmapmif/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;Xme?

1956/

24/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf e0rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf e0rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf e0rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf e0rESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf e0rESpfywfvnfpmapmif/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;Xme?

1957/

25/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk di fi Hawmf {u'orESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk di fi Hawmf {u'orESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk di fi Hawmf {u'orESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk di fi Hawmf {u'orESpfywfvnfpmapmifjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEk di fi Hawmf {u'orESpfywfvnfpmapmif/ &efukef?

jyefMum;a&;Xme? 1959/

26/ jynfjrefrm 1980jynfjrefrm 1980jynfjrefrm 1980jynfjrefrm 1980jynfjrefrm 1980/ &efukef? jr0wDyk HESdyfwk duf? 1981/27/ jynfjrefrm 1981jynfjrefrm 1981jynfjrefrm 1981jynfjrefrm 1981jynfjrefrm 1981/ &efukef? jr0wDyk HESdyfwk duf? 1982/

28/ jynfjrefrm 1982jynfjrefrm 1982jynfjrefrm 1982jynfjrefrm 1982jynfjrefrm 1982/ &efukef? jr0wDyk HESdyfwk duf? 1983/







157

33/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0efxrf;wyf ESpfygwfvnfpmapmijyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0efxrf;wyf ESpfygwfvnfpmapmijyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0efxrf;wyf ESpfygwfvnfpmapmijyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0efxrf;wyf ESpfygwfvnfpmapmijyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0efxrf;wyf ESpfygwfvnfpmapmif/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;Xme?

1951/

34/ AaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD;/ ygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSefygwDwGif;tjzpfrSef/ &efukef? zqyvyH kES dyfwk duf? [1957]/

35/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef;rsm;AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef;rsm;AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef;rsm;AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef;rsm;AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef;rsm;/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1971/

36/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tw¬KyÜwådAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tw¬KyÜwådAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tw¬KyÜwådAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tw¬KyÜwådAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tw¬KyÜwåd/ wnf;jzwfol ocifuk d,fawmfrI dif;/ &efukef? trsdK;om;

yH kES dyfwk duf? 1951/

37/ baomif;? AkdvfrSL; (armifokw)-AkdvfrSL; (armifokw)-AkdvfrSL; (armifokw)-AkdvfrSL; (armifokw)-AkdvfrSL; (armifokw)-/ ArmhawmfvSefa&;ork dif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;ork dif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ArmhawmfvSefa&;ork dif;/ &efukef? t&kPfOD;pmay?

1967/

38/ rkd;BudK;owif;pmrkd;BudK;owif;pmrkd;BudK;owif;pmrkd;BudK;owif;pmrkd; BudK;owif;pm/ (14 Ek d 1962)/

39/ armifarmif/ ouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0if/ &efukef? ormrdwå? 1956/

40/ armifarmif? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm/ EkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrI? jynfaxmifpkESifhOD;apm/ &efukef?

0if;armfOD;pmay? 1974

41/ - - - / jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh Akdvfcs KyfBuD;ae0if;/ &efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1969/

42/ - - - / om;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armi fppfonfokdY/ &efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1973/43/ jr?& Jabmf-& Jabmf-& Jabmf-& Jabmf-&Jabmf-/ zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;jynfol Y& Jacgi fajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;jynfol Y& Jacgi fajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;jynfol Y& Jacgi fajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;jynfol Y& Jacgi fajymufusm;zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfol Y& Jacgifajymufusm;/( &efukef ?

jr&myifpmaytkyfwk duf?1971) pm- 153? 486 pm/

44/ jr0if;/ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS 1990jynhfESpfwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS 1990jynhfESpfwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS 1990jynhfESpfwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS 1990jynhfESpfwyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS 1990jynhfESpf

txdtxdtxdtxdtxd )/w-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMuma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1992/

45/ jr[ef/ ukdvkdeDacwfjrefrmhorkdif;tbd"mefukdvkdeDacwfjrefrmhorkdif;tbd"mefukdvkdeDacwfjrefrmhorkdif;tbd"mefukdvkdeDacwfjrefrmhorkdif;tbd"mefukdvkdeDacwfjrefrmhorkdif;tbd"mef/ w-Budrf? &efukef? ork dif;Xme? 1999/

46/ jrif hMunf? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)/ wG Jbufa&;ola'gufwm aemftif*svif;/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1991/

47/ jrif harmif? rauG;rauG;rauG;rauG;rauG;/ wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;/ &efukef? 0if;pmay?

1999/

48/ jrif hvGif? uarÇmZuarÇmZuarÇmZuarÇmZuarÇmZ-/ ArmjynfESpfaygif;200 rSwfwrf;BuD;ArmjynfESpfaygif;200 rSwfwrf;BuD;ArmjynfESpfaygif;200 rSwfwrf;BuD;ArmjynfESpfaygif;200 rSwfwrf;BuD;ArmjynfESpfaygif;200 rSwfwrf;BuD;/ &efukef? arh*kPf&nfpmtkyf

wk duf? 1999/



158

49/ jrifha0? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ; (wyfrawmfjrif hoEÅm)(wyfrawmfjrif hoEÅm)(wyfrawmfjrif hoEÅm)(wyfrawmfjrif hoEÅm)(wyfrawmfjrif hoEÅm)-/ ArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mefArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mef/ &efukef?

py,fOD;pmay? 1972/

50/ jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;wyfrawmforkdif;

(pwkw¬wGJ) 1948-1962(pwkw¬wGJ) 1948-1962(pwkw¬wGJ) 1948-1962(pwkw¬wGJ) 1948-1962(pwkw¬wGJ) 1948-1962/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1996/


(qXrwGJ) 1974-1988/(qXrwGJ) 1974-1988/(qXrwGJ) 1974-1988/(qXrwGJ) 1974-1988/(qXrwGJ) 1974-1988/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1998/


(wwd,wGJ) 1945-1948(wwd,wGJ) 1945-1948(wwd,wGJ) 1945-1948(wwd,wGJ) 1945-1948(wwd,wGJ) 1945-1948/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1995/


(' kwd,wG J) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;umv('kwd,wG J) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;umv('kwd,wG J) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;umv('kwd,wG J) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSe fa&;umv('kwd,wG J) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv/ w-Budrf ? &efukef ?

jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1999/


(yxrwGJ)1824-1945(yxrwGJ)1824-1945(yxrwGJ)1824-1945(yxrwGJ)1824-1945(yxrwGJ)1824-1945/ p-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1999/

55/ jrefrmEk difiH? ppfork dif;jywk dufESif hwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wk duf/ wyfrawmforkdif; (yOörwG J)wyfrawmforkdif; (yOörwGJ )wyfrawmforkdif; (yOörwG J)wyfrawmforkdif; (yOörwGJ )wyfrawmforkdif; (yOörwGJ )

1962-19741962-19741962-19741962-19741962-1974/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1999/


(owårwGJ) 1988-1993(owårwGJ) 1988-1993(owårwGJ) 1988-1993(owårwGJ) 1988-1993(owårwGJ) 1988-1993/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 2000/

57/ jrefrmEkdifiH? EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?jrefrmEkdifiH? EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?jrefrmEkdifiH? EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?jrefrmEkdifiH? EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?jrefrmEkdifiH? EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifrSwfwrf;Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifrSwfwrf;Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifrSwfwrf;Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifrSwfwrf;Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U\aqmif&Gufcsufork dif;0ifrSwfwrf;

(1988 ckESpfrS 1991 ckESpf)(1988 ckESpfrS 1991 ckESpf)(1988 ckESpfrS 1991 ckESpf)(1988 ckESpfrS 1991 ckESpf)(1988 ckESpfrS 1991 ckESpf)/ &efukef? ,if;tzG J U? 1991/

58/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(yxrwGJ)jrefrmEkdi fiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(yxrwGJ)/ OD;jr[efESif htjcm;pma&;olrsm;/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1993/

59/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)('kwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)('kwd,wGJ)/ OD;jr[efESif htjcm;

pma&;olrsm;/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1993/

60/ jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJjrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJjrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJjrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJjrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ / &efukef? jyefMum;a&;ESif htoHvG Tif hXme? (1948)/

61/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1978jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1978/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1978/




159



65/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1982jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1982jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1982jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1982jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1982/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1982/66/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1983jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1983jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1983jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1983jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1983/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1983/























160



89/ &efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm&efukefowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959)/90/ a&TOMo/ wpfcs defuxif&Sm;cJ haomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcs defuxif&Sm;cJ haomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcs defuxif&Sm;cJ haomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcs defuxif&Sm;cJ haomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJ haomacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef?

0if;jrif hatmif pmay? 1997/

91/ vSrsdK;? &Jabmf-&Jabmf-&Jabmf-&Jabmf-&Jabmf-/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ &efukef?

vSrsdK;pmay? 1968/

92/ vSordef/ urÇmh'kdif,m&DESifhjrefrmh'kdif,m&DurÇmh'kdif,m&DESifhjrefrmh'kdif,m&DurÇmh'kdif,m&DESifhjrefrmh'kdif,m&DurÇmh'kdif,m&DESifhjrefrmh'kdif,m&DurÇmh'kdif,m&DESifhjrefrmh'kdif,m&D/ &efukef? tvif;a&mifpmaywk duf? 1967

93/ 0krif;? a':&k doD/ acwfjrefrmwnf[efacwfjrefrmwnf[efacwfjrefrmwnf[efacwfjrefrmwnf[efacwfjrefrmwnf[ef/bmomjyefol OD;wifarmif&if/ &efukef?jrwfEkd;olpmay? 1978/

94/ owif;pmq&mwpfOD;/ ArmarmfuGef;rSwfwkdifrsm;ArmarmfuGef;rSwfwkdifrsm;ArmarmfuGef;rSwfwkdifrsm;ArmarmfuGef;rSwfwkdifrsm;ArmarmfuGe f;rSwfwkdifrsm;/ &efukef? ca&zl;pmpOf? (1955)/

95/ oef Y? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD;? jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;)/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1961/

96/ - - - ? jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;)jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif ;)/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1961/

97/ oef;xGef;/ jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hEk difiHa&;jyóemrsm; 1948-1958jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hEk difiHa&;jyóemrsm; 1948-1958jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hEk difiHa&;jyóemrsm; 1948-1958jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hEk difiHa&;jyóemrsm; 1948-1958jynfolYvTwfawmfESif hEk difiHa&;jyóemrsm; 1948-1958/ &efukef?

ork dif;Xme? 1978/

98/ odef;azjrif h/ awmfvSefa&;umvtawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umvtawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umvtawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umvtawGUtBuHKrsm;awmfvSefa&;umvtawGUtBuHKrsm;/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? ,rH kempmay?

1967/

99/ odef;vI dif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(wwd,wGJ)jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(wwd,wGJ)/

wG Jbufa&;ol a':cifvS[ef/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1993/

100/ [Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm[Hom0wDowif;pm (26 pufwifbm 1961)/101/ tdZkrd,wwfpka&m/ uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrDuDuef;uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrDuDuef;/ bmomjyefol a':cif&D/

&efukef? bmomjyefESif hpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1981/



161

t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;

1/ Ba U,U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President. New York : Taplinger

Publishing Co,Inc.,1958.

2/ BURMA : The Fourteenth Anniversary. Rangoon Vol. XI, No. 1. Rangoon :

The Director of Inofrmation, 1962.

3/ BURMA : The Fighth Anniversary. Yangon Vol. VI, No. 2. Rangoon : The

Director of Inofrmation, 1957.

4/ BURMA : The Ninth Anniversary. Yangon Vol. VII, No. 2. Rangoon : The


5/ BURMA : The Tenth Anniversary. Yangon Vol. VIII, No. 2. Rangoon : The


6/ Government and Politics of Asian Countries: Myanmar / edited by Verlinder

Grover. New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications PVT. Ltd, 2000.

7/Johnston, William C., A Chronology of Burma's International Relations 1945-

1958. Rangoon : Rangoon University,1959.

8/ Aung San, Burma's Challenge. Rangoon : The New Light of Burma Press Ltd,

1946.



