biohydrogen from alberta's biomass resources for bitumen
TRANSCRIPT
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Biohydrogen from Alberta's Biomass Resources for Bitumen Upgrading
Adetoyese Oyedun, Amit Kumar
NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair Program in Energy and Environmental
Systems Engineering
BIOCLEANTECH FORUM, OTTAWA, NOV. 1-3, 2016
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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OUTLINE
Background
Overview of hydrogen production
Biohydrogen pathways
Comparative economic and environmental
metrics
Key observations
NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering 2
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NSERC Industrial Research
Chair Program
Theme Area 1Integrated
Energy-Environmental Modeling
Theme Area 2Energy Return on
Investment (EROI) of Energy Pathways
Theme Area 3Techno-economic
Assessment of Energy Conversion
Pathways
Research on Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Background –Need for Hydrogen Upgrading of bitumen to synthetic crude oil (SCO) is
highly H2 intensive.
Based on projections, oil sands (bitumen) productioncapacity will increase from 2.4 million barrels/day in2015 to 3.7 million barrels/day by 2030 (CAPP, 2016).
About 2.4 – 4.3 kg/bbl bitumen of hydrogen is usedduring the upgrading of bitumen.
Hydrogen is needed for hydrotreating andhydrocracking.
The projected hydrogen requirement for oil sandsupgrading is about 4 million tonnes/yr by 2040.
4NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Background – Current Source of Hydrogen Steam methane reforming (SMR) is
the predominant means of H2
production - Demerits include: feedstock volatility, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the use of a premium fossil fuel, i.e., natural gas.
The energy market is increasingly GHG constrained; there is a growing global consensus that GHG mitigation is a policy imperative.
Reducing SCO related GHG emissions with respect to other light crudes is a prudent measure for market competitiveness.
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8
9
$/GJ Natural Gas Price History
Natural Gas
Henry Hub Spot
Price
Data Credits: US EIA
5NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Systems Approach to Hydrogen Production from Alternative Sources
6
Wind Energy
Hydropower
Electrolysis of Water
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Underground Coal
Biomass
Gasification + CCS
Gasification/Pyrolysis
Reforming
NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Feedstocks for Biomass-based Hydrogen (Biohydrogen) Production Considered biomass feedstocks:
Whole forest – whole-tree biomass.
Forest residues – tree tops, branches, needles which are left after the logging operation.
Agricultural residues – blend of straw from wheat and barley crops.
7NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Biohydrogen Production Pathways
8
Biological Conversion Methods
BIOMASS
Thermochemical Conversion Methods
GasificationHydrothermal
Process Pyrolysis
Biohydrogen
Syngas Bio-crude/Bio-oil
Reforming Shift Reaction
Hydrothermal Gasification
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Steam Reforming & Water-Gas Shift
Reaction
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Biohydrogen Production Pathways: Gasification
Biomass harvesting
Chipping & drying Gasification
Purification of H2
Water-gas shift reforming
H2 compression, storage, & transport
Gas clean up & compression
Tar cracking
Biomass gasification of whole-tree-based biomass
forest residues and agricultural residues
9NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Biohydrogen (Gasification)
GTI Gasifier
Oxygen-flow in gasifier
High pressure
Pressurized
GTI
Gasifier
Dried Biomass
Steam
Oxygen
Ash
Syngas
Cyclone
BCL Gasifier
No air-flow in gasifier
Atmospheric pressure
GasifierChar
Combustor
Cyclones Tar
Cracker
Dried Biomass
Steam Air
Flue GasSyngas
10NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Energy Resource Characterization
Specification of Unit Operations for H2
Production Pathway
Characterization Process Equipment for Unit
Operations
Determination of Energy/Resource Inputs for Process Equipment
Cost Estimation Data: Scale Factors, Feedstock Cost, Capital Costs, Labour and
Installation Costs, etc.
Techno-Economic Model
Economic Data and Assumptions: Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Inflation, Plant Lifetime etc.
H2 Cost Metrics
H2 Cost Sensitivities
Generalized Modelling Methodology
11NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Biohydrogen (Gasification) Production Cost
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Plant size (dry tonnes/day)
H2
prod
ucti
on c
ost
($/k
g)
Straw_GTI
Straw_BCL
Forest residues_GTI
Forest residues_BCL
Whole-tree_GTI
Whole-tree_BCL
Source: Sarkar and Kumar, Energy, 2010, 35(2), 582-591; Sarkar and Kumar, Trans. of ASABE, 2009, 52(2), 1-12.
12NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Biohydrogen Production Pathways: Pyrolysis
Biomass harvesting
Chipping, grinding, & drying
Fast pyrolysis
Water-gas shift reforming
Bio-oil steam reforming
Purification of H2
Bio-oil/CH3OH transportation
Bio-oil quenching and separation
Biomass pyrolysis of whole-tree-based biomass, forest
residue, agricultural residue
13NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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H2 for bitumen upgradingHydrogen compression
Hydrogen purification
Water-gas shift reaction
Syngas clean up
Bio-oil reforming
Pipeline Truck
Bio-oil transportationBio-oil separation
Methanol
Biomass pyrolysis
Feedstock drying
Feedstock size reduction
Biomass transportation
Biomass processing
Biomass harvesting
Biohydrogen (Pyrolysis): Unit Operations
14NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Bio-Hydrogen (Pyrolysis): H2
Cost
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Plant size (dry tonnes/day)
Del
iver
ed b
ioh
yd
rog
en c
ost
($
/kg
) . Straw
Forest residues
Whole-tree
Source: Sarkar and Kumar, Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(19), 7350-7361.
15NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Transportation cost of Biohydrogen
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Transportation distance (km)
Tra
ns
po
rta
tio
n c
os
t ($
/kg
H2) Cryogenic tank
Tube trailer
Pipeline
* For 167 tonnes of H2/day
16NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
Source: Sarkar and Kumar, Trans. of ASABE, 2009, 52(2), 1-12.
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Biohydrogen Cost of Production – Different Biomass & Pathways
*Sarkar and Kumar, 2010. All costs in 2016 C$.
5.68
3.00
3.75
2.922.73 2.88
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Wheat
straw
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Whole
Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Forest
residue
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -
Whole Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Forest Residue
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Wheat Straw
Bio
hyd
roge
n P
rod
uct
ion
Co
st (
$/k
g)
17
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Biohydrogen GHG Emissions –Different Biomass & Pathways
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Whole
Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Forest
Residue
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Wheat
straw
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -
Whole Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Forest Residue
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Wheat straw
Life
Cyc
le G
HG
Em
issi
on
s (k
gCO
2e
q./
kg H
2)
18NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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HYDROGEN PATHWAYS: COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL METRICS
19NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Comparative Techno-Economics
53.5 126166 166 166 166 166 166
607660
Pro
du
ctio
n S
cale
(to
nn
es/
day
)
Hydrogen Production Scale
* Data for Wind-Hydrogen, SMR-CCS and UCG-CCS from Olateju and Kumar, 2015
20NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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*All production costs have an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 10%, other than UCG at 15%. All costs in $CAD 2016.
Comparative Techno-Economics – Hydrogen Production Cost
6.06
2.74
5.68
3.00
3.75
2.92 2.73 2.882.41 2.38
Hyd
roge
n P
rod
uct
ion
Co
st (
$/k
g)
21NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Comparative GHG Economics/Footprint
0.68 1.15
2.41.83
1.151.61
1.1
6.02
1.26
Life
Cyc
le G
HG
Em
issi
on
s (k
g C
O2e
q./
kg H
2)
Comparative GHG Footprint
22NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Comparative GHG Abatement Cost
325
138
222
370
122 123 129
8038
GH
G M
itig
atio
n C
ost
($
/to
nn
e C
O2) GHG Mitigation Cost
23NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Key Observations• Biomass-based hydrogen has low GHG footprint
compared to hydrogen from natural gas sources.
• Biomass-based hydrogen is more cost-efficientcompared to other renewable source like wind.
• Biomass can provide baseload hydrogenproduction similar to natural gas.
• GHG abatement cost is higher than $100/tonneof CO2 mitigated.
• Biohydrogen could be one of the GHG mitigationpathways for oil sands with technologyimprovement and incentives.
24NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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Acknowledgment
NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates AssociateIndustrial Research Chair Program in Energy andEnvironmental Systems Engineering.
Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair Program inEnvironmental Engineering.
A number of other organizations, industry andindividuals for their inputs with data and feedbacksincluding Alberta Innovates – Bio Solutions, AlbertaInnovates – Energy and Environment Solutions,Cenovus Energy Inc. and Suncor Energy Inc.
NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
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THANKS
Contact Information:
Dr. AMIT KUMAR
Professor
NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair in Energy and
Environmental Systems Engineering
Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair in Environmental Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta
www.energysystems.ualberta.ca
+1 780 492 7797