biological relatives by sarah franklin

7/27/2019 Biological Relatives by Sarah Franklin

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Biological RelativesSARAH FRANKLIN

IVF, Stem Cells,

and the

Future of Kinship


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SaRah FRanklin Bc Rvs

iVF, S Cs,

Fr f ksp

De Ue Pe Dh L 203


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203 De Ue Pe

A h eee

Pe he Ue Se Ae -ee ppe

Ce ee A Rh Bh. Ie Ce Leh Be

Tpee Wh D Te I Se, I.

L Ce C--P D

, Sh, 960

B ee : ivF, e e, he e hp / Sh .

pe (xpee e)

Ie ph eeee ex.

isbn 978-0-8223-5485-7 (h : . ppe)

isbn 978-0-8223-5499-4 (p. : . ppe)

. ez , HS pe. 2. KhpPhph.3. e hp. i. Te. ii . See: xpee e.

r35.F74 203

68.78059923 20308962


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To Pat Spallone, who stayed

with the rouble, and has always

found the words.


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ContentS Acknowledgments x

introduction

Ree B

1 Me Be 3

2 L T 68

3 Pee 02

4 Repe Tehe 50

5 L ivF 85

6 ivF Le 22

7 e Ce 258

8 Ae ivF 297

aFtErword 3

Notes 33

References 333

Index 35


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aCknowledgmentS

ndn or the reserh ondted n the book ws enerosly proded he S Reeh C (Se Ce Ie) he

Wellome Trst (Medl Hmntes). Wthot the lon-stndn spport

eee Pe Pee Be, e he e h

pje he ee ee he e G Hp L-

. D. D I, he e he he PS e e G,

D. Sephe, h epe he e, ep,

he e e G, ee h ee h he e

pe h he exp he he . Ge Ce, D. Y- Khe, D. A Lh, D. V W he ee -

nly helul oer many years as my research mrate rom pgd to stem cells.

I p I e h he G Ge p-

hh p he pje, The Art of

A.R.T., n the Guys Assste Conceton Unt, but also or allown the maes

e epe h e, e h .e.

.hp. I ee he h e p

ths manuscrt, nclun Karn Lesnk-Obersten, Nck Howoo, Chrstna

Brndt, Donn Hrwy, Steenn De Slle, Brbr Orlnd, nd Zeynep

G, he ee h he p peee, pe

e . I he hee exe eee h e he

p ee, e ee hep ee, I epe-

e S Ahe M She, h e he pee

p--pe ee ee eee e -

e e e p he eepe Biological

Relatives. Th M, M Pe, T De, h he

e he Ie he H he P Kee

eeh ee 20082009 nyu. Thh he h -


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x acknowlEdmEnts

scrt I hae ha the benet o workn closely wth Proessor Martn Johnson

D. N Hp Ce Ue pje e

he h eepe he U.K., pehp

h he Gee Rep pje Ce. H e

Ce e he pe Biological Relatives, I he eee ee he qe e epe e hee

n more wys thn wold be possble to desrbe deqtely here, nd t s

hpe h h ehe he ee

h h ep ee. Le j pje, h

e h p , I eep ee pe S

Ahe he pp, eee, e. A ee, he De e

h ee pe, e, eh, he

stewrdshp o the mnsrpt nto prnt. Spel thnks to Ken Wssoker,Je B, Lz Sh, A Bh e epe

ee e he e p. I h pee pee e p he

De , h he ee he. , I

e h e e e P Spe, h h ee h e he

je h ee e he e.


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intRoduCtion Rvy Bc

Th-e e e e eh eh ep, e e e e, ez-

(ivF) h px e. Se e -

e 978, ivF h p ee e e , he

t the sme tme lso beomn, s Ale mht he sd, roser nd

e. Cep e, e h pe

hh he ivF, ehe h ep ep-

e qe he e. A he h, h ep

now be looked tnd not only throh the mrosope. The moment oep e ee he Iee; epe e-

ee, h he ee e. I e e 3d

YTe. Th ehz ep h .

