biol 121 chp 3 pt2: cell structure and function
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cellular Level of
Organiza3on Part 2: Cell Structure & Func3on
BIOL 121: A&P I
Chapter 3
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus Text
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Flagellum Chroma.n
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Glycogen granules
CYTOPLASM (cytosol plus organelles except the nucleus)
Rough endoplasmic re.culum (ER)
Membrane-‐bound ribosome
Golgi complex
Microfilament
Sec.onal view
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubule
Microfilament
Intermediate filament
Microvilli
Centrosome: Pericentriolar material
Centrioles
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Secretory vesicle
Lysosome
Smooth endoplasmic re.culum (ER)
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Microtubule
Cilium
Proteasome
Free ribosomes
NUCLEUS:
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Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Water Solutes Macro-‐
molecules
Cyto-‐skeleton
Protein filaments
Organelles
Membrane-‐bound
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Cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
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Func3ons of the Cytoskeleton
Support & strength
Maintains cell shape
Organizes metabolic reac.ons
Moves organelles & cell
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Microfilaments
Ac.n
Support cell
Movement
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Microfilaments
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Intermediate Filaments
Kera.n
Support cell
Anchor organelles
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Intermediate Filaments 10
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Intermediate Filaments (Kera3n)
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Microtubules
Tubulin
Cell shape
Transport organelles
Separate chromosomes
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Microtubules 13
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Centrosomes
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Centrosomes
Contain centrioles
MT-‐organizing centers
Create mito3c spindle
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TEM
Pericentriolar material
65,000x Centrioles
Longitudinal sec/ons
Transverse sec/on
Centrioles
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Centrioles
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Mito3c spindle
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Cilia
Many
Short
Sweep materials across cell
Flagella
Single
Long
Move en.re sperm cell
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20 Cilia
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Flagellae 21
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Sperm with flagellum
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Sperm fer3lizing egg (oocyte) 23
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Microtubules in Cilia & Flagella
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9+2
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Cell surface
Power stroke
Recovery stroke
Cilium
Movement of liquid
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2 3
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Ciliary Movement
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Cell surface
Movement of cell
Flagellar Movement
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Ribosomes Endoplasmic re.culum
Golgi complex Lysosomes
Peroxisomes Mitochondria
Organelles
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Ribosomes
Proteins & rRNA
Made by nucleolus
Small & large subunits
Sites of protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Re3culum
Tube-‐like membrane network
Rough ER
Smooth ER
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ER
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Golgi Complex
Stack of flat membrane sacs
Receives transport vesicles
Processes, sorts, packages, &
delivers proteins 32
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Entry face cisterna
Medial cisterna
Exit face cisterna
Transport vesicle (to lysosome)
Proteins in membrane vesicle merge with plasma membrane
Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis
Plasma membrane
Membrane vesicle
Rough ER Ribosome
Synthesized protein Transport vesicle
Transfer vesicle
Secretory vesicle
Transfer vesicle
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2
3
5
4
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4
7
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Golgi complex
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Lysosomes
Membrane-‐bound vesicles
Cellular “stomachs”
Contain diges.ve enzymes
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Func3ons of Lysosomes
Phagosome
Autophagy
Apoptosis (Autolysis)
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Peroxisomes
Smaller membrane-‐
bound vesicles
Contain enzymes that oxidize
organic wastes
Break down facy acids, amino acids, toxins
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Mitochondria
Outer & inner membrane (cristae)
Matrix
Aerobic cellular respira3on (makes ATP)
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TEM 80,000x
(b) Transverse sec.on
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial cristae
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Mitochondrial Myopathy 39
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Nucleus
Nuclear envelope with
pores
Nucleolus
DNA
Chroma3n & chromosomes
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(a) Details of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore
Polyribosome
Chroma.n Nucleolus
Rough endoplasmic re.culum
(b) Details of the nuclear envelope
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DNA
Chroma3n
Non-‐dividing cells
Unorganized, loose threads
Chromosomes
Dividing cells Genes
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Chroma3n
Chromosomes
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SEM 6050x
Chroma.ds
Centromere
Chromosome
Chromosomes
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Chromosomes & loci 45
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DNA Condensa3on
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Protein Synthesis
Transcrip3on
Transla3on
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Step 1: Transcrip3on
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Step 2: Transla3on
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(a) Components of a ribosome and their rela.onship to mRNA and protein during transla.on
(b) Interior view of tRNA binding sites
mRNA
Large subunit
Protein
Small subunit
mRNA binding site
P site A site E site
Ribosomes: Large & Small Subunits
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Ini.ator tRNA acaches to a start codon.
