marina sexniaSvili malxaz mayaSvili marina jaliaSvili

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi

biologia

11

b i o l o g i a

marina sexniaSvili

malxaz mayaSvili

marina jaliaSvili

XI klasi

moswavlis wigni

2012

marina sexniaSvili

malxaz mayaSvili

marina jaliaSvili

b i o l o g i aXI klasi

moswavlis wigni

© marina sexniaSvili, malxaz mayaSvili, marina jaliaSvili, 2012

© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012

Marina Sekhniashvili, Malkhaz Makashvili, Marina Jaliashvili,Biology11th grade texbook

gamomcemloba `klio~ aRmaSeneblis gamziri 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30 E-mail: book@klio.ge www. klio. ge

gamomcemloba `meridiani~ al. yazbegis gamz. 47, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo tel.: (+995 32) 239 15 22

4

Sinaarsi

Sesavali 6

1 Tavi memkvidreobiTobis molekuluri safuZvlebi 91 1 cilebi da organizmis niSan-Tvisebebi 101 2 memkvidreobiTi materialuri masalis kvlevis istoria 131 3 dnm-is replikacia 181 4 genetikuri kodi transkripcia 211 5 cilis biosinTezi 251 6 genebis aqtivobis regulacia 28

2 Tavi. gamravleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 1 ujredis mitozuri gayofa 322 2 meiozi 352 3 usqeso da sqesobrivi gamravleba 382 4 sasqeso ujredebis Camoyalibeba da ganayofiereba cxovelebSi 422 5 sasicocxlo cikli 452 6 organizmis individualuri ganviTareba embriogenezi 502 7 postembrionuli ganviTareba cxovelebSi 53

3 Tavi. memkvidreobiTobisa da cvalebadobis kanonzomierebebi . . . 573 1 mendelis kvlevis meTodebi 583 2 monohibriduli Sejvareba 603 3 mendelis kanonis statistikuri xasiaTi da citogenetikuri meqanizmi 643 4 arasruli dominireba 713 5 dihibriduli Sejvareba 743 6 genebis damoukideblad ganawilebis kanonis citogenetikuri safuZvlebi 763 7 gamaanalizebeli Sejvareba 813 8 SeWiduli damemkvidreba 843 9 sqesis genetika 883 10 sqesTan SeWiduli damemkvidreba 903 11 genebis mravlobiTi moqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba 943 12 cvalebadoba modifikaciuri cvalebadoba 973 13 kombinaciuri cvalebadoba 1013 14 mutaciuri cvalebadoba genuri mutaciebi 1033 15 qromosomuli mutaciebi 107

4 Tavi. genetikuri teqnologiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154 1 genuri inJineria - bioteqnologiis uaxlesi dargi 1164 2 adamianis genetika 1204 3 genuri Terapia 1244 4 dnm-is anabeWdebi da misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba 1284 5 genetika da seleqcia 1324 6 klonireba 1344 7 genmodificirebuli organizmebi 136

5 Tavi. evolucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415 1 evoluciuri Teoria 1425 2 evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria 1465 3 populacia mikroevoluciis faqtorebi 148

5

5 4 brZola arsebobisTvis 1525 5 bunebrivi gadarCeva 1545 6 Seguebuloba - bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi 1585 7 axal saxeobaTa warmoqmna 1625 8 makroevolucia evoluciis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi 1645 9 evoluciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi 168

6 Tavi. ekologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716 1 ekologia 1726 2 abioturi faqtorebi 1766 3 bioturi faqtorebi 1816 4 ekosistemebi 1846 5 populaciis ricxobriobaze moqmedi faqtorebi 1886 6 naxSirbadis da azotis wrebrunva bunebaSi 1926 7 adamiani da garemo 1946 8 adamiani da mikroorganizmebi 1986 9 Sidsi, tuberkuliozi da maTi prevencia 202danarTi 1 208danarTi 2 209

18

dnm-is replikacia

matrica (mSobliuri jaWvebi)