Thee e efe he ee e h ee

he e , eq he ee -

p , h h e e . Wh e e

h ivF h ee hh hh e ee ee? Wh

e e he eh ep h ep-

p pee? Wh pee eh ivF? Ae ,

j e , peehe p ivF pe

e h e.

I efe p he e e e ivF, e e he

e ivF eh h h h pex e he

h he e ee pe, hh

e eee h he hz e eeee ee

e e ee. expee eeh ehqe e e-

bryoloy, ivF has eole nto a lobal technolocal latorm, use or a we


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2 introduction

e pp, ee e ee -

e e eeh. Oe e he h ivF

ehqe h h e hh ee, ee, e

p e pex he ep-

ucton. rom ths ont o ew, the hstory o ivF s that o a stem technoloyh h ee ee e h e he e he -

cal that so stnctly characterze the twenteth centurya moel technque

e e.

A h, ivF e he h he pe e

ox Keller (2002) desrbes s mkn sense o le proess tht, lke

ivF, hs lso beome roser nd roser oer tme. As Jne Men-

he (2003) e, ivF h he e e h e

qe h ee h p e e e h. Se he ee ep e ez , h he e

he e eeeh e Jqe Le e h, ee pe-

csely esne not only to control le, but to reene t. Loebs scoery that

eg e expee e h pe, he -

eepe , exp ee e e

o le s mehnl, nd ths reenneerble. As Menshen ponts ot,

Le, h p ee e, h e qe h e

e e (2003: 79). A e x Kee ee, hpe h e e je pee hh he ep

p, ee ppe, heze pe-

ty. As Keller notes, the eort to dene wht le s ben only two en-

e h Je-Bpe L e e e h

e p h h e e, eee h

e , eee. A Kee e, B he ee ee

he qe he e eee e, e ee pe,

h ee he e he eee -

, ephz h he pe h e, h qe

or les essence smultaneously works towar ts ssoluton (2002: 292). As

Kee e he, he pe pe e e he e-

e h e h pe-L, e eheeh-

e he ex pje h he , hh e

med to demonstrte tht the border between le nd nonle s entrely

p h e e h p.

I ee, h h e e he he he,

he, hh hh p e -

e pe. The e he heze


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rElativEly bioloical 3

ee ee he, h eq p-

he e .

The ee pe, Kee (2002) ee , he h

e e pee epe ivF, hh h ee e he e e-

eh ehqe e he hez e e ppe-tes n the pst, nd ontnes to shke them p n the present. Lke Loeb

n the nneteenth entry, Shny Ymnk nd hs tem n Kyoto dso-

ee e he e e pe -

p e eee e he pe-

derentted stte proess tht s kn to mkn ble deelopn

embryo wthot ether sperm or eg. They seeded n me n 2006 nd

h e 2007, h e pee ppe e (PS)

eh e ee e eh p eeh he pee eh e eepe (Thh Y-

2006). Th p he

eeh-e ee h epe e ehqe

expe he pe eepe e, Kee

p , he e ep e expe (h e ee).

Ahe pe h pe e he e ee -

h h ee epee ehe he ep

dene wht le s, espelly now tht boloy s tsel nresnly nder- eh h eh h e e. Th

h ee eh eph ep: e PS e,

rses re sed to trnsport the reqred enes, nd the enes, or tors,

heee ee he pe e eze e.

Iee, he e pee eeee he -

e q pee h

eh h ee.1 B hee e e he -

ouser an curouser moment, as ths also means that technoloy s becomn

e ze. A h h e ee p pe

ivF h e h pe, epe , e e

h e pee e, h. I ez

s t one tehnqe, model, n mtton o bolol proess, syn-

he pe, e eeh eh, , e

h ep e. I expee e e

h e h e e . Ceqe, e h ivF

h e e e h ee h e e

ee.