Amino acid (methionine)
An.codon
Ini.ator tRNA
mRNA
Small subunit
Start codon
Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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1. Ini3a3on
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Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a func.onal ribosome and ini.ator tRNA fits into P site.
Ini.ator tRNA
Large subunit
E site
Small subunit
P site
A site
2
Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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An.codon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site.
tRNA
An.codon
Amino acid
mRNA Codons
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Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a pep.de bond with amino acid at A site.
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Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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The two-‐pep.de protein created from the forma.on of the pep.de bond becomes acached to tRNA at A site.
New pep.de bond
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Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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Ribosome shihs by one codon: tRNA previously at P site enters E site and is released from ribosome; tRNA previously at A site is now at P site.
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Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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Protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA.
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Stop codon
Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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mRNA Growing protein
Complete protein
Summary of movement of ribosome along mRNA
Key: = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil
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Nucleus
DNA
Nuclear pore
RNA
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
RNA
Ribosome
Protein
Step 1: Transcrip3on
Step 2: Transla3on
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Cell Division
Soma3c
Body cells Mitosis & Cytokinesis
Reproduc3ve
Sperm & Eggs
Meiosis & Cytokinesis
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S
G2
M
G1
Cell Cycle
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S phase DNA replicated
(8 hours)
G2 phase Cell growth con.nues; enzymes and other
proteins are synthesized; centrosome replica.on completed.
G1 phase Cell metabolically ac.ve; duplicates organelles and
cytosolic components; centrosome replica.on begins.
G0 Exit from cell
cycle (nondividing cell) An
aphase
Metaphase
INTERPHASE
8-‐10 hou
rs 4-‐6 hours
MITOTIC (M) PHASE
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S-‐phase: DNA Replica3on
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Mito3c Phase
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Interphase
Nucleus & nucleoli intact
DNA = Chroma3n
Cell is not dividing
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Interphase
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Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Prophase Nucleus & nucleoli
disappear
Centrosomes move to opposite poles
Chroma.n à Chromosomes
Chroma3ds & centromere
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Prophase
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Spindle Made by
centrosomes
Microtubule spindle fibers
Binds to centromeres
Asters
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Spindle asters
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Centrosomal protein muta3on
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Metaphase Centromeres @ metaphase plate
Alignment & symmetry @ poles
Prepara.on for separa.on
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Metaphase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase Spindle fibers disassemble
Centromeres split & chroma.ds separate
Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles
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Anaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase Reverse of Prophase
Chromosomes à Chroma.n
Spindle disassembles
Nucleus & nucleoli re-‐
form 83
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Telophase
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Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic division
Cleavage furrow
Completed aher nuclear
division
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Cytokinesis
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Meiosis Reproduc.ve cell division
Produces gametes
(sperm & eggs)
Diploid (2n) à Haploid (n)
Two stages: Meiosis I & Meiosis II
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Centrioles
PROPHASE I
Centromere
Chromosome
Tetrad
Sister chroma.ds
Tetrads formed by synapsis of sister chroma.ds of homo-‐logous chromosomes
METAPHASE I Cleavage furrow
Separa.on of homologous chromosomes ANAPHASE I
TELOPHASE I
Metaphase plate
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Crossing-‐over between nonsister chroma.ds
Kinetochore microtubule
Meiosis I
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Prophase I
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Crossing-‐over
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Meiosis I, cont.
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Meiosis II
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MEIOSIS II MEIOSIS I
TELOPHASE I PROPHASE II
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
TELOPHASE II Meiosis Overview
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
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PROPHASE I
PROPHASE
MEIOSIS MITOSIS Star.ng cell
2n Chromosomes
already replicated
Tetrads formed by synapsis
Crossing-‐over
METAPHASE I Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate
ANAPHASE I
Each cell has one of the replicated chromosomes from each homologous pair of chromosomes (n)
Homologous chromosomes separate (sister chroma.ds remain together) TELOPHASE I
PROPHASE II
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PROPHASE PROPHASE II
METAPHASE II
ANAPHASE II
TELOPHASE II
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
INTERPHASE
2n 2n
Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
Sister chroma.ds separate
Cytokinesis
Resul.ng cells
n n n n
Soma.c cells with diploid number of chromosomes (not replicated)
Gametes with haploid number of chromosomes (not replicated)