162

&JabmfoH k;usdyf&JabmfoH k;usdyf&JabmfoH k;usdyf&JabmfoH k;usdyf&JabmfoH k;usdyfpOfpOfpOfpOfpOf trnftrnftrnftrnftrnf *syeftrnf*syeftrnf*syeftrnf*syeftrnf*syeftrnf Ak dvfbG J UtrnfAk dvfbG JUtrnfAk dvfbG J UtrnfAk dvfbG JUtrnfAk dvfbG J Utrnf

1/ ocifatmifqef; Om'oda Monji Ak dvfawZ

2/ ocif½Iarmif Takasugi Susumu Ak dvfae0if;3/ ocifausmfpdef Takahashi Ak dvfrk d;ñk d

4/ ocifcifarmifOD; Monya Masaru Ak dvfwm&m

5/ ocifaiG Katsura Ak dvfapmatmif

6/ ocifapmvGif Yamaoka Kiyoshi Ak dvfrif;acgif

7/ ocifpHjr Nakagawa Ichiro Ak dvfawmufxdef

8/ ocifpHvI dif Omura Tadashi Ak dvfatmif

9/ ocifpkd; Kono Ak dvfjrif hatmif10/ uk daqmif; Monya Hiroshi Ak dvfxdef0if;

11/ ocifwifat; Chinda Seiji Ak dvfbkef;jrif h

12/ ocifxGef;cif Nakamura Hitoshi Ak dvfjrif haqG

13/ ukdxGef;&S def Yamashita Teruo Ak dvf&efEkdif

14/ ocifxGef;a&T Utsumi Susumu Ak dvfvif;,kef

15/ ocifxGef;vGif Otani Hiroshi Ak dvfAv

16/ ocifxGef;tkyf Ichihara Ishiro -------------

17/ ocifA*srf; Baba Takeshi Ak dvfva&mif

18/ ocifarmifarmif Tsuchiya Ak dvfOmP

19/ ud ka&T Taniguchi Shin-ichi Ak dvfausmfaZm

20/ ocifvS Ito Hitochi Ak dvfrif;a&mif

21/ ocifvSaz Tani Kiyoshi Ak dvfvuf sm

22/ ocifvSarmif Kaga Masashi Ak dvfaZ,s23/ ocifvSNrdKif Itoda Tei-ichi Ak dvf&efatmif

24/ ocifopf Osawa Ak dvfapmaemif

25/ ocifoef;nTef Y Okawa Ak dvfZifa,mf

26/ ocifoef;wif(1) Yamada Ak dvfoef;wif

27/ ocifoef;wif(2) Tsubota Ak dvfjr'if

28/ ocifat;armif Mizuno Saburo Ak dvfrd k;

29/ ocifatmifoef; Hirata Masao Ak dvfpMuf m30/ ukdatmifodef; Hayashi Ak dvf&JxG#f



163

1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyfa&;acwf1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyfa&;acwf1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyfa&;acwf1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyfa&;acwf1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyfa&;acwf

jreffrmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Ujref frmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG J UjreffrmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Ujref frmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG J UjreffrmEk difiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ U

1/ a'gufwm barmf - t"dywdt&Sifrif;BuD;? 0efBuD;csKyf? ppfaoemywdcsKyf2/ ocifjr - 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf

3/ Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef; - umuG,fa&;0efBuD;

4/ ocifEk(OD;Ek ) - Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;

5/ OD;b0if; - jynfxJa&;Xme0efBuD;

6/ a'gufwmodef;armif - b@ma&;Xme0efBuD;

7/ OD;at; - tcGefawmfXme 0efBuD;

8/ OD;odrf;armif - w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;9/ OD;vSaz - opfawmESif how¬KwGif;Xme0efBuD;

10/ OD;vSrif; - ynm? usef;rm? pnfyifom,ma&;Xme0efBuD;

11/ OD;jr (aysmfbG,f ) - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESif h pufrIvufrI0efBuD;

12/ OD;pdef (AEKv) - 0g'jzef YcsDa&;? omoema&;? r[mArmESif h

Armh0efxrf;Xme0efBuD;

13/ OD;xGef;atmif - yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;Xme0efBuD;

14/ ocifvGef;abmf - vrf;yef;ESif hjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xme0efBuD;

15/ ocifoef;xGef; - ajrESif hv,f,mpk dufysdK;a&;Xme0efBuD;

16/ ocifav;armif - vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh qnfajrmif;Xme0efBuD;



164

1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeY1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeY1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeY1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeY1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeY

jynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmftpkd;&tzGJUjynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmftpkd;&tzGJUjynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmftpkd;&tzGJUjynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmftpkd;&tzGJUjynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmftpkd;&tzGJU

p0fa&Tokdufp0fa&Tokdufp0fa&Tokdufp0fa&Tokdufp0fa&Tokduf ----- or®wor®wor®wor®wor®w

1/ ocifEk - 0efBuD;csKyf

2/ Ak dvfvuf sm - 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfESif humuG,fa&;0efBuD;

3/ OD;wifxG#f - Ek difiHjcm;a&;Xme0efBuD;

4/ OD;ausmfNidrf; - jynfxJa&;Xme0efBuD;

5/ OD;wif - b@ma&;ESif htcGefawmfXme0efBuD;

6/ OD;A*srf; - w&m;Xme0efBuD;7/ ocifwif - v,f,mpk dufysdK;a&;ESif h opfawma&;Xme0efBuD;

8/ Ak dvfbk d;uGef; - ynma&;-jynfol Y0efxrf;ESif h-jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xme

0efBuD;

9/ OD;nk dxGef; - owif;ESif hjyefMum;a&;Xme0efBuD;

10/ OD;jr ([oF mw) - trsdK;om;pDrHudef;ESif hpufrIvufrIXme0efBuD;

11/ OD;uk duk dBuD; - ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;-axmufyH ha&;ESif ho,f,lyk daqmif

a&;Xme0efBuD;

12/ ref;0if;armif - vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;-taqmuftODESifhtvkyform;

Xme0efBuD;

13/ OD;xGef;jrif h - &Srf;jynfe,f0efBuD;

14/ apmpHbk d;oif - u&ifa&;&m0efBuD;

15/ qrm;'l;0g;qif0gaemif - ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD;

16/ apm0PÖ - u&ifeDjynf0efBuD;17/ OD;0rf;olarmif - csif;a&;&m0efBuD;

18/ Ak dvfpdefrSef - Xmevufuk difr&S d0efBuD;



165

1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (28)&uf1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (28)&uf1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (28)&uf1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (28)&uf1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (28)&uf

tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUtdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUtdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUtdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJUtdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJU

OD;0if;armif - or®w

1/ owkd;oD&dok"r® AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; - Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf? umuG,fa&;Xme?trsdK;om;pD;rHudef;Xme

2/ t*¾r[moa&pnfolowk d; - 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? Ek difiHjcm;a&;Xme? om

oD&dok"r® OD;odrf;armif oema&;Xme? usef;rma&;Xme? jynfol Y0ef

xrf;Xme

3/ owk d;r[moa&pnfol - &Srf;jynfe,f0efBuD;

p0f[H kz

4/ a'gufwm apmvSxGef; - u&ifjynfe,f0efBuD;5/ 'l0gaZmfvGef; - ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD;

6/ p0fpPÖ - u,m;jynfe,f0efBuD;

7/ OD;xefvsef; - csif;a&;&m0efBuD;

8/ r[moa&pnfol - jynfxJa&;Xme? jyefMum;a&;Xme?'Drk dua&pD

OD;cifarmifjzL a'oEÅ &tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif ha'oEÅ&tzGJ Ursm;

XmESif h vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;

rSwfyH kwifa&;Xme0efBuD;

9/ owkd;r[moa&pnfol - w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;

OD;csefxGef;atmif

10/ OD;ausmfNidrf; - b@ma&;ESif htcGefawmfXme0efBuD;

11/ pnfolOD;bMum; - ukefoG,frIwkd;wufa&;Xme? or0g,rESif h

ukefpnfjzef YjzLa&;XmeESif hypönf;axmuf

yH ha&;Xme0efBuD;12/ oa&pnfolOD;pHñGef U - o,f,lyk d Yaqmifa&;ESif h vrf;yef; qufoG,f

a&;XmeESif hjynfolYvkyfief;ESif h tdrf&m

aqmufvkyfa&;Xme0efBuD;

13/ OD;um - ynma&;Xme? v,f,mpk dufysdK;a&;ESif hopf

awma&;XmeESif hv,f,majrEkdifiHyk dif

jyKvkyfa&;Xme0efBuD;

14/ oD&dysHcsDOD;cspfaomif; - pufrIvufrIXme? ow¬KwGif;XmeESif htvkyform;Xme0efBuD;



166

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JUjynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JUjynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JUjynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JUjynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG JU

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúXawmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúXawmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúXawmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúXawmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúX

1/ Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if; - umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

tzG J U0ifrsm;tzG JU0ifrsm;tzG J U0ifrsm;tzG JU0ifrsm;tzG J U0ifrsm;

2/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf atmifBuD; - 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(Munf;)

3/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf oef;az - 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)4/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf wDuvpf - 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)

5/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf wifaz - ppfaxmufcsKyf

6/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf pef;,k - wkdif;rSL;? taemufajrmufwk dif;ppfXmecsKyf

7/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf pdef0if; - wkdif;rSL;? tv,fykdif;wk dif;ppfXmecsKyf

8/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; aomif;Munf - wkdif;rSL;? ta&S Uawmifwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf

9/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; Munfarmif - wk dif;rSL;? taemufawmifwk dif;ppfXmecsKyf

10/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; armifa&T - wkdif;rSL;? ta&SUyk dif;wk dif;ppfXmecsKyf

11/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; oef;pdef - ppfOD;pD; Ak dvfrSL;BuD;

12/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; ausmfpdef - ppf&mxl;cefYtwGif;0ef

13/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; apmjrif h - e,fjcm;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;csKyf

14/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; cspfNrdKif - wG JzufppfaxmufcsKyf

15/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; cifnk d - avhusif ha&;nTefMum;a&;rSL;

16/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; vS[ef - aq;0efxrf;nTefMum;a&;rSL;17/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; wef,kqk dif - 'kwd,&JwyfcsKyf? jynfapmif h&JwyfXmecsKyf



167


jynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ Ujynfaxmifpkor®wjref frmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJUjynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ Ujynfaxmifpkor®wjref frmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJUjynfaxmifpkor®wjref frmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJU

1/ Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if; - umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xm? b@ma&;XmESif h tcGefawmf

(awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuúX) 0efBuD;Xme? w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme/

2/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf atmifBuD; - ukefoG,frIESif hul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;Xme?

pufrIvufrI0efBuD;Xme/

3/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf wifaz - v,f,mpk dufysdK;a&;ESif h opfawma&;0efBuD;Xme? or

0g,rESif h ukefpnfjzefYjzLa&; 0efBuD;Xme

4/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf oef;az - ynma&;0efBuD;Xme? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme5/ OD;oD[ef - Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme? tvkyform;a&;0efBuD;Xme?

tdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme? ow¬KwGif;0efBuD;

Xme/

6/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; ausmfpkd; - jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme? vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;0efBuD;Xme/

7/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; apmjrif h - jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme/

8/ 'kwd,Ak dvfrSL;BuD; beD - vrf;yefqufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme/



168


jynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEkdifiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ Ujynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ Ujynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEkdifiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ Ujynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ Ujynfaxmifpkor®wjreffrmEk difiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpk d;&tzGJ U

1/ Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if; - (1) 0efBuD;csKyf&H k;

(2) trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;Xme

2/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf atmifBuD; - ypönf;axmufyHha&;0efBuD;Xme

3/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf wifaz - v,f,majrEk difiHykdifjyKvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xm

4/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; uk duk d - 0efBuD;rsm;tzG J UtwGif;0ef

5/ OD;oD[ef - jynfolYvkyfief;XmeESif hjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xmersm;

uk d tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;XmeESifhyl;aygif;

tkyfcsKyfoG m;&ef

6/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; ausmfpk d; - (1) 'Drk dua&pD a'oEÅ &tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h a'oEÅ &tzG J U

rsm;0efBuD;Xme

(2) omoema&;ESif hvlrI0efxrf;0efBuD;XmerS

omoema&;Xmersm;uk dtkyfcsKyfaqmif&Guf

oG m;&ef(3) trsdK;om;rSwfyH kwifa&;Xmeuk dvl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;

0efBuD;XmeESif hyl;aygif;tkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef

7/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; apmjrif h - (1) u,fq,fa&;? jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;ESif htrsdK;

om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;0efBuD;Xme

(2) vlrI0xrf;ESif homoema&;0efBuD;XmerS vlrI0ef

xrf;Xmersm;uk dtkyfcsKyfoG m;&ef



169

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfvSefa&;aumifpD? aMunmcsuftrSwf 72jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfvSefa&;aumifpD? aMunmcsuftrSwf 72jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfvSefa&;aumifpD? aMunmcsuftrSwf 72jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfvSefa&;aumifpD? aMunmcsuftrSwf 72jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmfvSefa&;aumifpD? aMunmcsuftrSwf 72

(1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH(1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH(1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH(1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH(1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH

jynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tBuHay;tzG JUjynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J UjynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tBuHay;tzG JUjynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J UjynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tBuHay;tzGJ U

1/ OD;ausmfNidrf; 17/ rGefzk d;csdK

2/ OD;ausmfrif; 18/ OD;AaqG

3/ Ak dvfcifarmifuav; 19/ Ak dvfrif;acgif

4/ Akdvfcifarmif 20/ OD;a&TBudKif

5/ ocifcspfarmif(0d"l&) 21/ ocifvGif

6/ ocifcspfarmif(jrefatmif ) 22/ ocifvSauR

7/ p0fpk dif;vH k 23/ ocifav;armif

8/ ocifpHjrif h 24/ OD;vGefykrf

9/ 'l0gaZmf&pf 25/ p0f0PÖ

10/ 'l0gaZmfvGef; 26/ ref;0if;armif

11/ ocifwif 27/ z'kda0aom

12/ OD;wifnTef Y 28/ ocifoif

13/ OD;xyfvI dif; 29/ ocifomcif

14/ OD;xGef;jrif h(vif;ac;) 30/ q&momxk d

15/ OD;Ek 31/ OD;omxGef;

16/ p0fjynf h 32/ Ak dvfrSL;atmif

33/Ek difatmifxGef;

1/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH awmfvSefa&;aumifpDokd YwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH awmfvSefa&;aumifpDok d YwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH awmfvSefa&;aumifpDokd YwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH awmfvSefa&;aumifpDok d YwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH awmf vSefa&;aumifpDokd YwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrm

Ek difiHjynfwGif;nDnGwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J U\tpD&ifcHpmEk difiHjynfwGif;nDnGwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J U\tpD&ifcHpmEk difiHjynfwGif;nDnGwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J U\tpD&ifcHpmEk difiHjynfwGif;nDnGwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J U\tpD&ifcHpmEk difiHjynfwGif;nDnGwfa&;tBuHay;tzG J U\tpD&ifcHpm/ (ae? xkwf? ESpf ryg)/ 84pm



170

1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf

tpkd;&tzGJUtpkd;&tzGJUtpkd;&tzGJUtpkd;&tzGJUtpkd;&tzGJU

OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if;OD;ae0if; ----- or®wor®wor®wor®wor®w

1/ OD;pdef0if; - 0efBuD;csKyf

2/ OD;vGif - 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? 0efBuD;? pDrHudef;ESif hb@ma&;

0efBuD;

3/ OD;ukduk d - 0efBuD;? jynfxJa&;ESif h omoema&;0efBuD;Xme

4/ OD;armifarmifc - 0efBuD;? pufrI0efBuD;Xme

5/ a'gufwmnDnD - 0efBuD;? ow¬KwGif;0efBuD;Xme

6/ OD;omausmf - 0efBuD;? yk d YaqmifqufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme7/ OD;xifausmf - 0efBuD;? aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme

8/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; pdefvGif - 0efBuD;? or0g,r0efBuD;Xme

9/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; Munfarmif - 0efBuD;? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme

10/ a'gufwm cifarmif0if;- 0efBuD;? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme

11/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf wifOD; - 0efBuD;? umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme

12/ OD;&Jacgif - 0efBuD;? v,f,mESifhopfawm0efBuD;Xme

13/ OD;pef0if; - 0efBuD;? ukefoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme

14/ OD;xGef;wif - 0efBuD;? tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme

15/ OD;cspfcif - 0efBuD;? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme

16/ OD;Aeful; - 0efBuD;? vlrI0efxrf;0efBuD;Xme

17/ OD;at;armif - 0efBuD;? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme

18/ OD;vSbkef; - 0efBuD;? Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme



171

EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJ U zGJ Upnf;jcif;Ek difiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG JU zG JUpnf;jcif;EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJ U zGJ Upnf;jcif;Ek difiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG JU zG JUpnf;jcif;Ek difiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG JU zG JUpnf;jcif;

Ek difiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufrItzG J U\ 18-9-88 aeYpG JygpmtrSwf (1^88)t&

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzG JUuk d atmufygyk*d ¾Kvfrsm;jzifh zGJ Upnf;onf -

1/ Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; apmarmif - OuúX2/ 'kwd, Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; oef;a&T - tzGJ U0if

3/ Ak dvfcsKyf armifarmifcif - tzG JU0if

4/ Ak dvfcsKyf wifxGef; - tzG JU0if

5/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf atmif&Jausmf - tzGJ U0if

6/ Ak dvfcsKyf bkef;jrifh - tzG JU0if

7/ Ad kvfcsKyf pdefatmif - tzGJ U0if

8/ Ak dvfcsKyf cspfaqG - tzG JU0if9/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf ausmfb - tzG J U0if

10/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf armifoif h - tzG JU0if

11/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf armifat; - tzG J U0if

12/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf OmPfvif; - tzG JU0if

13/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf jrif harmif - tzG JU0if

14/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf jroif; - tzG JU0if

15/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf xGef;Munf - tzGJ U0if

16/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif - tzGJ U0if

17/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;ñGef Y - tzG J U0if

18/ Ak dvfrSL;csKyf cifñGef Y twGif;a&;rSL; (1)

19/ Ak dvfrSL;BuD; wifOD; twGif;a&;rSL; (2) wk d YjzpfMuonf/



172

a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;

jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;

1/ wkdYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkwkdYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkwkdYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkwkdYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkwkdYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk/ &efukef? 1959/2/ EkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIEkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIEkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIEkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIEkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrI/ &efukef? 1968/

3/ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ &efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1946/

4/ om;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Yom;armifppfonfokd Y / &efukef? yH k*Hpmtkyfwk duf? 1973/

5/ ouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0ifouf&Sd&mZ0if/ &efukef? 1956/

6/ aoG;eDaoG;eDaoG;eDaoG;eDaoG;eD/ &efukef? 1946/

t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;1/ Aung San of Burma / &efukef? 1962/

2/ Burma and General Ne Win/ &efukef? 1969/

3/ Burma in the Family of Nations / &efukef? 1956/

4/ Burma's Constitution / &efukef? 1959/

5/ Burma's Teetrhing Time/ &efukef? 1949/

6/ Eggar's Law of Evidence / &efukef? 1959/

7/ The Forgotten Army / &efukef? 1946/

8/ Grim War against the KMT / &efukef? 1943/

10/ London Dirary / &efukef? 1952/

11/ A Trial in Burma / &efukef? 1962/



173

OD;Eka&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;Eka&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;Eka&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;Eka&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;Eka&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;

1/ umrwPSmumrwPSmumrwPSmumrwPSmumrwPSm/ &efukef? a'ompmaywk duf? 1982/

2/ urÇmwywfurÇmwywfurÇmwywfurÇmwywfurÇmwywf/ &efukef? bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1957/3/ urÇmeJUowå0gtp,Ofaus;rItptwGJ(1)urÇmeJUowå0gtp,Ofaus;rItptwGJ(1)urÇmeJUowå0gtp,Ofaus;rItptwGJ(1)urÇmeJUowå0gtp,Ofaus;rItptwGJ(1)urÇmeJUowå0gtp,Ofaus;rItptwGJ(1)/ &efukef? atmifavmupmay? 1968/

4/ aus;Zl;&Sifaus;Zl;&Sifaus;Zl;&Sifaus;Zl;&Sifaus;Zl;&Sif/ &efukef? *kPfxl;pmay? 1984/

5/ acgif;aqmifrsm;vufpGJacgif;aqmifrsm;vufpGJacgif;aqmifrsm;vufpGJacgif;aqmifrsm;vufpGJacgif;aqmifrsm;vufpGJ/ &efukef? zqyv(oef Y&Sif;)tzG J UcsKyfowif;ESif hjyefMum;a&;

Xme/

6/ *E¨mv&mZfrSwfwrf;*E¨mv&mZfrSwfwrf;*E¨mv&mZfrSwfwrf;*E¨mv&mZfrSwfwrf;*E¨mv&mZfrSwfwrf;/ &efukef? bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1955/

7/ ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf(1941-1945)ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf(1941-1945)ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf(1941-1945)ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf(1941-1945)ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf(1941-1945)? &efukef? a,m*DyH kES dyfwk duf? 1946/

8/ qkd&S,fvpf0g'qkd&S,fvpf0g'qkd&S,fvpf0g'qkd&S,fvpf0g'qkd&S,fvpf0g'/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef/9/ wmawpaeom;wmawpaeom;wmawpaeom;wmawpaeom;wmawpaeom;/ bHkab? - ? 1967/

10/ 'Drkdua&pDukdumuG,fMu'Drkdua&pDukdumuG,fMu'Drkdua&pDukdumuG,fMu'Drkdua&pDukdumuG,fMu'Drkdua&pDuk dumuG,f Mu/ &efukef? Armhacwfowif;pmwk duf/

11/ zdESdyfrIUwkdufyGJtqifhqifhzdESdyfrIUwkdufyGJtqifhqifhzdESdyfrIUwkdufyGJtqifhqifhzdESdyfrIUwkdufyGJtqifhqifhzdESdyfrIUwkdufyGJtqifhqifh/ &efukef? zqyv(oef Y&Sif;)tzG J UcsKyf? 1959/

12/ jynfaxmifpkeDwdpäjynfaxmifpkeDwdpäjynfaxmifpkeDwdpäjynfaxmifpkeDwdpäjynfaxmifpkeDwdpä/ &efukef? oef Y&Sif;zqvytzG J UcsKyf? 1960/

13/ jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdifjynfaxmifpkyef;wkdifjynfaxmifpkyef;wkdifjynfaxmifpkyef;wkdifjynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif/ &efukef? bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1956/

14/ rdwåAv#DumrdwåAv#DumrdwåAv#DumrdwåAv#DumrdwåAv#Dum/ &efukef? pmayavmupmtkyfwk duf? 1996/

15/ jrefrmhobifavmujrefrmhobifavmujrefrmhobifavmujrefrmhobifavmujrefrmhobifavmu/ &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1967/

16/ &ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f&ufpufygayhuG,f/ &efukef? O'gef;pmay? 1967/

17/ vlxkatmfoHjyZmwfvlxkatmfoHjyZmwfvlxkatmfoHjyZmwfvlxkatmfoHjyZmwfvlxkatmfoHjyZmwf/ &efukef? oDwmat;yH kES dyfwk duf 1957/

18/ vkdw&? EkdifiHa&;tbd"mefvkdw&? EkdifiHa&;tbd"mefvkdw&? EkdifiHa&;tbd"mefvkdw&? EkdifiHa&;tbd"mefvkdw&? EkdifiHa&;tbd"mef? &efukef? jrefrmjynfpmtkyfjzef YcsDa&;Xme? 1940/

19/ tmZmenftmZmenftmZmenftmZmenftmZmenf/ &efukef? bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1949/



174

OD;AaqGa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;AaqGa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;AaqGa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;AaqGa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;OD;AaqGa&;cJ haompmtkyfrsm;

1/ Armjynfqk d&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;AaqG&Sif;vif;csufArmjynfqk d&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;AaqG&Sif;vif;csufArmjynfqk d&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;AaqG&Sif;vif;csufArmjynfqk d&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;AaqG&Sif;vif;csufArmjynfqk d&S,fvpfygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;AaqG&Sif;vif;csuf/ &efukef?

Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfygwDXmecsKyf? 1951/2/ Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTef/ &efukef? jynfawmfpk d;yH kES dyfwk duf? 1955/

3/ Armjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefESifhigwkdYEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefESifhigwkdYEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefESifhigwkdYEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefESifhigwkdYEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfArmjynfqkd&S,fvpfvrf;ñTefESifhigwkdYEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOf/ &efukef? jynfol Ypmaywk duf?