Svileuli jaWvebi

Tavisufali nukleotidebi

1.3 dnm-is replikacia

rogorc ukve ici, memkvidreobiTi materialuri ma-salis funqcia ara marto memkvidreobiTi informaciis Senaxvaa, aramed am informaciis gadacemac. magaliTad, ujredis mitozuri gayofis dros miiReba mSobliuri ujredis identuri ori erTnairi Svileuli ujre-di. amisaTvis gayofas win unda uswrebdes mSobliuri ujredis yvela komponentis gaormageba. pirvel rigSi unda gaormagdes memkvidreobiTi informacia, romelic Tanabrad ganawildeba Svileul ujredebs Soris. ami-tom, memkvidreobiT masalas unda gaaCndes:

TviTwarmoqmnis (gaormagebis) una ri; Tavisi maxasiaTeblebis mdgradobis uzrunvelyo fa

– memkvidrulma masalam unda SeinarCunos mudmivi organizacia.dnm-s aqvs TviTwarmoqmnis unari, rac dakavSirebulia misi molekulis age-

bulebis TaviseburebasTan. kerZod, radgan dnm-is molekula agebulia ori komplementaruli jaWvisagan, amitom Tu sawyisi dnm-is molekulis jaWvebi dacildnen erTmaneTs, TiToeul maTgans unari Seswevs `uxelmZRvanelos~ Tavisufali nukleotidebisgan komplementaruli jaWvis Senebas. miiReba sawyisi molekulis identuri ori axali dnm-is molekula. dnm-is erT-erTi mSobliuri jaWvis mixedviT komplementaruli Svileuli jaWvis sinTezs rep-likacia ewodeba. TiToeuli jaWvi asrulebs nimuSis – matricis rols, ami-tom replikacias matriculi sinTezis reaqcias miakuTvneben. dnm-is axali jaWvebis sinTezSi monawileobas iReben fermentebi – dnm-polimerazebi.

Sen ici, rom nivTierebaTa sinTezis dros energia STainTqmeba. endoTermu-li reaqciaa dnm-is replikaciac, razedac atf-is energia ixarjeba.

1. rogor fiq-rob, ra Tvisebebi

unda axa siaTebdes mem-kvidreobiT material-ur masalas?

2. rogor fiqrob, es Tvisebebi dnm-isTvis uf ro iqneba damaxasi-aTebeli, Tu cilisT-vis? ratom?

?

uotsonisa da krikis mier Seqmni-

li dnm-is molekulis modelis mi xed viT aix-sneba m e m k vid re obi To-bis mo le ku lu ri sa fu-Z vle bi.

19

dnm-is replikacia

dnm-is sawyisi molekula(fragmenti)

A

A

T

T

C

C

G

G

dnm-is Svileuli jaWvebis ageba

1.

A

A

C C

C

T T

T

T

G

G

G

A

G

A

C

dnm-is ori identuri molekula

2.

a

b

A

A

T

T

C

C

G

G

A

A

T

T

C

C

G

G

dnm-is replikaciis warmodgena gamar tivebuli saxiT Semdegnairad SeiZleba:

1. specifiuri fermentebis meSveobiT dnm-is jaWvebs Soris wydeba wyalbaduri bmebi. fermenti dnm-polimer-aza yovel dediseul jaWvze Tavisufali nukleotidebi-dan komplementarobis principis Sesabamisad asinTezebs Svileul jaWvebs;

2. dediseuli da Svileuli polinukleotiduri jaWve-bi urTierTis mimarT spiralurad exveva. warmoiqmneba ori identuri dnm-is molekula.

dnm-is replikaciis xerxs naxevrad konservatiuls uwodeben, vinaidan yovel axal molekulaSi erTi jaWvi dediseulia, meore ki – Svileuli.

