biological agents(mutalib)

7/30/2019 Biological Agents(Mutalib)

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A micro-organism, including those that have beengenetically modified, a cell culture and a human

endoparasite, which may be able to provoke any infection, allergy or toxicity.

Widely found in the natural environment and as aresult found in many work sectors. They include

bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeasts and moulds) andparasites. Some of these agents are harmless whileothers may have potential to cause ill health.



TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENT ANTHRAX Is a serious infection caused by the gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus

anthracis.

In industrialized nations, infection in human was all but nonexistent until the threat of bioterrorism became apparent in late 2001.

Infection occurs through contact with infected animals, products from infected animals,and intentionally tainted materials.

Anthrax is potential biologic weapon because spores can be distributed easily throughthe mail or other means.

People exposed to airborne particles may develop cutaneous, inhalation, or G.I. anthrax,based on the route of exposure.



Mode of Transmission

SIGN & SYMPTOMS• Cutaneous

• Inhalation

• Gastrointestinal ingestion

a papule develops andprogresses to vesicle and,ultimately, to necrotic ulcer;fever, malaise, headache.

fever, cough, fatigue, and mildchest discomfort occurs and may rapidly progress to severerespiratory distress, diaphoresis,stridor, cyanosis, and signs of meningitis (nuchal rigidity,

headache, photophobia, alteredmental status); may proceed toshock and death within 24 to 36hours.

nausea, anorexia, fever, severeabdominal pain, hematemesis,

and bloody diarrhea may occur



Diagnostic Evaluation Nasal swab testing may be conducted on several people

to detect contamination by anthrax in the

environment, but this does not confirm infection by anthrax in an individual.

Testing to confirm disease in an individual includesblood, tissue, and spinal f luid cultures (before

antibiotics); polymerase chain reaction testing; and x-ray to identify mediastinal widening in inhalationanthrax.



PharmacologicInterventions

Nursing Interventions

Antibiotic prophylaxis afterexposure to spores is warranted, and60 days therapy is advised. Drugrecommendations include:

Ciprofloxacin , Doxycycline ,

Amoxicillin I.V. corticosteroids may be given to

adjunct therapy in severe cases.

An anthrax vaccine has beenavailable for veterinarians (notroutinely used due to low incidenceof animal disease).

Monitor temperature. Monitor level of consciousness and for

meningeal signs Position for maximum chest expansion

and reposition frequently to mobilizesecretions.

Administer I.V. fluids to encourage oralfluid intake to replace the fluid lost

through hyperthermia and tachypnea. For G.I. anthrax, maintain G.I

decompression, monitor emesis andliquid stool output, and medicate forabdominal pain, as needed.

Advice the patient and family thatanthrax is not transmitted person toperson; one must come in contact with

the spores to contact infection

http://nursingcrib.com/drug-guides/corticosteroids/

http://nursingcrib.com/drug-guides/corticosteroids/



BOTULISM 3 Main Kinds of Botulism

is a paralytic illness caused by theneurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum.

Food-borne botulism iscaused by eating foods thatcontain the botulinumneurotoxin.

Wound botulism is caused by neurotoxin produced from a

wound that is infected with thebacteria Clostridium botulinum.

Infant botulism occurs whenan infant consumes the spores of the botulinum bacteria. The

bacteria then grow in theintestines and release theneurotoxin



SYMPTOMS double vision, blurred vision, drooping

eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing,dry mouth, and muscle weakness .Constipation

Infants with botulism appear lethargic, weak, andfloppy, feed poorly, become constipated, and have a

weak cry and poor muscle tone.

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=103706



























DIAGNOSTIC TESTS brain scan,

spinal fluid examination

nerve conduction test

mouse inoculation test

stool cultures



TREATMENT PREVENTION

botulism can be treated withan antitoxin that blocks theaction of neurotoxincirculating in the blood

The antitoxin can prevent thedisorder from worsening, but

recovery still takes many weeks.

covering the mouth and nose with a scarf.

Exposed skin and clothingshould be washed with soapand water



Nursing Intervention

If you suspect the patient ate contaminated food, obtain a carefulhistory of his food intake for the past several days.

