bioh111 [session 1] tutorial language of · pdf filebioh111 [session 1] tutorial –...

© Endeavour College of Natural Health BIOH111_SN03_Cell_Module_Tutorial_Answers

Last updated on 20-Sep-17 Version: 2.4 of 17

BIOH111 [SESSION 1]

Tutorial – LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY, CELLULAR

ORGANISATION

Learning Outcome(s) Identify and apply appropriate anatomical terminology to describe the different systems of

the human body

Identify the different levels of structural organisation of the human body from cells to

systems, and evaluate how their individual functions contribute to the functioning of the

body as a whole

Explain the importance of homeostasis

Describe cellular processes essential to life

Aim(s) To provide the foundations for an ongoing dictionary of medical/anatomical terminology

(also see Session 5)

To outline the interaction between all components of an eukaryotic cell

To understand how a protein is formed

Materials/Pre-Reading Principles of anatomy and physiology. Tortora et al; 14th edition: Chapter 3

Relevant Chapters Principles of anatomy and physiology. Tortora et al; 14th edition: Chapter 3

Learning Activity Activity 1.

Combining Forms, Word Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes

Knowledge of word parts helps in the understanding of large anatomical terms. There are

three basic parts to medical terms – a prefix (comes at the beginning and identifies a

subdivision or part of the central meaning), a word root (usually in the middle of the word and

demotes its core meaning) and a suffix (comes at the end and modifies the central meaning

as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it)

Example:

Myocarditis

(prefix) (root) (suffix)

myo = muscle card = heart itis = inflammation



Start composing a table/s of roots, prefixes and suffixes of words and their meanings that

you have identified throughout the lecture/s. This can be expanded upon each subsequent

session until you have an extensive list by the completion of the semester

Example:

Prefix Meaning Example

physi- natural, relating to physics

physiology

Suffix Meaning Example

-ology study of; science or other branch of knowledge

physiology

Word Root/Combining Forms

Meaning Example

cardi/o heart cardiovascular

Websites for medical terminology

http://www.globalrph.com/medterm.htm

https://quizlet.com/15360171/medical-terminology-prefixes-roots-suffixes-flash-cards/

http://www.translationdirectory.com/glossaries/glossary328.php

Activity 2

A eukaryotic cell is divided into three main parts: plasma membrane,

cytoplasm and nucleus which all work together to enable it to function.

Go to the following website:

https://www.spongelab.com/index.cfm

Instructions:

Lesson 1

1. Sign up (Free)

2. Login

3. In the search bar type Build a Cell

4. Click on Games and Simulations

5. Click on Build-a-Cell (Animal Cell)

6. Then click on Launch Interactive

7. Click on Start

http://www.globalrph.com/medterm.htm

https://quizlet.com/15360171/medical-terminology-prefixes-roots-suffixes-flash-cards/

http://www.translationdirectory.com/glossaries/glossary328.php

https://www.spongelab.com/index.cfm



8. Complete the activity

Lesson 2

1. In the search bar type Gene Expression- The Basics

2. Click on the title under Games and Simulations

3. Then click on Launch Interactive

4. Click on Click to Run

5. Then click on Open with (Java ™ Web Start Launcher (default) and click OK

6. If this box comes up click Run

7. Complete the activity

Lesson 3

1. Enter Translation into the Search Bar

2. Click on Animations and Video

3. Click on Translation – Virtual Cell

4. Click on View on the left hand side of the page

Lesson 4

1. Enter Translation into the Search Bar

2. Click on Animations and Video

3. Click on DNA Translation (advanced detail)

4. Click on View on the left hand side of the page

Activity 3

View the animation at the following website:



http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/3014/3087289/Web_Tutorials/04_A02.

html

After completing Activity 2, fill out the following Table

ORGANELLE FUNCTION

Centrosome Used for growth of the mitotic spindle and

microtubule formation

Ribosome Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Rough ER – synthesis of glycoproteins and

phospholipids

Smooth ER – synthesis of fatty acids and

steroids; inactivates/detoxifies drugs

Golgi complex Sorts and packages proteins for transport to

their destination

Lysosome Digestion of organelles, cells, extracellular

material

Peroxisome Oxidises amino acids and fatty acids,

detoxification

Proteosome Degrades proteins

Mitochondrion Site of aerobic cellular respiration to

produce ATP

Cilia and flagella Cilia: moves fluids along the cells surface

Flagella: moves an entire cell

Cytoskeleton Microfilaments: generate movement;

provide mechanical support

Intermediate filaments: stabilise the position

of organelles, attach cells to one another

Microtubules: determine cell shape;

movement of organelles

Answer the following questions:

1. What does the ‘Central Dogma of Molecular Biology’ explain?

It explains the process by which protein are produced.

http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/3014/3087289/Web_Tutorials/04_A02.html

http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/3014/3087289/Web_Tutorials/04_A02.html



BASE TRIPLET CODON + ANTICODON AMINO ACID

2. Gene expression has two key stages, transcription and translation. Define and outline

what happens at each of the 3 steps in each of these processes.