Th hh he h , hh e h he


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4 introduction

h ivF, ze pee, ep e ee

sense o ths tehnqe both n nd o tsel nd s prt o wder proess

hh hh he h ee e exp ee .

I desrbe ths s the emerene o bolol reltty, whh s explored

h he p e ivF, h ehqe e e h e e eh,

eh . I ge h he he

he eh h p h e he qe e ivF

e, h ivF e qe pepee hh e hee -

p e ee , (e I.). M

h h h ivF

as by holn t stllusn t as a sh moel o tsel, chann the lters, the

eph e, he h.I ez h epe peze e pe

throuh whch boloy s not only enaturalze but culture u. Whle con-

expee , ivF eh eee

ze ze hp, peh, ep:

pe he hpe e hee. I h e e ee

he e h ehe h ee

hhly poplr nd sessl re qkly tken or rnted (ndeed, ths s

h e ehe e ee). B h pehe eh ee, R W e, -

trl ormoten ssoted wth new sol nd nstttonl norms, nd

h ze. W e e eh he ehe

ee pe h e epe h ee,

e pe ex (990: 2)

nto ont both the ntentons tht proded t nd ts hnn role s

t eoles oer tme. In ths wy he hllenes the sterle opposton be-

ee he e eh ehe eee h e,

ee ehe e ee. Ie he e e-

h he e he ee ehe pe p

lrer wholes, wthn whh tehnoloy s not, n hs words, solted s

e- e (W 990: 6) e pex pe

(25).

I h , I e ivF h pex x p-

. M e e ivF ehz -

oloy, or as a bolocal technoloy, but as a case stuy that asks us to conser

e eph h h p eh , ex. The he

h h ivF e eh h


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FiurE intro.. S Jh Tee Ae , pe:

The he e , e h h e ee he

qe ee, h he e ee

pe. e, he pe he ex he e eee e e.

Le C, Through the Looking Glass (87).


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6 introduction

h h ee -

e h eh ee, e he e e-

hp eee he. The e he h h he e

e h ivF h e e e , ee

hh ee, e ee h - . A h , e pehp e ee e

p qe he e ehp eee

eh e pe eee epe eh he

e hp.

W p e he qe h ivF h ee e

e, e ze ze, e e ee q

or ordnry. To ben wth, ivF s tehnqe tht repltes well- known

pe, e ez, he eh pe eh. I h epe: e e-

pe ep, epe e h -

rms, or proes, tht t works tehnololly. Representtons o ivF typ-

epe, ee, e he e

reroucton an the unersal esre or arenthoo to the alue o scentc

pe he ee e e he e ivF

turn oere as roo, or eence, o how these locs t toether. As oucault

h he ee, ivF ee e e ehqe z, he, he e, hp, e-

der, sent proress, expermentl embryoloy, lestok breedn, bby

he, e e, e eh, e H-

wood nem, Sex and the City, Brneln, nd Mmsnet.om. Bt s o-

h he e, h h e ivF he ee

epe p he ee h e ee

.

P he ivF epe hp pe,

the lo o whh ivF reptltes extly n ts emphss on the bolo-

ez ee . Hee, h e e

exsts n two orms as a result o ivFthe one occurrn n o, an the other

. I ez h e eh ep e

e , ee, e pe p e

ex ep h e e ee

. The z ivF, Ch Thp p , h-

(2005: 5) h e eh ee h ex-

ex, ee, hp , eee fex he e-

p ep, he e eep he e e,


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hp . Ye ee h ee, he

ee he e epe, he e

heee, h h ep ex, he, I -

hee, .

