biological chemistry · biological chemistry is biochemistry fun?-find it out! outline 1. key...

Biological ChemistryBiological Chemistry

Is biochemistry fun?

- Find it out!

Outline Outline

1. Key concepts

2. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions

3. Carbohydrates

4. Lipids

5. Proteins

6. Nucleic Acids

Key Concepts:Key Concepts:1. Organic compounds have carbon atoms to

which hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other

atoms are attached

2. Cells put together large biological molecules

from smaller organic compounds

Monomer (one unit) & Polymer (many units)

3. Glucose and other simple sugars are

carbohydrates (monomers – monosaccharides;

Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides)

Key Concepts:Key Concepts:

4. Lipids are all water insoluble

Lipids include neutral fats,

phospholipids, waxes, and steroids

5. Proteins have diverse roles forming

structures, enzymes, transporters, body

defenses, and help in movement

6. DNA and RNA are the basis of

inheritance and reproduction

Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation and Hydrolysis ReactionsReactions

Condensation

(Dehydration)

Hydrolysis

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides

6 Carbon sugars

Glucose

Fructose


Disaccharides

Sucrose

Lactose

Formed by

condensation

reactions


Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Chitin- polymer of glucose with nitrogen

Cellulose

Glycogen


Bonding patterns between glucose

monomers in cellulose

Scanning Electron MicrographScanning Electron Micrographof a Tickof a Tick

Chitin



LipidsLipids

Water insoluble

Reservoirs of energy

Structural materials

Cell membrane

Types of Lipids

Neutral fats

Phospholipids

Waxes

Steroids

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

Hydrogen & Carbons

Carboxyl group

(- COOH)

Unsaturated

One or more double

bonds

Saturated

Single bonds

TriglyceridesTriglycerides

Neutral fats

Three fatty acids

and a glycerol

Condensation

Reactions

Body’s most abundant

lipid

Functions

Energy reservoir

Insulation

TriglycerideTriglyceride--Protected PenguinsProtected Penguins

TriglycerideTriglyceride--Protected a BearProtected a Bear

Brown bear

Butter

Phospholipids and SteroidsPhospholipids and Steroids

Phospholipids

In cell membranes

Glycerol backbone

Two fatty acids

Hydrophobic tail

Phosphate group

Hydrophilic head

(water soluble)

SteroidsSteroids

Steroids

No fatty acid tails

Four carbon rings

Cholesterol in animal

tissues

Steroids(hormones)

CholesterolCholesterol

WaxesWaxes

Long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols

or carbon rings

Cover plant parts

Help conserve water

Fend off parasites

Animals

Protect

(Waterproof)

Amino Acids and the Primary Amino Acids and the Primary Structure of Proteins Structure of Proteins

Proteins

Enzymes

Structures

Transport

Nutritious

Hormones

Immune system

From a pool of 20

amino acids

Structure of Amino AcidsStructure of Amino Acids

1. Central carbon

atom

2. An amino group

3. A carboxyl group

4. A hydrogen atom

5. One or more atoms

“R Group”

Structural Formulas for Some Structural Formulas for Some Amino AcidsAmino Acids



Primary structure of proteinsPrimary structure of proteins

Primary

Structure -

sequence of amino acids

Second Level of Protein StructureSecond Level of Protein Structure

Secondary structure - regional shapes (small area)

Third and Fourth Level of Third and Fourth Level of Protein StructureProtein Structure

Tertiary structure - 3 D shape of a

polypeptide Additional folding of

secondary structure

Quaternary structure 3 D conformation

of the Protein

Third and Fourth Level Third and Fourth Level StructuresStructures

hemoglobin

ProteinsProteins

Bighorn sheep

Nucleotides and Nucleic AcidsNucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Sugar

Ribose or Deoxyribose

Phosphate group

Bases

Single or double carbon rings with nitrogen

In DNA and RNA

The Four Kinds of Nucleotides in The Four Kinds of Nucleotides in DNADNA

DNADNA

1. Double strand of nucleotides

2. Twisted

helically

3. Hydrogen

bonds

4. Genetic

information

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

1.Living cells assemble organic compounds

2.The building blocks are amino acids,

nucleotides, simple sugars, and fatty

acids

3.Complex carbohydrates are energy

storage forms and structural materials

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

4.Lipids are used as energy storage and

structural components

5.Proteins are made of amino acids which

form structures, enzymes, transport,

movement, and are part of the immune

system

6.Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance

and reproduction

biological chemistry · biological chemistry is biochemistry fun?-find it out! outline 1. key...

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