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

(Process by which genetic information (Process of reading the mRNA nucleotide

encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand sequence to determine the amino acid sequence

of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) of the protein)

1. Initiation – promoter region initiates 1. Initiation – mRNA with a START codon is first

transcription by RNA polymerase binding read by the ribosome with the antisense tRNA

to a START base triplet ATG anticodon that carries AA methionine

2. Elongation- RNAP reads a base triplet 2. Elongation – mRNA is now a template for

at a time and makes a complimentary ribosome to keep translating codons into

(antisense)RNA strand (mRNA) from anticodons on tRNA which carry specific AA;

both intron and exon sequences; DNA builds a polypeptide chain → protein

only unwrapped at site of transcription

3. Termination – RNAP stops transcribing 3. Termination – once ribosome encounters a

when it reaches a STOP base triplet STOP codon on mRNA, a corresponding

tRNA signals release of polypeptide chain

from the ribosome

3. What purpose does ‘splicing’ serve post-transcription?

Both exons and introns are copied onto the mRNA during transcription. Splicing removes the

introns to produce a mature mRNA molecule

4. Outline the journey of a protein from the ER to the cell membrane.

Proteins are synthesised by ribosomes (both on the outer surface of the nucleus and on the

ER)

1. Proteins enter the rough ER for processing and sorting

2. Enter the Golgi complex (entry face → medial cisternae → exit face) where they are

modified, sorted and packaged into vesicles

3. Some proteins are stored in secretory vesicles → plasma membrane → extracellular fluid

4. Some proteins are stored in membrane vesicles → incorporated into plasma membrane

5. Some protein are stored in transport vesicles → other organelles within the cell

Attempt the concept map of the structure of the cell and incorporate into it function of

the nucleus.



BIOH111 [SESSION 2]

Tutorial- CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE/CELL TRANSPORT

Learning Outcomes:

Define the basic components of the plasma membrane

Describe types of membrane proteins and define their structure and function

Define types of transport across cell membranes and describe their functions

Aims:

To construct a plasma membrane model

To gain an understanding of the importance of membrane transport to living cells

To understand the different mechanisms of membrane transport

To perform ‘potato cubes’ experiment to illustrate osmosis

Activity 1: Build-a-Membrane (30 min)

Background:

Cell membranes are made of phospholipid molecules that arrange themselves into two rows

called a bilayer. Proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, through one or both

layers. These proteins help other molecules cross the membrane and perform a variety of

other functions.



Activity: Create your own model of a small section of cell membrane by

following the instructions below:

1. Cut out the phospholipid bilayer (page S2) along the solid lines. Cut all the way to the edges of the paper in the direction of the arrows.

2. Fold the phospholipid bilayer along the dotted lines and tape the edges together to form a fully enclosed rectangular box

3. Cut out each protein (pages S3 & S4) along the solid black lines and fold along the dotted lines.

4. Form a 3-D shape by joining the protein sides and tops together and tape them in to please.

5. Tape the 3-D proteins into place along the edges of the phospholipid bilayer. 6. By staggering the transmembrane proteins back and forth along both long sides of the

bilayer ‘box’, the whole model stand by itself on a table.

Activity 2:

Copy and paste the below web address to your browser:

http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/membrane_transport/index.

html

Watch the animations related to cell membrane transport (10-15 min), then identify the

passive transport processes described below from the given list.

a. Net movement of any substance (such as cocoa powder) from a region of high

concentration to a region of lower concentration diffusion

b. Movement of non-polar molecules (such as O2, CO2, steroids and vitamins A and D)

across the lipid layer of the plasma membrane simple diffusion

c. Process that does not require an integral membrane protein carrier mediated

d. Glucose transport mechanism carrier mediated

e. Transport of polar chemicals (such as K+, Na+, or Cl-); may be gated or not channel

mediated

Activity 3: Osmosis experiment

carrier-mediated – channel-mediated – simple diffusion

http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/membrane_transport/index.html

http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/membrane_transport/index.html



The aim of this experiment is to observe the effects of the movement of water into and out of

cells (Osmosis).

Materials required:

1 Potato tuber

Two clear glass containers (jars or glasses will be appropriate)

Salt solution (made from water and one (1) tablespoon of table salt per 100mls)

Distilled water

Methods:

Peel the potato and cut two 2cm cubes.

Place one potato cube into a glass of distilled water and the other into a glass of salt

solution.