The e hh ivF eee , ee eee ,the normlzn systems t both reles pon or ts sess nd reprodes

hh , pee hee e ee he e e

ivF. Indeed, these two sdes o ivFhow t s both norml nd nothelp

to expln why the experene o nderon t remns so prdoxl nd

mblent, despte the pprent obosness o why ivF me nto ben

to ben wth. The more pelr spets o ivF ery qkly beome ob-

e e ivF p, ee h e

I eee ivF ee he ee -mt world o ivF tretment (rnkln 1997: 11). One nsde ths topsy-

try world, ery derent lo o ivF beomes sble, whh s nether

e-ee h e he he e he

nto the sssted onepton ln. Here, s or Ale, nothn s norml t

ll. In tro ertlzton s not smple proess o steps ledn to poten-

e e je epe,

je e, e, pee, e j,

e h. Y he eee ee ee hh p , he e hh eh ehe e p e-

ment re onstntly hnn. As n the ontext o mnoentess, nother

hh-eh epe ee, hee ee e e pe,

he expeee ivF e. I pex e

pee h eqe hh ee pe e, e

s tme nd resores. Een people who seed n the eort to hee

e-he e e e ee he he expeee

e ivF. Se h he ee epe e h,

he he ehe ee e p (Th

2004). ew people o throh ivF, n other words, wthot experenn,

ether temporrly or permnently, nd to reter or lesser extent, de-

ee ee h pee e h e he

ivF e, h ee h e he pe hh

ivF. Th ee exe he eee eee he h

ivF e , he exe hh hee hee

e e e.

The mblene tht hrterzes the ivF enonter, whle spe n

ivF ee, e ee, I ee hh


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8 introduction

ths book as technolocal ambalence, arun that t s a consttute com-

pe e. A he he e, h

Uh Be (992), ee e he e he he

modern reltonshp to tehnoloybe t teleson or e- ml, robots or

botehnoloy, eletr kettles or plst bs. In tro ertlzton oers useul ersecte on ths ambalence because t s enerate out o a context

h, e ivF e, e h e ee h -

e eh he ex e e.

Th h ivF pe e e he e I e

eee ivF p, p-

p h ep ee. The p-

ivF, h -- pex, pe-

e , h e - , e e e e, pe he e e-

pe e. The e e h e ivF h

h e h e h e e heee-

pp e he e .

Hee, I e h he ee p e h

the tehnqe o ivF, whle derte n prt o ts role s modern, syn-

thet, hh-teh proedre, lso reerenes older qestons o sex, ender,

hphh ivF hep ppee e exp. I he, ivF e pepee he ee e h

e eh, h h ee Be, e e

, e hp. The h he z

ivF h he he ee e h e -

e eh heeee h

hee e epe ehe h eee eep

ee. A Mhe Peez e h h ee

(the smltneos experene o powerl, ontrdtory emotons or tt-

e e phee, he ee ), hp he

deoted snt ttenton not only to the myrd sores o mblene bt

lso to ther mpltons or n nderstndn o strtre nd eny s

well as crtcally mortant rocesses o socalty, omnaton, an resstance

(200: 44). Th e p Peez hee exe ee

such as a ont o requently oerlooke contnuty between the ol an new

hp e (200: 44) he ex e e ivF.

Th h h ep ee ee ee

thnkn about boloy an technoloy nto a conersaton about ivF that may

e ppe he je. A e e, e-


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he ivF eh, pex -

p, e, he h ee

pee, e e, e eeqe

h hh he e. Th e he

eheh ehe hp e eqpe, ehe ex e he e he Iee. S, h

e h h eh e, e h e

he ee ee. Thee h

h pje e e, h h e

e pph hee qe. Hee, e e-

e e he eze e pe, he

eee he e e pe ee

onerston, not only bot ivF bt bot the qeston onernn teh-noloy nd ts new knshp wth the qeston onernn boloy. These

qe e e he ee eh, he -

ee h pe z.