1953/

4/ ArmhawmfvSefa&;ESifhArmhvkyfom;vlxkArmhawmfvSefa&;ESifhArmhvkyfom;vlxkArmhawmfvSefa&;ESifhArmhvkyfom;vlxkArmhawmfvSefa&;ESifhArmhvkyfom;vlxkArmhawmfvSefa&;ESifhArmhvkyfom;vlxk/ &efukef? jynfol Ypmaywk duf? 1955/



175



176175-u



177175-c



176

tnTef;tnTef;tnTef;tnTef;tnTef;jrefrmpmtñTef;jrefrmpmtñTef;jrefrmpmtñTef;jrefrmpmtñTef;jrefrmpmtñTef;

(u)(u)(u)(u)(u)

taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&m pmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES m

ucsifjynfe,f 62? 84? 86? 90? 97

ucsifjynfe,fvIyf&S m;rIrsm; 60

ucsifaomif;usef;olrsm; 84

u'Gwf 136

uae'g 77

uAsmzG J Ujcif; 122u,m;aoewfuk difwyf&if; 59

u&if 106? 121

u&ifwk dif;&if;om;rsm; 23

u&ifjynfe,f 18? 82? 84

u&if-Armacgif;aqmifrsm; 37

u&ifArm&Jacgifajymufusm; 24

u&ifbifc&mtzG J U 5

u&ifa&aemuf 58

u&if&G m

u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t&H k; 24

u&ifolykef 7

u&iftrsdK;om;wyf 5

uav;jyKpka&;Xme 50uavmNrdKU 59? 138

u0drsufrSef 122

uom 23

uomNrdKU 12

umuG,fa&;ypönf;xkwfvkyfrIwyfzG J Ursm; 143

umuG,fa&;0efBuD; 37? 38? 41? 61? 123? 128

umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme 88? 91umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xmeppf&H k; 150



177

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 43

umvuwå m;ppfwuúok dvf 23umvuwå m;aq;&H k 24

um0g&S D;rm; 32

uDqaum 35

uDrl&mESif htD*sDrm 35

ukvor*¾ 8? 74

ukvor*¾qk dif&mtNrJwrf;uk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J U&H k; 51

ukvm; 121ukvm;xk d;toif; 122

ulvD 121

]]aubk dwk dif}} 126

autif'Dtk d 19? 25? 44? 150

autif'Dtk drsm; 40? 112

autif,l 24? 94

autk difat 84? 86? 90

autrfwDw&kwfjzLwyfrrsm; 81

autrfwDwyfrsm; 41

autrfwDwyfom; 8

aumvdyfausmif;om; 122

aumvdyfpum;&nfvkyG J

aumhu&dwfNrdKU 134uk duk dBuD;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 107

uk deef'G dKif;? tmomtmomtmomtmomtmom 13

uk d&D,mrm&l; 32

uk d&D;,m; 77? 145

uk d&D;,m;Ek difiH 70

uk d&D;,m;or®wEk difiH 64? 97? 151

uk dvHbk dNrdKU 118uk dvHbk duGefz&if; 118

taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&m pmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESmpmrsufESm



179

usLukwfNrdKU 8

usL;ausmfppfyG J ausmfNidrf;? uk duk duk duk duk d 101? 105? 124

ausmfNidrf;? ociffociffociffociffociff 36

ausmfNidrf;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 26? 107? 113? 125? 127

128? 129? 130

ausmfaZm? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 39? 127

ausmfxGef;? ocifocifocifocifocif 129

ausmfae0if; 55ausmufBuD; 81? 83

ausmufqnf 81

ausmufwHwm;NrdKU 50

ausmufrsuf&wemjyyG J

usdKu©rD 134

usdKufvwf 59

usdKufoHvefoydwfpcef; 134usifjr? a':a':a':a':a': 77

usif h0wf 16

ausmif;yk&d0kPf 144

ausmif;om;oydwf 57

ausmif;om;or*¾ 103? 121

ausmif;om;or*¾trIaqmifa&G;aumufyG J

usdKif;wH k

usdKif;wH ka'o 8? 82

usef;rma&; 15

usHKweD; 82

usHKaysmf 82

usHKaysmfwHwm;opf 63

usHKaysmfNrdKU 23usHK&J 136




180

BuD;yG m;a&;

]]aMujimcsuftrSwf72}} 131aMu;rH k0if;? a':a':a':a':a': 55

BudKUukef; 148

BudKUukef;blwm 91? 144

BudKUukef;bk d;awmf &mausmfausmif; 150

BudKUukef;&yfuGuf 92

BudKUyif 24

MuufajceDtoif; 20Muufarmufawmifqnf 49

Munfrif;acgif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 140

uGufpdwf 52

uGefqmaA;wpftwk duftcHrsm; 109

uGefysLwmvkyfief; 94

uGefjrLepf 107? 126

uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm; 117uGefjrLepfygwD 7? 111? 128

uGefjrLepfrsm; 129

uGefjrLepfrmufpf0g' 123

uGefjrLepf0g'pmay 104

uGrf;,mqk difzGif hjcif; 122

uRefynma&; 102

uRefjyKtkyfpk d;jcif; 15

]]uREk fyf\jrefrmEk difiH}} 20

(c)(c)(c)(c)(c)c&k difaumfrwD0if 134

c&k dif0ef q

c&pf,mefbmom 50? 113

c&rfppfqifa&; 84cJ,rf;rsm; 89




181

cufvefwrH 49

cifcifav;? a':a':a':a':a': 146cifpef;EG J U? a':a':a':a':a': 118

cifwif h? a':a':a':a':a': 142

cifaroef;? a':a':a':a':a': 55

cifarmifuav;? AkdvfAk dvfAkdvfAk dvfAk dvf 79? 107

cifjrif h? a':a':a':a':a': 77

cifOD;vGif? a':a':a':a':a': 140

cifat;oufwif? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 118MunfhMunfhMunfhMunfhMunfh cifat;Ek? a':a':a':a':a':

acwåwyfr[mrSL; 150

csLaw; 117

csLtifvk dif; 117? 118? 129

acsmfuefawmifMum; 86

csufuk dpvk dAufuD;,m;Ek difiH 9? 54? 145

csufuk dpvk dAufqk d&S,fvpfor®wEk difiH 146acsmuf&Sufpul? eDukdvkdufeDukdvkdufeDukdvkdufeDukdvkdufeDukdvkduf? rpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwm 64

csif; 106

cspf? ocifocifocifocifocif 124

cspfMunfa&;rdwfquftzG J U 117

cspfpdef? apm 5

cspfwif? ocifocifocifocifocif 30

cspfxGef; 137

cspfaz? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 142

cspfarmif? ocifocifocifocifocif 129

cspfNrdKif? Ak dvfAkdvfAkdvfAkdvfAkdvf 127

csefau&Swftpk d;& 117

csHK? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 2

cGefcsdK? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 113cGefpdef? ocifocifocifocifocif 81




182

(*)(*)(*)(*)(*)

*a&mhpfAif;em;a[mufpfa[mfw,f 110*l*sD&wDausmif; 80

a*:uD? rufZifrufZifrufZifrufZifrufZif 104

a*:&mukef; 135

*k d k d;vfa[mpfwJa&pfxdyf 14

*kPfxl;aqmifyxrqif hqkwHqdyf 132

*wf0pfjrif;yG J

*E¨ mv&mZf *ef Ya*ga'o 86

*syef 37? 54? 77? 118? 145

*syefausmif;om;rsm; 15

*syefacwf 142

*syefppfXmecsKyf 105

*syefppft&m&S d

*syefawmfvSefa&; 142*syefEk difiH 64? 74? 132? 145? 146? 151

*syefjynf 31? 125

*syefbmompmoifausmif;BuD; 135

*syefowif;pm 104

*syeftpk d;& 104

*syeft,f'Dwm 105

*smreD 54? 77? 145

*smrPDEk difiH 132? 140

*sD? pD? bD? at 110? 101

*sDba&mfvfwma&vufMum; 13

*sLeD,m[m',f? z&efuvifz&efuvifz&efuvifz&efuvifz&efuvif 90

(i)(i)(i)(i)(i)

iysif;&G m iok dif;acsmif; 15




183

ig;ykpGefarG;jrLzrf;qD;a&;vkyfief; 94

]]ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf}} 117aiGpk d;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 55

aiGpuúLrsm; 48

aiGawmifqnf 49

Nidrf;csrf;a&; 111? 118

Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf 19

Nidrf;Nidrf;? a':a':a':a':a': 20

(p)(p)(p)(p)(p)pMumoD[bk&m; 72

pwD;bk&m;om;opfukrÜPD 36

pwm;wHqdyf 64

pwkw¬tBudrfygwDnDvmcH 150

pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; 151

pwkw¬tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfESif h 143? 150

jynfol UaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fyG JpeaA' 123

pepfopfynma&; 49

pavESif huRef;acsmif;"gwfajrMoZmpuf&H k 49

pmMunf hwk duf? jywk dufESif hjyyG Jrsm;BuD;MuyftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 50

pmwk dufESif haMu;eef;XmecG J

pmyl;awmif;wk dufyG J

pmzwfjcif; 122

pma&;jcif; 122

pm&if;ppfcsKyf&H k; 94

pDpD0rfwmyefa'o 89

pDrHudef;ESif hb@ma&;0efBuD;Xme 150

pdrHudef;ESif hb@ma&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; 151

pDtm&f'DbDtzG J U 9pD;yG m;a&;jyóem




184

pl*D;? wumwumwumwumwum 33

plplrk? wupkudwupkudwupkudwupkudwupkud 35apwemh0efxrf;aeYuav;xdef;Xme 50

apm? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 39? 76

apmcif? a':a':a':a':a': 100

apmarmif? qmqmqmqmqm 3

pHxGef;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 79

pH'g;? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 100

pHz? p0fp0 fp0fp0 fp0f 10pHaz? OD;? q&mBuD;-OD;? q&mBuD;-OD;? q&mBuD;-OD;? q&mBuD;-OD;? q&mBuD;- 81

pHarmif? uk duk duk duk duk d 30

pHvS? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 27

pk d;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 82

pk d;? ocifocifocifocifocif 86? 104? 105? 123? 128

puúLjzLpmwrf; 17? 38

pufaumfwk dufyG J pufrIpk dufysdK;a&;ESif htoufarG;ynma&;Oya' 49

pufrIwuúok dvf 91? 92? 144? 149

pufrIwuúok dvfausmif;om; 53

pufrIvufrIwyf&if;(2) 137

pufrI0efBuD;Xme 143

pufrIodyÜ Hausmif;toif; 142

puf&H kaygif; 49

puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; 17

pifumylEk difiH 77? 140? 145? 146

ppfuk dif; 69? 79

ppfaq;a&;txl;cH k;&H k;tzG J U 17

ppfwuúok dvf 142

ppfawmif; 82ppfawGaumvdyf 62




185

ppfaxmufcsKyf 60

ppfynm 31ppfNyD;acwftkyfcsKyfa&; 10

ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf 64

ppfrSefaom'Drk dua&pD 144

ppf&mxl;cef YcsKyf&H k; 60

ppfa&;csKyf 88

ppfav,mOf pD-47 90

ppfvufeufypönf;rsm; 89ppfol&Jaumif;bG J U 5

ppfaoemywd 38

ppfaoemywdcsKyf 47? 59

ppfOD;pD;wuúok dvf 59? 98? 138

ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;) 150

ppftkyfcsKyfa&; p? 38? 125

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 69pnfolwHqdyf 140

pE´ m0if;? a':a':a':a':a': 55

pE´ m0if;vufzuf&nfqk dif 91? 144

pef;pef;Ek 118

pef;,k? AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;Ak dvfBuD; 58? 136

pef;,k? AkdvfcsKyfrSL;AkdvfcsKyfrSL;AkdvfcsKyfrSL;AkdvfcsKyfrSL;AkdvfcsKyfrSL; 47

pef;,k? AkdvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyf 60

pef;,k? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 57? 92? 97

pdefrSef? Ak dvfAkdvfAkdvfAkdvfAk dvf 7? 111

pdefrSef? Ak dvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;Ak dvfBuD; 136? 137

pdefvGif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 67

pdef0if;? Ak dvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;Ak dvfBuD; 58? 135? 136

pdef0if;? Ak dvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;Ak dvfrSL; 136pdef0if;? Ak dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyfAk dvfrSL;csKyf 82