Leave the potatoes in the solution for 20 to 30 minutes.

Take the potatoes out of the solutions and observe the different effects of the two

solutions.

Results:

1. What has happened to the potato cubes?

- Potato in salt solution? __________________________________________________

- Potato in distilled water? _________________________________________________

2. Give a detailed description of the results you have obtained. How do your results illustrate

the concept of osmosis? (max 200 words)

3. If you use boiled potatoes instead of raw ones, would you expect to observe similar

effects? Why?



Go back to your cell concept map and incorporate into it function of the plasma

membrane.

Composed by Dr Akram Kabbara



BIOH111 [SESSION 3]

Tutorial- CELL COMMUNICATION/CELL DIVISION

Learning Outcomes:

Describe and understand cell signalling, its components and significance.

Describe and understand cell division (mitosis & meiosis), with particular focus on mitosis.

Aims:

To view and analyse animation on the cellular signaling

To view and analyse animation on cell division



Activity 1:

A. Watch the following video animation (2-3 minutes) related to cell signaling, and pay

particular attention to the ‘input/processing/output’ cascade of events:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtVb7r8aHco

B. Write a summary paragraph outlining the main points of events of cell signaling by

answering the following questions:

1. What do you think is the first step of the signaling cascade?

Signal/receptor engagement eg. Epinephrine attaches to specific receptor protein on the

cell membrane which changes protein shape

2. Why is this step important?

Signal/receptor engagement can lead to the activation of multiple genes and/or responses.

Extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal. When molecules cannot pass

through the membrane

3. What happens after the initial step and why is this important in the events that happen

inside the cells next?

Activation of cytoplasmic signal (G protein)

4. Describe the intracellular events that happen once the G-protein is activated (you can

use the lecture slides as a guide also).

G protein binds to the receptor protein and a molecule of GDP is exchanged for a

molecule of GTP. GTP turns on the G protein allowing the G protein to release from

the receptor protein and activate an enzyme adenylyl cyclase .Adenylyl cyclase then

converts ATP molecules to cAMP molecules which acts as a secondary messenger

to send a signal to the interior of the cell. The cAMP molecules activate other

enzymes known as kinases such as Protein Kinase-A or Phosphorylase Kinase which

then activate more kinases. Eventually these activated enzymes produce an action in

the cell.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtVb7r8aHco



5. What is the outcome of the signaling cascade? Why does it need to happen?

Produces an action in the cell eg. glycogen is converted to glucose. It produces a fast

response. Amplifies the original signal. Only small amount of ligand required to

produce a response.

Activity 2:

A. Watch the following cell divisions animation:

https://www.spongelab.com/browse/index.cfm (search “thread of life”, then watch the

video about mitosis) 1 minute

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/v/mitosis

(mitosis) 12 minutes

https://www.spongelab.com/browse/index.cfm (search “crash course biolo”, then watch

the video about meiosis) 6 minutes

B. Outline all the stages that somatic cells go through when they divide (i.e. mitosis).

Somatic cell division

1. Interphase – G1 phase (cell metabolically active, replication of organelles and cytosolic

components); S phase (DNA replication); G2 phase (conclusion of metabolic increase)

2. Mitotic phase

a. Prophase

I. Early prophase – chromatin fibres condense and shorten into

chromosomes

II. Late prophase - mitotic spindle formed

b. Metaphase – microtubules of the mitotic spindle align the centromeres of

the chromatid pairs at the exact centre of the mitotic spindle

c. Anaphase – centromeres split, separating each chromatid pair. Move

towards opposite poles of the cell.

C. Answer the following questions:

1. In which mitotic stage (phase) does DNA replication occur and how?

Interphase (S phase)

The 2 strands of the double helix separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds between

nucleotides. New, complementary nucleotides attach at the proper sites, and a new strand of

DNA is synthesized alongside each of the original strands.

2. What happens during late prophase of mitosis?

https://www.spongelab.com/browse/index.cfm

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/v/mitosis%20(12

https://www.spongelab.com/browse/index.cfm



Tubulins in the pericentriolar material of the centrosomes start to form the mitotic

spindle. Centrosomes to the poles. Spindle extends from pole to pole. Nucleolus

disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

3. What happens during Anaphase?

Centromeres split, separating the 2 members of each chromatid pair, which move

towards opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes are pulled by the microtubules

towards the pole

4. If (2n) is the total number of chromosomes of the mother cell just before entering mitosis,

what will be the total number of chromosomes for the 2 daughter cells?

2n

5. Which cell division mechanism is similar to mitosis: meiosis I? or meiosis II ?

Meiosis II

Go back to your cell concept map and incorporate into it cellular signalling and where

cell division starts.

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