Ths s a conersaton that has alreay been ery substantally eeloe n

e e he, expe he hp ee

ehe hp, he e ee ehe e-

e, e he epe ex eh. I

e he exe hh Mx e e ehee e h e , he

he e eee h . Th ep e-

heze ep, e epe eh, I he e

pee e ee h hee p, e e

ee e, p he D H (976,

997). Re he he e h I expe pe

, Dolly Mixtures ( 2007), I ep exe he

e pee he ex expee e, -

h he e pee eepe R Rpp (999)

he ex ep epe ee. I expe he -

ee he e pe , f,

he e he e he phphe

eee he e ep (acu) hee I he e he

p e e, e he qe e eh

h I e ivF pe eq e.

A pe , h ee e h e-

tsts nd lnns workn n the elds o ivF, stem ell reserh, nd re-

enerte medne, s well s ptents nderon ros proedres,


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0 introduction

or te n ptent spport rops. Althoh ths book s not trdtonlly

ehph, e , he expee

scentsts who took the tme to ntrouce me to ther techncal workn meth-

. The I e he e ivF, h e e

ell derton methods, nd mromnplton o embryos hs beneted he e ee h hh pe e e ex-

he hhe e e. I , h h he

he , e expe hh I he e

h , p e he pee ehqe

p h e e e.

As reslt o ts own somewht eentr pssn tehnqes, ths

pe ee e eee hpe h ep

to make sense o the socal, cultural, an technolocal leaces o ivF throuh ee epee e h h ep ee. Thh, I

ze ivF e h e e e e, e

hh hh ep he he e , eh,

hp. T h I ze epe e eh,

eh epe e, e he e he

he eh h e ze , hh, ivF.

The x ehe hee pepee h e he

eh ee e ppe eepe eanalyss than a thouht exerment n the orm o a mosac. The am s to char-

eze he e e ivF.

Th e e ( e) p ee

j qe h h e h ivF h ee e-

tooln o hmn reprodte sbstne. Ordnrly, tehnoloy mht be

e eh h e e hee ee e:

tratonally ene as the alcaton o scence. Howeer, many o the most

fe he eh he e h eh eqpe

nd eny re orm o nhertnendeed o nherted sbstnes

h e e he h exee he pee

he e. Th , hh ee, he e

knsh theory that nsttutons such as monarches are technoloesnee

epe ehee he e p h -

e e e he e e. The ee eh-

eqehe he p e e e e h

e he e ep ehe pe e h

ep he ph he e h e

e ee, , epe ee. I e e he eh-


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rElativEly bioloical

noloes o rltre or domestton, or exmple, not to menton ele-

( h e he ), e ee h he

e e h p h e e h e e ee e

them, ther perse strtrn eets s nsble s rmmr (lne

e he p h ehe). Heege, expe, The Question Concerning Technology, epe he Gee e-

he techne exp e: I e-

e, , h techne -h (993: 39).

S, B, De, Th, Heege e h

ehe e he e hh he ee ee

h, hp he he Be exee (993: 350).

Th eqpe, h hh e e, h hee e,

hp h h e he . Jqe De (974), - he peeh A Le-Gh, e ee

mn or nthropos s rooted n n ornry tehnty poston re-

ently nterpreted by Vk Krby (2011) s one tht mht lso llow or

e e e eh. B L (993) h ee e-

e j, h, ee ee.

Or, s Donn Hrwy pts t more dly, hmers o hmns nd non-

hmns, mhnes nd ornsms, sbjets nd objets, re the obltory

pe p, he ee , hh hh ee p e h hee he (997: 43). We ee

e ehe ee h eh e. H e he

ee h eh h qe:

Wllms (1990) so wsely noted, t s the ery obosness o ths qeston

h e ze.

As well s rermn tehnoloy, ths book lso seeks to rerme some

o the rments onernn tehnolol reprodton rom wthn the

h he. expe, h he ee hh, I e

t s possble to red Mrxs onts o mhnes nd tehnoloy s more

morphoenet thn perhps een he ntended. Mrx repetedly red

h he e eh e e he eee

e e e h Je W, he e ehe

on eery lhtblb or the eponymos enery sore by whh yo my be

rean ths book. Althouh Marxs enorsement o the alue o moern tech-

e ppe Heege e h ehz e-

e, he he e h Mx h eh -

he p h, e pe. The eqpe

he I Re, he e, e e e p


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2 introduction

e , he he . He e he e-

ton o machnes such as the sel-actn mule jenny n the context o the socal

pp h pe he he p, h he

exee, h he he ehz -

e. I h Mx e , he eqpe e -e h e hee h ex-

ee, e he h pee e.