186

pdef0if;? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 134

pdeftefaxmfeDausmif; 135prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f 132

(q)(q)(q)(q)(q)

qrm;a'ao 84

q&mpH 17? 103

qmbG J U

qDqk difa'o 81ql*D;? rpfZl½IrpfZl½IrpfZl½IrpfZl½IrpfZl½I 31

qlZluD; 35

]]qlZluD;}} 36? 37

qlZluD;? au*sDau*sDau*sDau*sDau*sD 31

qkwmed? tDemtkdrdtDemtkdrdtDemtkdrdtDemtkdrdtDemtkdrd 31

ql;avbk&m;vrf; 108

aq;ausmif; 57aq;a';a'o 82

]]qHyifñ§yfqk difzGif hjcif;}} 122

qk difz? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 10

qk d*Gef;NrdKU 34

qk dAD,ufEk difiHawmftpk d;& 19

qk d&S,fvpfpepf ps

qk d&S,fvpfpD;yG m;a&;pepf

qk d&S,fvpfpD;yG m;a&;pDrHudef;aumfrwD 48

qk d&S,fvpfygwD 128

qk d&S,fvpfygwD0if 112

qk d&S,fvpfygwDOuú| 123

qk dvH kz? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 10

qk d;az? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 20aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme 139




187

qifjzL&Sif*kPfxl;aqmifbG J U 54

qif h? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 72qif;'0pfvrf; 80

aqmif;yg;a&;jcif; 122

qnfajrmif;wmwrHwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; 95

q|o*F g,emwifyG JBuD; 116

q|o*F g,emr[m"r®obifBuD; 19

qdwf? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 12

qEcH,lyG J qG D'DEk difiH 118

aqG-Nidrf;tkyfpk 130

qGpfaumhudwfcsfblwm&H k 14

qGpfZmvef 16? 77? 145

qGrfy&mbH ka'o 84

(Z)(Z)(Z)(Z)(Z)

Z&yfBuD; 83ZD;ukef; 15

aZ,s? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 39

aZ,sausmfxifppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf 145

aZ,s0wD 82

aZmwdu? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 36

aZmfwl; 86

aZmf'ef 86

aZmfrif;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 39

Zmwfq&m 117

ZmwfedygwfyH kjyif 52

ZG Jae0if; 55

(ps)(ps)(ps)(ps)(ps)

aps;uGufpD;yG m;a&;pepf




188

(n)(n)(n)(n)(n)

nD? ocifocifocifocifocif 32anmifuk dif 136

anmifi,f&G m

anmifwkef; 83

anmifwkef;a'owk dufyG J

anmifa&TNrdKU 2? 10

anmifa&TapmfbG m;BuD; 107? 109

nGef U? a':a':a':a':a': 12nTefMum;a&;rSL; 143

(X)(X)(X)(X)(X)aX;rif;acgif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 140

(w)(w)(w)(w)(w)wwd,tBudrfygwDnDvmcH 43

wwd,tBudrfjynfol UvTwfawmfESif h 143

jynfol YaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fyG Jwwd,tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfyxrtpnf;ta0; 150

weoF m&Dwk dif; 94? 121

wyifa&TxD; 84

w&m;vTwfawmf 17

w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf 18

w&m;0efBuD; 17

w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme 68

w&m;&H k;csKyfzG J Upnf;jcif; 51

w&kwf 9? 77? 121

w&kwfausmif;om;rsm; 15

w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD 88? 89

w&kwfEk difiH 9? 27? 97? 116? 117? 118? 151

w&kwfjynfESif h&k&S m;jynf w&kwfjynfol Uor®wEk difiH 54? 64? 84? 89? 132? 145? 146




189

w&kwfjzL 44

w&kwfjzLulrifwef 83w&kwfjzLvIyf&S m;rIrsm; 60

w&kwf-Arme,fpyfvlxktpnf;ta0; 129

w&kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwfpmcsKyf 60

w&kwf0efBuD;csKyf 129

wmcsDvdwf 81

wmawpaeom; 100

wm&m? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 36wkofbD? &k dif&k dif&k dif&k dif&k dif 13

wdyd#u"&pmar;yG Jrsm; 96

wDvfbm&D 13

awZ? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 35

awmfrD&k duf? AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD; 150

awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ps? Z? 27? 47? 75? 83? 131? 139

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú| 47? 55wk dusdKNrdKUjrefrmtzG J U&H k; 51

wk d YArmtpnf;t&H k; 30? 103? 104

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuú|BuD; 131

wHwm;OD; 81

wk dusdKNrdKU 31

wk d0Jvf? vpf(p)? avmh'fvpf(p)? avmh'fvpf(p)? avmh'fvpf(p)? avmh'fvpf(p)? avmh'f 108

wuúok dvfynma&;pepf 49

wuúok dvfynma&;Oya' 49

wuúok dvf&efyH kaiGtzG J U 20

wuúok dvf0ifpmar;yG J

wuúok dvfor*¾trIaqmif 102

wuúok dvfor*¾Ouú| 102

wk dufyk dif&JrSL; 134wif? ocifocifocifocifocif 113




190

wifwif? a':a':a':a':a': 55

wif hrif;acgif? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 140wif;(rf )jrpf

awmifuk d&D;,m;Ek difiH 88

awmifBuD; 69

awmifBuD;aumvdyf 62

awmifBuD;NrdKU 62? 80? 92? 144

awmifil 17? 69? 82? 83? 84

awmifilc&k dif 82awmifile,fajr 84

awmifwGif;BuD; 59

awmifwGif;wl;ajrmif; 49

awmifNydKvuf0JvufcHa&;pcef; 68

awmifolv,form;ta&;tcif; 17

wk dif&m 35

wk dif;wm; 86wk dif;(2) 67

wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf 4? 39? 108? 138

wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyG J 24? 107

wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwf 123

wk dif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfOuú| 109

wk dif;rif;BuD; q

wk dif;&if;om;*sme,f 24

1972-1974 ckESpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf ps

1974-1988 ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&; ps

1960-1962 tkyfcsKyfa&; Z

1962-1972 ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&; Z

1958-1960 tkyfcsKyfa&; Z

1954- ckESpf? arv 17 &uf 191919- ckESpf 'k diftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; q




191

1988 ckESpftxdtkyfcsKyfa&; n

1942-1945 *syefacwftkyfcsKyfa&; q1945-1958 tkyfcsKyfa&; Z

1945-1948 tkyfcsKyfa&; q

1948- ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY 6

1935 ckESpf (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&; q

1300 jynf ha&eHajroydwfBuD; 123

wnfNrJzqyv 130

wefpka&S mif wefvGrfa&S mif

wef Y,ef;e,fajrqlylaomif;usef;rIrsm; 60

wyfukef;NrdKU 83

wyfMuyf 74

wyfxdef;csKyf 150

wyfrawmf 126

wyfrawmfavhusif ha&;rSL; 150wyfrawmfvQyfppfESif hpufrIwyfzG J U 143

wyfrawmftpk d;& 42

wyf&if;rSL; 138? 150

wyfr[m(2) 82

wyf&if;(4) 67

wyf&if;(83) 67

Bwd*Ha'o 84

wG JzufppfaxmufcsKyf 138

wG Haw; 83

wG Haw;awmBuD;wef; 83

(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)xrif;csufwHqdyf 72

x&ded'ufwuúok dvf 10xm;0,fNrdKU 36? 69? 121? 124? 134

xm;0,fNrdKUtpk d;&txufwef;ausmif; 134




192

xm;0,for*¾ 131

xm;0,ftrsdK;orD;txufwef;ausmif; 121xD;&k d;abuw 82

ax&0g'Ak'bmom p

ax&0g'Ak'usrf;pm 96

axmufvSrf;a&;t&m&S di,f 2

xifpD? ume,fume,fume,fume,fume,f 4

xifeDwDa[m(vf )(0g)a,&I Uaumvdyf 14

xk dif; 77? 145xk dif;Ek difiH 97? 118? 138? 140? 145? 146? 151

xk dif;Ek difiHbk&ifrif;jrwf 132

xk dif;Ek difiHtdrfa&S Urif;om; 145

xk dif;bk&ifrif;jrwf 27? 52? 54

xk dif;bk&if hvufeufuk difwyfzG J Ursm; 145

xef;wyif 82

xef;wyifNrdKUe,f 24? 83xdef0if;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 7

xGef;wif? AkdvfBuD;? wyfcGJrSL;AkdvfBuD;? wyfcGJrSL;AkdvfBuD;? wyfcGJrSL;AkdvfBuD;? wyfcGJrSL;Ak dvfBuD;? wyfcG JrSL; 148

xGef;wif? OD;? ol&-OD;? ol&-OD;? ol&-OD;? ol&-OD;? ol&- 149

xGef;&S def? ukd (Akdvf&efEkdif)ukd (Akdvf&efEkdif)ukd (Akdvf&efEkdif)ukd (Akdvf&efEkdif)ukd (Akdvf&efEk dif) 124

xGef;a&T? e*g;eD-e*g;eD-e*g;eD-e*g;eD-e*g;eD- 124

xGef;a&T? OD;? bDtkdifat-OD;? bDtkdifat-OD;? bDtkdifat-OD;? bDtkdifat-OD;? bDtkdifat- 149

xGef;vif;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 7? 107

xGef;vI dif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 121

xGef;OD;? OD;OD ;OD;OD ;OD; 81

(')(')(')(')(')'*kefr*¾Zif; 122

'*H kNrdKUopf 94

'nif;ukef;&yf 134'vNrdKUopf 94




193

'D*&Daumvdyfrsm; 62

'D? a*s? pavmha*s? pavmha*s? pavmha*s? pavmha*s? pavmh 102'Drk dua&pD ps

'Drk dua&pDa'oEÅ &tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h 68

a'oEÅ &tzG J Utpnf;rsm;0efBuD;Xme

'Drk dua&;pDESif hNidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J UcsKyfOuú| 27

'D;'kwf*sme,f 122

'kwd,urÇ mppf 17? 23? 90? 91

'kwd,urÇ mppfBuD; 30? 79? 104'kwd,urÇ mppfyG JBuD; 34

'kwd,ESpf 57

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf 40? 108? 123

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfrsm; 113

'kwd,or®w 81

'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;oydwfBuD; 122

'kwd,tBudrfygwDnDvmcH 143'kwd,tBudrfjynfol YvTwfawmfESif h 143? 150

jynfol UaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fyG J

a';'&J 103? 138

a'g&xwmwrH 49

'k dqefyef 33

'k d YArmoDcsif; 29

'k d YArmtpnf;t&H k; 29

'k d;td 135

'k dufOD;ppfrsufES m 5

a'gif;wHqdyf 36

a'gif;eif;vrf; 110

'k difeD[ef 33

'k diftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; p? q? 101]]'k diftpfyef}} 33




194

'H k[D;&G m

a'G;? a':a':a':a':a': 27(")(")(")(")(")"EkjzLNrdKUe,f 83

"mwfawmfrsm; 115

"mwfow¬KXme0efBuD; 24

"r®i,f 136

"r®apwDvrf; 80

"r®pMumaeY 115"r®&u© dwukef;awmf 63

(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)e*g;eDpmapmif 124

e*g;eDpmay 29

e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; 116

e*g;Ek dif 8

e,l;ZDvefEk difiH 146e0wywåjrm; 97

e0&wfo&zlywåjrm; 97

e0if;acsmif; 57

em*tMurrf;zufaomif;usef;olrsm; 84

em;azmh 84

eDeDjrif h? a':a':a':a':a': 55

eDayg 54? 77

eDaygEk difiH 52? 140

Ek? uk duk duk duk duk d 103? 122

Ek? ocifocifocifocifocif 103? 105? 110? 117

Ek? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 60? 100? 102? 113

Ek? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD;? 0efBuD;csKyf-0efBuD;csKyf-0efBuD;csKyf-0efBuD;csKyf-0efBuD;csKyf- 19? 42