cocxal orgnizmebSi arsebobs sxvadasxva damcavi meqanizmebi, raTa ar moxdes Secdoma dnm-is replikaciis dros. dnm-is dazianeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios radiaciam, ultraiisferi sxivebisa da sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebis zemoqmedebam. magaliTad, ultraiisferi sx-ivebiT dnm-is dazianebisas erTi jaWvis mezo-beli azotovani fuZeebi ukavSirdebian erT-maneTs da warmoqmnian dimerebs (ufro xSiria T-T dimeris warmoqmna). cocxal sistemas axasi-aTebs aseTi dazianebis aRdgenis – reparaciis una ri.

reparaciaSi monawileoben specifikuri fer-mentebi – restriqtazebi. TiTqos basri dana dausvamTo, ise zustad amoWrian es fermentebi raime mizeziT dazianebul dnm-is monakveTs, rasac ujredis lizosoma moinelebs. sxva fer-mentebis (dnm – polimerazisa da ligazebis) daxmarebiT ki xdeba amoWrili nawilis uSec-domo sinTezi – aRdgena (reparacia).

3. daakvirdi dnm-is replikaciis me-2 sqemas da gansazRvre, a da b jaWvebidan

romeli miekuTvneba dediseuls da romeli _ Svileuls? romelma jaWvebma Seasrules matricis roli?

4. Tu axlad warmoqmnili dnm-is TiToeu-li molekula kidev ganicdis replika-cias da ase usasrulod gagrZeldeba, ro-gor fiqrob, daikargeba Tu ara dediseuli jaWvebi? pasuxi daasabuTe.

?

20

1. dNnm-is erT-erTi jaWvis fragmentze nukleotidebi ganlagebulia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: A-A-G-T-C-T-A-C-G-T-A-T.

a) aage orjaWviani dnm-is molekula; b) axseni, am dros dnm-is romeli TvisebiT isargeble; g) rogoria dnm-is am frag-

mentis sigrZe?2. dnm-is molekulas replikaciamde aqvs 20 mg. masa da misi orive jaWvi Seicavs

fosforis niSnul radiaqtiur atomebs. gansazRvre: a) rogori masa eqneba replikaciis pro duqts? ratom? b) dnm-is Svileuli mole-

kulebis ramden da romel jaWvebSi ar iqneba P-s niSnuli atomebi da ratom?3. Seadare dnm da cila mocemuli kriteriumebis mixedviT, gaaanalize Sedarebis

monacemebi da gaakeTe daskvna: memkvidreobiTi materialuri masalis funqcia bune-bam ratom daakisra dnm-s da ara cilas?

kriteriumebi Sesadareblad dnm cila

polimeruli naerTia

maTi monomerebia

molekula Sedgeba ori kom-plementaruli jaWvisagan

aqvs TviT warmoqmnis unari

axasiaTebs maxasiaTeblebis mdgradoba

4. ra biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom replikaciis Sedegad miRebuli dnm-is Svileuli molekulebi dediseuli molekulis zusti aslebia?

5. ra aris dnm-is reparacia da ra biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs?6. ra fermentebi monawileoben reparaciaSi?

davaleba

7. qvemoT CamoTvlilia qimiuri naerTebi, romlebic Sedian ujredis Semad-genlobaSi:

1) CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli miekuTvneba cilis monomers?2) ra ewodeba dnm-is monome rs?3) romeli nukleotidebi qmnian rnm-is makromolekulas?4) ra naerTebi Sedis dnm-is erTi nukleotidis SemadgenlobaSi?5) romeli nukleotidebi warmoqmnian dnm-is makromolekulas?6) ra naerTebi Sedis rnm-is erTi nukleotidis SemadgenlobaSi?

a _ nukleotidib _ aminomJavag _ atfd _ erT-erTi azotovani fuZee _ azotovani fuZe (a)v _ cilebiz _ fosformJavaT _ ribozai _ dezoqsiriboza

k _ glukozal _ dnmm _ rnmn _ nukleotidi adeninianio _ nukleotidi Timinianip _ nukleoditi uraciliniJ _ nukleotidi guaninianir _ nukleotidi citozinianis _ cximi

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/micro04.swfhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio23.swf

216