A Mx e Ve Capital, he h e p

h e he pe: L , he pe, p-

e hh h Ne ppe, hh h

, ee, he e e- eee he

Ne. He ppe he Ne e he e, e

n moton rms nd le, hed nd hnds, the ntrl ores o hs body, norer to arorate Natures rouctons n a orm aate to hs own wants.

By ths tn on the externl world nd hnn t, he t the sme tme

he h e (mEcw, V. 35, Capital, V. , B , C 7, e ).

Mx e he h h eh he

e h pepe e he e h, h he

pe heee he ph p ee -

ormed by them. He lso emphszed the solty o bodesther rl

ee h he e, h e. Bh nd tools were nderstood s rl omponents o systemt mode o

p h , he e p, hh ze,

nd een to ertn extent symbot (e.., loer = ntroen = odder =

cattle = roletarat = surlus alue = commoty = nance, etc.). As ths book

ge, Mx e he h--he e -

. H pe h hh pe substantial-

ization hh hh he h e he hee, e

( , Heege he ) eqpe

hstorl moment bt by ben ontnlly reondtoned by the eolton

h eqpe, h , expe, he e p

e eh p. H ep he e

o mhne tehnoloy s deeply nsed wth the oneptl pprts o

eepe h ee e pe

h ee.

The e eh eqpe peee Mx

e e he h eh. Th peppe e

, ee Be See (998) e

Mx e he e h eh. The e he


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h h , e eh e, h

prodton, s entrl to Mrxs dletl theory o mhnes nd meh-

nzton, oten nokn Drwns model o ntrl hstory (despte Mrxs

nd Enelss rtqes o Drwn s n polost or ndstrl ptlsm,

he e h e ee p ee eh-). S, Mx e epe he ph

as a tool kt mae aalable or human use, an transorme by these uses nto

e e (Sh OKeee 980). T h , Mx e he

e, e, e ehe hh hh he e

p ze e. Thee , he e, pe he

ee ee eh ee he he

p eep, , epe e.

h p e, he e e, dee, tht s en prpose by ts ser s not lly deqtebese, s

both Marx an Enels arue, the sncance o tools cannot be measure by

he e. T, he e eh, e e-

h hee eqpe he h

exee, ehp h he h h , -

e pe h exe e h e he h

pee eeee. Me h h, e ee ee e:

Heege e, he e he h hh, Mx red, tools re the osprn o mned worlds s mh s tl ones.

T e ze ep.

As Donn Hrwy (1997: 52) hs red, the ontext o ontemporry

eh p e h ee ,

ep, e he , e

hh e e peze h e e

nto technque an an mloson o materal an semotc technoloes as new

hp . The e e e, he e, he p

ee h p h h eh-

e hehe e he ee e

e, , h, , he (H 997:

99). The e e e e ee, he, e

. . . p he h he (3536), h

p he e h e hpepee h

ts transhybrtes (134). To the extent that molecular boloy s remse on

he pe e , ee e ee he

uture o bolocal knsh as a set o relatonshs not only to, an throuh,

, eh.


21/38

4 introduction

Th e qe, hh h ee he

e he h h e ep-

e e, . A qe e he p e

ivF eh e he p h e, p e e-

e h e e eeh, h e e ep-e e eh, eh epe e,

e e ee e e e e h,

e he . A e e p e pepe

e h qe ehe Mx Heege, he he

eh, h he pe hee ee z-

ehe ep epe e. Iee e e

ee e e ep ee he h ep .