Ek-wiftkyfpk 130EkEkaqG? a':a':a':a':a': 132




195

EkEk&D? a':a':a':a':a': 146

Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf 24? 40? 110aeMunfAaqG? a':a':a':a':a': 132

aepnfAaqG? a':a':a':a':a': 132

aeñTef UAaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 132

aexGef;AaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 132

aeEG,fAaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 132

aezl;AaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 132

aerif;AaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 132aersdK;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 58

aersdK;AaqG? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 132

ae&nfAaqG? a':a':a':a':a': 132

ae&Sife,fausmif; 79

ae0if;? Ak dvfAk dvfAkdvfAk dvfAk dvf 35? 37? 39

ae0if;? Ak dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyf 40? 112

ae0if;? Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;Ak dvfcsKyfBuD; 26? 76? 77? 82? 113? 115? 131ae0if;? Ak dvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD; 38

ae0if;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 29? 60? 92

aeol&def&H kBuD; 39

aeol&deftpnf;ta0;cef;r 106

aeYuav;xdef;Xme 50

aemifawmfcRwfcPf; 116

Ek difiHjcm;aiG 48

Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD; 104? 105

Ek difiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme 90

Ek difiHjcm;oHwref 53

Ek difiHjcm;oHwreftcsdKU 144

Ek difiHawmfaumifpD ps

Ek difiHawmfaumifpD0if 134? 139Ek difiHawmfaumifpDOuú| 55? 62? 68? 69? 75




196

Ek difiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzG J U n? 93? 95? 97

Ek difiHawmfppfrIxrf;wHqdyf 64Ek difiHawmfw&m;&H k;csKyf 94

Ek difiHawmfzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'Oya' 47

Ek difiHawmfbmom 115? 131

Ek difiHawmfvH kNcHKa&;ESif htkyfcsKyfrIpDrHudef; ps

Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf 139

Ek difiHawmfoHCem,utzG J U 96

Ek difiHawmfor®w 62? 68? 69? 75Ek difiHawmfor®wBuD; 19

Ek difiHawmftpk d;&tBuHay;tzG J UOuú| 19

Ek difiHawmftmPm 115

Ek difiHa&;pdwf"gwf 102

Ek difiHa&;jyóem 91

Ek difiH h*kPf&nf(yxrqif h ) 54? 64? 76

Ek difiH h*kPf&nfbG J U Ek difiH*kPf&nfbG J U(yxrqif h ) 54? 64? 76

ewfwvif; 58

ewfwvif;NrdKU 136

ewåvif;NrdKUe,f 150

eef;? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 2

eef;NrdKU 80

eef;,if;,if;? p0 fp0 fp0fp0fp0f 10

eef;&if&if? p0fp0fp0fp0fp0f 10

eef;a[rm? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 10

er®wl 86

erf h[k dif; 86

e,fyk dif q

e,fomvefEk difiH 151]]EG m;ok d;BudK;jywf}} 117




197

ESif;ykvJblwm 36

(y)(y)(y)(y)(y)yckuúL 69

ypdzdwfppfrsufES mppfyG JBuD; 59

ypdzdwfork'&m 34

yqD*g; 84

ynma&;okawoeOya' 49

y|ef; 24 ypönf; 116

y'g;acsmif; 82yxptpk d;& 19? 26

yxrausmif;om;oydwf 100? 101

yxrBuD;pmar;yG Jrsm; 96

yxri,f 96

yxrqH k;0efBuD;csKyf 101

yxrqH k;or®w 48

yxrqH k;0efBuD;csKyf 110yxrvwf 96

yxr0efBuD;csKyf 111

yxro*F g,em

yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcH 75? 150

yxrtBudrfjynfol UvTwfawmfESif h 143? 150

jynfol UaumifpDtqif hqif ha&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufyG J

yxrtBudrftvkyform;tpnf;t&H k;Ouú| 143

ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfrIpepf p

y&J,m;? AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;Ak dvfrSL; 82

ytk d U0fwk dif;&if;om;rsm; 80

ygupöwefEk difiH 45? 54? 77? 118? 140

ygwDA[k dtvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if 150

ygwDvkyfief;pdppfa&;aumfrwDOuú| 139ygarmu©wZD; 73




198

ygvDrefvTwfawmf 25

ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&; ZyDuif;NrdKU 60

yD-tm&f-yD (People's Revalutionary Party ) 124

ykBuD;? rrrrr 83

ykZGefawmifacsmif; 44

]]ykxkZaemOr®waum}} 117

ykvJqdyfurf; 34

ykvdyfuif;tzG J U 3ykvdyf&H k;BuD; 102

ykodrfc&k dif 23

ykodrfNrdKU 12? 17

ykodrfajrmufyk dif;rJqEe,f 24

ykodrftpk d;&txufwef;ausmif; 13

yJcl; 36? 59? 69

yJcl;ppfrsufES m yJcl;wk dif; 50? 81? 94

yJcl;NrdKU 135

yJcl;&k d;r 83? 127

yJcl;&k d;rtaemufjcrf; 136

yJcl;a&Tarmfa"m 8

yJcl;a&Tarmfa"mapwDawmf 19

yJEG,fukef; 74

yJav;? a':a':a':a':a': 121

ay:xGef;? qmqmqmqmqm 34

yk d Uquf

yk d UaqmifqufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme 68

yk d Yaqmifa&;ESif hvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; 24

aygufukef; 58aygufp 58? 84




199

yifvH knDvmcH 3

yif;tk difpcef; 137aygif;wvnfNrdKU 29

ypfu,f',fvDqyfuyf 15

ypöwk daoewf 90

ypöwk dtdwfaqmifaoewf 36

yOö"gwk[ewdbufapwDawmf 52

]]yOörHajymufusm;ppf}} 36

ykPÖ m;&G m 58? 137yk'fr 116 42

yef*syf 14

yef;csD? yef;yk? yefwsmausmif; 50

yef;waemf 83

yef;waemftrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif; 103

yef;vI difvrf; 132

yef;O,smOftoif; 26yH kES dyfvkyfief;rsm;ESif hxkwfa0olrsm;rSwfyH kwifOya' 50

yH kygusif 83

ydóEk d;NrdKUa[mif; 50

ysOfyH kBuD; 81

ysOf;rem; 36

ysOf;rem;e,f 127

ysOf;rem;ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfppfXmecsKyf 135

jyZmwfpmay 101? 104

jyZmwfrsm; 116

jyvk d U&G m

jyLapmxD; 82

jyifopf 16? 77? 132? 145

jyifopfEk difiH 151jyifOD;vGif 79




200

jyifOD;vGifNrdKU 27

ajymif;jyma&avS mifwrH 49jynf 17

jynfc&k dif 29? 57

jynfNrdKU 29? 57

jynfawmfomoabF m 19

jynfwGif;qdyfurf;a&aMumif;? avaMumif;ESif h 24

yifv,fqdyfurf;oG m;vma&;Xme0efBuD;

jynfwGif;tBuHay;tzG J U0if jynfxJa&;0efBuD; 108? 126

jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme 68

jynfxJa&;ESif homoema&;0efBuD;Xme 68

jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf 48

jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmf ps

zG J J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'

jynfaxmifpkqk d&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmfor®w 55jynfaxmifpkaeY 3

jynfaxmifpkygwD 45? 46

jynfaxmifpkzG J Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya' 18

jynfaxmifpkArmhtvHawmfBuD; 5

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiH 31? 131

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf 40

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHtpk d;&tzG J U 61

jynfaxmifpkor®w*smreDEk difiH 64? 97

jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiH 111

]]jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEk difiHawmfBuD;}} 128

jynfaxmifpktpk d;& 8

jynfaxmifpktzG J Uopf

jynfy&efES drfwHqdyf 64jynfvH k;uRwfnDvmcHBuD; 114




201

jynfom,mppfqifa&; 51

jynfolyk difodrf;qnf;jcif;vkyfief; 48jynfol UaumifpD 91

jynfol Uppfwk dufyG J0ifwHqdyf 64

jynfol UppfrIxrf;tufOya' 49

jynfol Uw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf 51

jynfol Uawmifolv,form;aumifpD 47

jynfol U&Jabmf 7

jynfol UvTwfawmf 41? 48? 62jynfol UvTwfawmfuk d,fpm;vS,f 143? 150

jynfol UvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;r 151

jynfol UolemjyKtzG J U 20

jynfol Uta&;awmfyH kygwD 124

jynfol Utvkyform;aumifpD 47

jynf;jynf;? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 10

jyefMum;a&;ynmrsm; 73jyefMum;a&;0efBuD; 104

jyefwrf;0ift&m&S d

yGwf&k dif;? vm;vf&m*smvm;vf&m*smvm;vf&m*smvm;vf&m*smvm;vf&m*sm 14

(z)(z)(z)(z)(z)zqyv 4? 39? 79? 123

zqyvtpk d;& 6? 7? 40

zqyvtzG J U 24? 111

zqyvtzG J UcsKyf 39? 128? 132

zqyvtzG J UcsKyfBuD; 108

zqyvtzG J U0if

zqyvtvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0; 129

zqyvOD;pD;tzG J Utpnf;ta0; 130

zqyvOuú| 129zvl; 94




202

zvH k? p0fp0fp0fp0fp0f 9

zmyGef 36zm;,m;BuD;uefpk 58

zdvpfyk difEk difiH 54? 140? 151

zlultk dum 32

azbD,H 103

azmfrk dqm 8

zk d;uGef;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 7? 111

zd k k;c? OD; (aygif;wvnf)OD; (aygif;wvnf)OD; (aygif;wvnf)OD; (aygif;wvnf)OD; (aygif;wvnf) 29zk d;0J? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 30

zufqpf*syef 58? 117? 126

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; 23? 38? 136

zufqpfwk dufzsufa&;jynfol UvGwfvyfa&;tzG J U(zwyv) 38

(Anti Fascist Organization )(A.F.O )

zufqpfwk dufzsufa&;jynfol UvGwfvyfa&;tzG J UcsKyfBuD; 106

zufqpfemZD 38zuf'&,frl 26? 115? 130

azmifawmfOD;apwD 2

zkef;rif;acgif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 140

zsmyH k 59? 103? 138

zsmyH kc&k dif 17? 59

jzL; 82? 83

zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya' 25? 39? 46? 47? 68

zG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'opf 61? 75

zG J Upnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya' 6

(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)Auy 83? 84? 86? 89

AuyESif hautifef,l 93

AaqG? uk duk duk duk duk d 105? 122? 124AaqG? armifarmifarmifarmifarmif 121




203

AaqG? OD;OD;OD;OD;OD; 26? 113? 125? 128? 129

Axl;wyfNrdKU 135Axl;? AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;AkdvfrSL;Ak dvfrSL; 38? 126? 135

Arm 106? 121

ArmEk difiHawmfMum;jzwftpd k;&tzG J U 108]

ArmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mausmif;om;or*¾ 123

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 83? 86? 88? 89

Armjynfawmifwef;a'o 108

Armjynf,m,Dtpk d;& 108Armvli,facgif;aqmifrsm; 127

Armtpk d;& 108

ArmumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(B.D.A ) 37? 74? 135

Armhacwfowif;pm 113

ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD; 124

Armhwyfrawmf(Burma Army ) 37? 38? 115

ArmhxGuf&uf*k dPf; 30? 104ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 125

