Energy: Consumption and Sources

Chapters 9 and 10

A brief history of energy

• In the beginning……• Here comes the sun• Wood and muscle• Fossil fuels (they ain’t makin’ any more of it)

– Industrial Revolution– Coal, oil, natural gas

• The future– Renewable energy sources– Cleaner energy sources

Economics

• Modern economies– More industry more energy

Ecological Foot Print

Cultural Development

Per capita energy use (MJ/day)

Foraging 20

Prim. Agriculture 48

Ad. Agriculture 104

Industrial 308

Ad. Industrial 1025

Economics

• Modern economies– More industry more energy– Cheap, easy-to-handle, efficient fuel– Cars

• The price of oil (~$50/barrell)

How is energy used?

• Residential

• Industrial

• Transportation

Alternate fuel vehicles

• Hybrid Electric Vehicles– Electric – disadvantages– Gasoline – disadvantages– Merge in HEV

• Alternate fuels– Compressed Natural Gas– Methanol– Hydrogen– Propane

China

• Far more fuel efficient per capita

• Rapidly industrializing

• Potential for tremendous strain on world fuel reserves

Fuel Sources

• Non-renewable resources

• Renewable resources

Trends and OPEC

• Know the historical trends (pg. 185-191)

• 75% of the world’s oil reserves– 60% in Middle East

• Power of OPEC– Disunity– Other nations– Foreign policy

Resources and reserves

• Resource (Fig. 10.2)– Naturally occurring substance that can

potentially be extracted

• Reserve– Know deposits from which materials can be

extracted profitably with existing technology under certain economic conditions

• Hibernia• Tar sands

Production, Consumption, and Reserves

Fuel Canadian Production

Reserves Reserve Life

Coal (106

tonne)75.1 8623 114

Oil (106 m3) 128.4 1448 11

Natural Gas (109 m3)

160.5 1809 11

Freedman 2004

Potential Petroleum Reserves

• What is left?

Non-renewable Sources

• Formation (text 197-198)• Coal (mining)

– environmental– Health and safety– Acid deposition

• Petroleum (crude oil)– Extraction – less damage– Less pollution– Harder to find

History of leaded gasoline

• How old is the earth?– Clair Patterson

• Tetraeythl lead– Neuro-toxin– Eythl Gasoline

• Lead in atmosphere coincides with leaded gasoline

• Unleaded gas (1986 US, 1990 Canada)

Non-renewable Sources

• Coal (24%)

• Petroleum (crude oil – 40 %)

• Natural Gas (27%)– Extraction similar to oil– Difficult to transport– Least environmentally damaging

• Burning of all fuels -> Carbon Dioxide -> global warming

Renewable Sources

• Cost-effective?• Types

– Hydroelectric– Tidal– Geothermal (housing)– Wind– Solar

• new break through

– Biomass conversion

Nuclear Energy

Chapter 11

Overview

• History

• Cost/benefit

• Dangers/disposal

History

• Atomic bomb– Splitting of atoms– Atoms for peace

• Three Mile Island and Chernobyl

• Phasing out

• Nuclear fusion– Fusing of atoms

Costs/benefits

• Benefits– 7% of world’s energy– Clean in the short-term

• Costs– Radiation– Thermal pollution– decommissioning

Waste Disposal

• What to do with transuranic waste?– Political problems– Geological problems– Transport problems

• Yucca Mountain