If the patient ate the food within several hours, induce vomiting,begin gastric lavage, and give a high enema to purge any

unabsorbed toxins from the bowel. Before giving anti-toxin, obtain an accurate patient history of

allergies. If the patient has difficulty in swallowing, initiate nasogastric

tube feedings or TPN as ordered.

Suction the patient as needed. Turn the patient often and encourage deep breathing exercises. Position the patient in proper alignment and assist with range-

of-motion exercises. Monitor intake and output.



PLAGUE is an infectious disease that affects rodents or flea,

certain other animals and humans. It is caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria. These bacteria are found inmany areas of the world.



Forms of Plague

Bubonic Plague an infection of thelymph nodes.

fever,headache, chills, weakness,a swollen and tender lymph node

Septicemic Plague an infection of the blood.

fever, chills, extreme weakness,abdominal pain, necrosis

Pneumonic Plague an infection of

the lungs fever, headache, weakness and a

rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chestpain, cough and sometimes

bloody or watery mucous



Transmission Risk factors

Flea bites

Contact with contaminatedfluid or tissue.

Infectious droplets

include a recent flea bite andexposure to rodents,especially rabbits, squirrels,or prairie dogs, or scratches orbites from infected domesticcats.



EXAM AND TEST TREATMENT

Blood culture

Culture of lymph nodeaspirate (fluid taken from anaffected lymph node or bubo)

Sputum culture

Isolation barrier precaution withfull face respirators. The patientshould wear a mask.

Clothing and linens with body fluids on them should be cleaned

with the usual disinfectant. Antibiotics should be given as

soon as possible. To prevent a highrisk of death in patients with

pneumonic plague, preferably within 24hours of the firstsymptoms.

drug of choice streptomycin orgentamicin.

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/blood-culture/overview.html

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/lymph-node-culture/overview.html


http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/routine-sputum-culture/overview.html

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/routine-sputum-culture/overview.html



http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/test/blood-culture/overview.html



SMALLPOX is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious

disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpoxdisease, and the only prevention is vaccination.

Is an infectious and highly communicable diseasecharacterized by marked symptom during theprodromal period and appearance of the skin eruption which progresses through the stages of macule,papule, vesicle, pustule and crust to end putting searformation.



ETIOLOGY Modes of Transmission:

Variola Virus – is a large virus measuring about200mm in diameter, whichcontain a DNA core and isthermostable , remaining

viable for months in a dry

climate.

direct contact – throughformites and othercontaminated articles

droplet infection andsecretions – 3rd-8th day afteronset of fever- it is

transmittable. It is the periodin which mucous membraneare involved.



CLINICAL

MANIFESTATIONS: TREATMENT Hyperpyrexia ( 40°C-41°C),

headache, weakness andbackache, abdominal pain,nausea and vomiting, severemuscular and joints pain.

RASH

Symptomatic and supportive– as there is no specific cure

Antibiotics – are indicated foronly secondary bacterial

infections

http://cdn.nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/smallpox-pics.jpg?9d7bd4



Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents that is passed

to humans through contact with infected animaltissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes.

c Francisella tularensis is considered a potentialbioterrorism agent. An aerosol release would be apossible method of infection. Pneumonia cases wouldstart 1 - 10 days after people were exposed. aused by thebacterium Francisella tularensis.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002856/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A002856/



Humans can become infected through several routes,including:

Tick and deer fly bites

Skin contact with infected animals

Ingestion of contaminated water

Laboratory exposure

Inhalation of contaminated dusts or aerosols

In addition, humans could be exposed as a result of bioterrorism.

http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/

http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/laboratoryexposure/

http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/laboratoryexposure/

http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/



PREVENTIONSteps to prevent tularemia include:

Use of insect repellent

Wearing gloves when handling sick or dead animals Avoiding mowing over dead animals

http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/prevention/

http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/prevention/



TREATMENT Antibiotics

used to treat tularemia include streptomycin,gentamicin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin.

Treatment usually lasts 10 to 21 days depending on thestage of illness and the medication used. Althoughsymptoms may last for several weeks, most patients

completely recover.



SALAMAT PO!!!!!

biological agents(mutalib)

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