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;pDpOfrItzG J U 104

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bD-tk dif-at) 34? 57? 134

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrsm; 134

Armhaoewfuk dwyf&if; 2? 59

Armhaoewfuk difwyf&if;(4) 39

Aarmf? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 38

A[k dtzG J Utpnf;rsm; ps

A[k dtvkyform;aumifpD 47

A[k dtvkyftrIaqmifaumrwD0if 143

A[ef;NrdKUe,f 61? 62

A[def;? uk duk duk duk duk d 124

AD,uferfEk difiH 118aA'ifynm 8




204

aAm"dyifysdKrsm; 115

Ak'*g,m 115Ak'bmom 26? 46? 50? 113? 115? 141

Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpif 116

Ak'bmomtoif; 121

Ak'bmomuvsmP,k0toif; 13

Ak'0if&mZ0if 101

Ak'omoemhEk*¾[ausmif; 73

AefaumufNrdKU 34AEKv*sme,f 122

AEKvyef;NcH 109

Aef;armf 57

Aef;armfNrdKUe,f 84

Ak dvf&mnGef Uvrf; 80

Ak dvfoifwef; 142

Ak dvfoifwef;ausmif; 23Ak dvfatmifausmfoydwf 134

Ak dvfuawmf 136

A,fv*sD,efEk difiH 151

Asaumyk 82

NAdwdoQuufbdeuftzG J U 10

NAdwdoQ"eo[m,e,fy,f 109

NAdwdoQygvDref 109

NAdwdoQygvDrefuk d,fpm;vS,ftzG J U 108

NAdwdoQbm;rm; 102

NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf 110

NAdwdoQtpk d;& 18? 38? 110

NAdwdoQtifyg,m 100

NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&; pNAdwdef 54




205

NAdwdefEk difiH 118? 151

AG Dtk dat 52? 91(b)(b)(b)(b)(b)bMuL; 16

bMuL;? armifarmifarmifarmifarmif 12

bck dif? ref;ref;ref;ref;ref; 24

bckdif? OD;? owif;pmq&m-OD;? owif;pmq&m-OD;? owif;pmq&m-OD;? owif;pmq&m-OD;? owif;pmq&m- 103

bcsdK? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD;? 'D;'kwf-'D;'kwf-'D;'kwf-'D;'kwf-'D;'kwf- 103? 117

bpD? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 101bem*sD? ql&efj'me,fql&efj'me,fql&efj'me,fql&efj'me,fql&efj'me,f 14

baz? AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;Ak dvfBuD; 140

bbppfqifa&; 45

barmf? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 10? 17? 37? 104? 105

b&efqk dif; 89? 90

bvGif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 117

boef;? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 55b[ef? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 36

bOD;? qmqmqmqmqm 18

bOD;? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 18

bOD;? OD;? a'gufwmOD;? a'gufwmOD;? a'gufwmOD;? a'gufwmOD;? a'gufwm 12

bOD;BuD;? apmapmapmapmapm 19

bmrif[rfppfoabF mBuD; 5

bmoma&; 8

bm;rm;-urf;b&pfcsfwuúok dvf 15

bm;rm;pwm;wHqdyf 64

bdvyf 103? 116

bdvyftpk d;& 107

bDbDpD 52? 91

bD'Dat(Burma Defence Army

) 37? 135bD-tm&f-yD 36? 124? 126




206

bD-'D-at wyf&if;(6) 136

bDatbG J U 23? 102bDtk dpDukrÜPD 23

bD-tk d-pDXme 57

bD-tk d-pD "mwfqDqk dif 149

bD-tk dif-at 135

bD;vif;wHwm;opfBuD; 63

bk&m;oH k;qlpcef; 94

bk&ifcH 107bk&ifcH\trIaqmiftzG J U 108

bk&ifpepf 15

bk&ifpepftkyfcsKufa&; p

bk&ifraumvdyf 15

bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm; 116

bk&if haemif 8

bla*;&D;,m; 146blrdzórkj'mAk'&kyfyG m;awmf

blrdaA'ynm&Sif 34

ab*sif;NrdKU 88

abmv,fuRef; 83

abmhwGefvD? tmomtmomtmomtmomtmom 3

bk duav; 59? 69

bk dzmtajrmufrsm; 150

bk d;pyÜ m,f

bk d;vS? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 12

bufwef? armifh? avmharmifh? avmharmifh? avmharmifh? avmharmifh? avmh 18

b*Fvm; 14

b*Fvm;a'h&S f 54? 68? 77

b*Fvm;a'h&S fjynfol Uor®wEk difiH 64? 97b*Fvm;a'h&S fEk difiH 70




207

b*Fvm;a'h&S fjynfol Uor®wEk difiHor®wBuD; 145

abmif'&Dvrf; 80bPfvkyfief;rsm; 95

b@ma&;ESif htcGef0efBuD; 61

b@ma&;ESif htcGefXmewm0efcH? 0efBuD; 60

bwf&ef Ypf? [l;? qm[l;? qm[l;? qm[l;? qm[l;? qm 18? 107

befaumufNrdKU 52

befa'gif;nDvmcHBuD; 118

bdef;ukeful;jcif; 15bkef;BuD;ausmif; 121? 137

bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; 105

(r)(r)(r)(r)(r)rauG; 17? 59

rauG;awmif 124

rav;&S m;Ek difiH 45? 64? 55? 77? 140? 146? 151

rav;&S m;Ek difiH0efBuD;csKyf 144r[mArmXme 104

r[marm*¾vef? &Sif&Sif&Sif&Sif&Sif 115

r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;BuD; 107

r[m,Ofaus;rIawmfvSef;a&; 84

r[mygomP*k[mvI dPf*lawmfBuD; 116

r[m0dZ,apwDawmf 52? 63? 96

r[m0dZÆ mbG J U

r[mor,aeY 115

r[mor,okwf 115

r[moD&dok"r®bG J U 5

rtlyifawmifyk dif;rJqEe,f 24

rtlyifNrdKU 12? 17? 59? 81

rm&S,fwD;wk d; 20? 132rm&S,fwD;wk d;? or®w 54




208

rm;,uf? uyÜwdef 13

rdav;? a': (aygifacgif;)a': (aygifacgif;)a': (aygifacgif;)a': (aygifacgif;)a': (aygifacgif;) 29rDemrDuef 31? 34

rk'H kNrdKU 134

rl*sm[pf 44

rlvwef;BudKausmif; 50

arcESif harvdc 84

ar*sDawmfvSefa&; 33

arNrdKU (,ck jyifOD;vGif ) 23aroZifoef;xk duf? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 118

rJZmBudK;wHwm; 63

rJav 94

rJoa0g 93

armhpf(Moss )

armfpDwH k; 117? 118

armfzk d;au 94armfvNrdKifuRef; 117

armfvNrdKifZ&yf 102

armfvNrdKif'D*&Daumvdyf 62

armfvNrdKifNrdKU 37? 63? 69? 134

rHpDNrdKUe,f 84

rk d[mruf? r[moD,m? a'gufwm? 'gwGwf&S&Dr[moD,m? a'gufwm? 'gwGwf&S&Dr[moD,m? a'gufwm? 'gwGwf&S&Dr[moD,m? a'gufwm? 'gwGwf&S&Dr[moD,m? a'gufwm? 'gwGwf&S&D

rk d;aumif;&G m

rk d;BudK;? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 35? 37? 74

rk d;ndk? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 36

rk d;ygavG 83

rk d[mruf? [lpdeftm&Swf[lpdeftm&Swf[lpdeftm&Swf[lpdeftm&Swf[lpdeftm&Swf 145

rufpDuk daw;rD;,m; 2

rufpZÆif;0g'qk dwmbmvJ 117r*Fvm'H k 7




209

r*Fvm'H kppfwuúok dvf 74? 148

r*Fvm'H kavqdyf 8r*Fvm'H kAk dvfoifwef;ausmif; 135

rif;acgif;? Ak dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyf 88

rif;wJ&G m

rif;wJ&G mbkef;BuD;ausmif; 137

rif;wkef;e,f 58? 137

rif;wkef;NrdKU 136

rif;'if 83rif;bl; 69? 137

rif;&JausmfpG m

rif;&efatmifppfqifa&; 82

rif;vS 127? 136? 137

armifuav;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 79

armifawmf 68

armifarmif? ukd (AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifarmif)ukd (AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifarmif)ukd (AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifarmif)ukd (AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifarmif)ukd (AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifarmif) 124armifarmif? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 72

armifarmif? Ak dvfAk dvfAkdvfAk dvfAk dvf 127

armifarmifBuD;? Ak dvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;AkdvfBuD;Ak dvfBuD; 150

armifarmifcif 107

armifarmifoef; 83

armif hbufwef? vl0D? avmhvl0D? avmhvl0D? avmhvl0D? avmhvl0D? avmh 39

rk dif;qwfNrdKU 8? 81

rk dif;wH k

rk dif;jzwf 81

rk dif;r 83

rk dif;,ef; 93

rk dif;,ef;a'o 93

rnfrnf? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 10rZsö dr0g'D 14




210

refusnf;usnfawmuf&G m 57

refcsufpwmpufrIwuúok dvf 142rdw¬ Dvm 59? 81

rEÅ av; 37? 69? 81? 126

rEÅ av;wk dif; 75

rEÅ av;NrdKU 79? 80? 104? 112

rEÅ av;ta&S UajrmufNrdKUe,f 75

rEÅ av;Oypmaumvdyf 73

rkwår 63? 82rkefwk difa&avS mifuef 49

rkef;? a':a':a':a':a': 140

rH k;wyf 86

rsdK;cspfpdwf 121

rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf(Patriotic Barmese Forces; P.B.F ) 38

rsdK;cspfygwD 37

rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf 59? 74? 136? 148jr? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 58

jr? ocifocifocifocifocif 124? 126? 128

jr? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 37

jrBuD;? &Jabmf&Jabmf&Jabmf&Jabmf&Jabmf 51

jrpdef? a':a':a':a':a': 117

jrwif? a':a':a':a':a': 146

jrar? a':a':a':a':a': 27

jrjrat;? a':a':a':a':a': 118

jr&D? a':a':a':a':a': 103? 118

jroef;? uk duk duk duk duk d 30

ajreDukef; 8

ajr&Sifpepfzsufodrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; 48

ajratmufvQdKU0SuftzG J U 30NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD; 108




211

NrdKUyk dif q

NrdKUjyumuG,fa&;wyf 126NrdKUjyumuG,fa&;tzG J U 12

NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&; 8

NrdKUrtxufwef;ausmif; 101

NrdKUtkyf 12

ajrmufyk dif;wk dif;ppfXmecsKyf 59? 91

ajrmufOD; 63

ajrmufOuúvmy 46jrif haqG 2

jrif hodef;? ume,fume,fume,fume,fume,f 4

ajrmif;jrc&k dif 17

jrpfBuD;em; 23? 37? 62? 69

jrpfBuD;em;aumvdyf 62

jrpf0uRef;ay: 23

jrdwf 69jrefrmcspfMunfa&;tzG J U 9

jrefrmpmaumfr&SifOya' 49

jrefrmpm*kPfxl; 142

jrefrmpmay 101

jrefrm-w&kwfe,fedrdwfpmcsKyf 45

jrefrmwyfrawmf 128

jrefrmEk difiHukefonfrsm;uGef*&uf 16? 123

jrefrmEk difiHawmf*k dPf;aygif;pH koHCmnDñGwfrI&S djcif;txdef;trSwf 52

jrefrmEk difiHya'o&mZfacwftkyfcsKyfa&; p

jrefrmEk difiHbmomjyefpmaytoif; 110

jrefrmEk difiHc&D;ESif hAk dvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; 149

jrefrmEk difiHa&;tzG J UcsKyfBuD; 100

jrefrmEk difiHvH k;qk dif&mvli,frsm;tpnf;t&H k; 103jrefrmEk difiHvGwfvyfa&;Oya'Murf; 109




212

jrefrmEk difiHork dif;usrf; 50

jrefrmEk difiHtrIaqmifaumifpDtzG J U 109jrefrmjynf 15

jrefrmjynfrScspfMunfa&;uk d,fpm;vS,ftzGjU 108

jrefrmjynftwGif;0ef&H k; p

jrefrmjynftoHvTif hXme 7

jrefrmrdwfquftzG J U 1

jrefrm0efBuD;csKyf 129

jrefrmork dif;ESif hab;awmf? bk d;awmf bk&ifrsm; 14jrefrmoH&H k; 51

jrefrmh&k d;&m,Ofaus;rI 52

jrefrmhqk d&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD 61? 139? 143

jrefrmhqk d&S,fvpfvrf;pOfrl0g' 48

jrefrmhwyfrawmf 142

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;pmcsKyf 40

jrefrmhtvif;acgif;BuD;yk dif; 117jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm 117

r,fx&D 94

rGef 19? 121

rGefu&iftxufwef;ausmif; 23

rGefaw*l? rpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwm 100

rGefjynfe,f 62? 63? 81

rGefjynfe,ftzG J Utpnf;rsm; 19

rGefaomif;usef;ol 94

rSwf? a':a':a':a':a': 79

(,)(,)(,)(,)(,)

,m,Dor®w 19,m,Dtpk d;&tzG J U 108? 109




214

a&ul;wHqdyf 72

a&wm&Snf 82a&eHacsmif; 69

a&eHacsmif;NrdKU 57

a&rGefrufaq;aq;qk 54

a&eHajrtvkyform;oydwf 117

&Jausmfol 90

&JnGef UwyfzG J U

&JabmfjzL 7&Jabmf0g 7

&JabmfoH k;usdyf 32? 34? 35

&JabmfoH k;usdyf0if 39

&Jtkyfoifwef; 134

a&mfbifqif? t,fvft,fvft,fvft,fvft,fvf 15

]]&ufpufygayhuG,f}} 117

a&mifpH kolykef 148a&mifpH kolykefrsm; 7

a&mifpH kaomif;usef;ol 112

&efukefaumvdyf 13

&efukefuefawmfBuD; 126

&efukefc&k difqk d&S,fvpfygwDtpnf;ta0; 130

&efukefwuúok dvf 20? 29? 73? 74? 82? 101?

103? 122? 142

&efukefwuúok dvft"dywd 24

&efukefwuúok dvfausmif;om;tzG J U 128

&efukefwuúok dvf*syfqifaumvdyf 23

&efukefwuúok dvfOya' 49

&efukefwk dif; 68? 96? 83? 94

&efukefjynfol Uaq;&H kBuD; 55&efukefNrLeDpy,ftzG G J U 45




215

&efukefNrdKU 16? 36? 37? 40? 69? 76?

92? 101? 108? 109? 116? 132? 142&efukefNrdKUtkyfcsKyfa&;tzG J U 17

&efukefjrpfqdyfurf; 5

&efukeftpk d;& 7

&efBuD;atmif 8

&efrsdK;atmifapwD 131

&yfapmufapmfbG m;

&dyf? a':a':a':a':a': 12&kyf&Sifvkyfief;aumfyk d Ua&;&Sif; 50

&kyfao;q&mBuD;rsm; 52

&kyfao;tpd k;& 10

½Iarmif? armifarmifarmifarmifarmif 29

½Iarmif? ocifocifocifocifocif 32? 33? 34

½I&Sif;? Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD; 89

a&Sqef? uavmh'fuavmh'fuavmh'fuavmh'fuavmh'f 145a&S;a[mif;urÜnf;pmay 50

a&S;a[mif;0w¬Kypönf;tufOya' 50

a&S;a[mif;okawoejywk duf 50

a&S;a[mif;txl;ypönf;rsm;tufOya' 50

&S J&yfpf? rpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwm 16

&S def0Suf? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 65

&Sifr[mAk'aCmoausmif; 134

&SifomraP 121

&Sifapmyk 63

&Srf[J 32

&Srf[JNrdKU 32

&Srf; 106? 121

&Srf;apmfbG m; &Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbG m;rsm;




216

&Srf;ya'o&mZfrsm; 80

&Srf;jynfe,f 26? 43? 62? 93? 94? 106&Srf;jynfawmifyk dif; 80

&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufyk dif;wk dif; 86

&Srf;aomif;usef;ol 4

a&G;aumufyG JBuD;Muyfa&;aumfr&Sif 18

a&T? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 46

a&Tusif 84

a&TuGif;BuD;&G m a&Twd*H kapwDawmfjrwf 63? 96

a&Twd*H ktv,fypö,H 102

a&TawmifMum;vrf; 21

a&TawmifNrdKU 57? 58

a&Tqk duf? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 2

a&TaygufuHNrdKUopf 94

a&TjynfomNrKd Uopf a&Tbk d

a&T&if? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 23

]]a&T&nfpdrfvGwfvyfa&;}} 37? 104

a&TvJ h? a':a':a':a':a': 57

a&Tok duf? p0 fp0 fp0 fp0 fp0f 2? 19

(v)(v)(v)(v)(v)vcpm;tvkyform;rsm; 121

va&mif? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 111

v[,f 88

vmtk dEk difiH 54

vm;½I d;NrdKU 86

vDeif 104

vDrD? Ak dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyf 81vD&Sifeif h




217

vlxktpnf;ta0;BuD; 108

vlay:vlaZmfvkyfenf; 117vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmf 9? 25

vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmfESif hjynfol UvTwfawmfygvDref 25

vlrsdK;pka&;t"du&kPf; 130

vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;Xme 45

vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESif htrsdK;om;rSwfyH kwifa&;0efBuD;Xme 68

avbmtpk d;& 109

av,mOf 90avm 77

avmu"mwfodyÜ Hynm 111

avmuedAÁ mef

avmvD? AkdvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyfAk dvfcsKyf 82

vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; 82? 84

]]vufzuf&nfqk difzGif hjcif;}} 122

vufbEGef 77vusmf? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 37? 39? 105? 134

vuf0Jpmtkyftoif; 116

vifuGef;tif; 73

vif;xif 82

vif;,kef? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 36

avmifuGef? Am*sD&m? r[mAm*sD&m? r[mAm*sD&m? r[mAm*sD&m? r[mAm*sD&m? r[m 145

vI difNrdKUe,ftrSwf(2)rJqEe,f 143

vef'ef 13? 16? 20

vef'efNrdKU 90? 108

vef'ef[D;o&k d;avqdyf 97

vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; 24

vGifvGifjrif h? a':a':a':a':a': 146

vd IPf*lawmfBuD; 116v,form;rsm;tcGif hta&;umuG,fa&;Oya' 48




220

om&dykwå&m? &Sif&Sif&Sif&Sif&Sif 115

omoemjyKtzG J Utpnf;rsm; 49oDwm0if;? a':a':a':a':a': 55

oDaygrif; 107

oD&dysHcsDbG J U 64? 140

oD&dr*Fvmukef;ajr 116

oD&dvuF mEk difiH 118? 140

oD[k dVf 116? 118

oD[k dVfuRef; 106? 115oD[ef? uk duk duk duk duk d 101

oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya' 48

okyPÖuiVKef&mZm 103

olBuD; 10

olykefygwD 124

ol&bG J U

ol&def 82aoabmbk d; 94

oJukef;NrdKU 57

oJuGif; 82

oHCmawmfrsm; 116

oHrPdacgif;aqmif 148

oHvGifjrpf 8? 36

ouúv 81

oufxGef; 86

ouFef; 72

od*F kwå&ukef;awmf 63

aomif;xk duf? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 118

aomif;&if;jrpf 35

oCFef;uRef;NrdKUe,f 131opfawmu@ 95




221

owåyPÖ dvI dPf*lawmfBuD; 116

ow¬KwGif;vkyfief; 121ow¬KwGif;0efBuD; 123

okwåefa'oemawmfrsm; 115

od'¨ dppfqifa&; 82

oefvsifNrdKU 23? 69? 138

oef Y? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 103

oef Yrif;acgif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 140

oef Y&Sif;zqyv 45? 113? 130oef Y&Sif;zqyvtzG J UcsKyf

oef;acgif;pm&if;Oya' 51

oef;pdef? Ak dvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD;AkdvfrSL;BuD; 80

oef;wif? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 77

oef;xGef;? ocifocifocifocifocif 7? 51? 84? 105? 123? 128

oef;oef;? [kdufpul;[kdufpul;[kdufpul;[kdufpul;[kdufpul; 122

oef;&S def? a':a':a':a':a': 65oef;a&T? a':a':a':a':a': 65

odEé DapmfbG m;

odef;az? ukd (wufbkef;BuD;)ukd (wufbkef;BuD;)ukd (wufbkef;BuD;)ukd (wufbkef;BuD;)ukd (wufbkef;BuD;) 101? 116

odef;armif? a'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwma'gufwm 37

odef;a&T? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 58

odef;atmif? uk duk duk duk duk d 30

or®wpepf 15

or®wpepfjzif htkyfcsKyfa&; p

or®wEk difiHawmf 111

odrfqdyf 36

odrfjzLvrf;0efBuD;rsm;&H k; 135

odrf;armif? Ak dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvfAk dvf 127

oH k;cGNrdKU 103oH k;vk dif;wpfyGif h




224

trsdK;om;pmMunh fwk dufjywk duf 50

trsdK;om;'Drk dua&pD;wyfaygif;pk 90trsdK;om;aeY n

trsdK;om;a&;0g' 72

tjrif hqH k;qifjzLwHqdyf 132

trG dKifNrdKU 31

trSwf(1)wk dif;A[k davhusif ha&;ausmif; 82

trSwf(1)avhusif ha&;wyf 67

trSwf(2)wk dif;A[k davhusif ha&;ausmif; 82trSwf(3)ajcvsifwyf&if; 67

trSwf(4)aoewfuk difwyf&if; 67

trSwf(5)ajcvsifwyf&if; 83? 84

trSwf(11)ajcvsifwyf&if; 81-83

trSwf(16)ajcvsifwyf&if; 86

trSwf(29)ajcvsifwyf&if; 83? 84

t&mcHAk dvftqih f ta&;awmfyH kwHqdyf 64? 140

ta&;yk dif 12

ta&S Uyk dif;wk dif;ppfXmecsKyf 3

ta&S Utm&Swk duf 116

t&efA[k dtvkyftrIaqmifaumfrwD0if 143

ta&S UaZmif;ausmufacsmif; 51

ta&S Uajrmufwk dif;ppfXmecsKyf 86

tvHawmif 103

tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD 80? 83? 86

tvif;a&mifppfqifa&; 83

tvkyform;a&;&mXmeBuD; 143

tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme 143

tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; 150toHvTif hXme 40




225

tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; 138

tmZmenf(17)OD; 123tmPmvT Jajymif;a&;pmcsKyf 110

tmPmvG T Jajymif;a&;Oya'Murf; 108

tmz*epöwefEk difiH 14

tmz&du 118

tm&yf 45

tm&yfjynfaxmifpkEk difiH 54

tm&Sqk d&S,fvpfuGefz&if h 128tm&Sqk d&S,fvpfESpfywfvnfnDvmcH 129

tm&SEk difiHrsm; 118

tm&SzG J UNzdK;a&;bPf 68

tm&Sta&S Uawmifyk dif;qk dif&mr[mrdwfwyfzG J U 18

tmavmbGef 84

tmvHNrdKU 57? 58

tmvH(ajrxJ )NrdKUe,f 136tmom? rufrufrufrufruf? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;-AkdvfcsKyfBuD;-AkdvfcsKyfBuD;-AkdvfcsKyfBuD;-Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;- 59

tmV0Dvrf; 80

tm;rufum; 150

tD*spf 16? 77

tDwvD 16? 145

tD'g;? *sife&,f-*sife&,f-*sife&,f-*sife&,f-*sife&,f- q

tD0gquD? rpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwmrpöwm 32

tD;'g; 37

tkcsD'g; 35

O? armifarmifarmifarmifarmif 100

Oypmwef; 101

OypmodyÜ HbG J U

Oypmtxufwef; 123Oya'yg&*l(a'gufwm) 20? 73




226

Oykofacsmif; 84

Oa&my 9Oa&mybk Haps;tzG J Utpnf;rsm;aumfr&SiftzG J U0if 145

OD;NyHK;&ifausmif; 134

OD;Owårbwfaum 135

Ouúvmy 44

at'if 13

atbDtrf 12

at? tm? yD (ARP- Air Raid Precaution ) 34{&m0wDwk dif; 63? 82? 83? 88

{&m0wDwk dif;jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o 81

attufzftk d(zwyv) 23

at;? a':a':a':a':a': 20

at;uk d? Ak dvfcsKufBuD;-AkdvfcsKufBuD;-AkdvfcsKufBuD;-AkdvfcsKufBuD;-AkdvfcsKufBuD;- 81

at;uRef; 126

at;aZmf0if;? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 55at;wif? a':a':a':a':a': 72

at;ae0if; 55

at;armif? uk duk duk duk duk d 30

at;armif? OD; (jynf)OD; (jynf)OD; (jynf)OD; (jynf)OD; (jynf) 129

at;oG,f? OD ;OD ;OD ;OD ;OD; 55

at;at;vGif? a':a':a':a':a': 140

tJvDZyuf? Ak dAk dAk dAk dAk d? a'gufwm-a'gufwm-a'gufwm-a'gufwm-a'gufwm- 14

atmvftdE´ d, 52? 91

MopBuD;,m;Ek difiH 151

MopBuD;vs 77? 145

atmfvDuef*rf;rsm; 150

tk d&D,if huvyfOuúX 18

tk d;a0r*¾Zif; 102? 122tufwvD 3




229

t*FvdyfpmtnTef;t*FvdyfpmtnTef;t*FvdyfpmtnTef;t*FvdyfpmtnTef;t*FvdyfpmtnTef;

taMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&mtaMumif;t&m pmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES mpmrsufES m

Air Raid Precaution-ARP 34

biography of presidents and prime ministers of burma 1948 1988

Documents