Conentonally, reroucton has been unerstoo n two stnct sensesas a rocess o socal relacement (as n the reroucton o labor ower), an

s bolol proess (s n sexl reprodton). Somewht onsnly,

ep e e ee ee p.

Ths s the exact ooste o what t has meant n the context o boloy, where

ex ep pee he e h p, ex e-

p, . Th pe he,

an also by a eneral nelect o the mortance o what Marx calle the moe

o reprodton or the sexl dson o lbor. Indeed, throhot Mrxs he e e e e expe he e. Hee,

he e eeh e h ee e ee h

ex ep pe h e ehpe

eh (hh h he phe ep e),

h e e eh (e.., pe e e , h

e ). Wh ivF e p e eh-

local transer, or assan, by whch the technolozaton o bolocal sub-

e ee e ep ( e )

ex , h, , , , eh-

ep. P , he e ep-

e he j eh e he eeh

e, e e h h ee e e heze (p-

he H). I ez he e hh h

e eh h ee ee he h, h

e e eh pe e e

eh e.

One o the most helpl models or ddressn the ontemporry en-

ee e (P 987), he pe e (L-


22/38


deker 2007), s tht desrbed n Adele Clrkes (1998) ont o ds-

plnn reprodton. As Clrke notes, the reprodte senes he

heee ee ze, he e he e pje

e h hee ee pe e, epe he ,

he he p , h he epe ee hhe e e e ep e

heredty, nd hene oer le tsel (1998: 276). The ontrol o reprod-

e e hh ehe eee ee , e ,

e he e e h ee he p,

expe, e e e. D he eeeh e, e -

eh eee ee e e e e h

Re Bee, h e pe he epe e

h e e ee he e e, eh h -- ee e ee x ee

pe h ee, He R (987) h h, e -

drdzn nmls, s well s new mens o lltn ther tness, do-

e he epe pee, e e -

e e he ee p. Lee ee e, e

-ex Bee ee (h he Dhe Leee heep) e

ths nstrmentl ley (nd he themseles now beome lble om-

modtes). Selete breedn, whh sbstntlzes onept n the orm ehqe ppe ep (.e., -- e ee

to onentrte desrble trts), reles on son o boloy nd tehnqe

hee he p ep (Ce 998). The e

ppe ppe he e ee e eeee,

hee h epe ep e e eee, exe,

ee.

A ee eh ee he eeeh e ee

he z h epe e he p

epe ee, he ep hp. I he D-

, h G Bee (983) M She (992) he h,

he hp pee p he -

eh peee h e he

he eee e hh he eeh ,

hh he epe e. I h e e,

e, h e e e, e, qe

ep e e he e e pe -

( 973). Oe ee e e, e,

e e e e pp p


23/38

6 introduction

, h he he pee ee h -

ee pe. Th he e epe e h e

h h ivFj e e e D ee

h ( hp) e eee, eph, e-

(e). Le D e e, ivF e e- e ee: e e ee, e

e e eee. Th ee ivF e

he hee hh h e ee epe e p-

e I ee e, hh hh ex

e exp e, ee, . Oe he

ee ivF h q hh he exp ehz

reprodte sbstne t mkes so rphlly sble, nd the rdl new

e e e, he ee ze -eze.

One reson or the rpd dopton o ivF tehnoloy s, o orse, tht

e e. A B L e, he pe

e he eee he ppe h e

. H ee , he e, h pe e-

ee, Ne e ze, hze, ze (L 993:

37). The e e ee , hp, he ep-

te substanceall o whch are characterze by enormous fexblty n ste e e e ee e. A Je Ce h e, he

term sbstne hs n enormos nd red rne o menns, oern

hee pe he Oxford English Dictionary. She ee hee

brod teores: tl prt or essene; seprte dstnt thn; tht whh

ee phee; pe e (Ce 200: 29). Whe

the one hnd, Crsten srmses, the hhly red menns o sbstne

my be one o the resons t s ood to thnk wth, ths bredth hs lso

e . expe, e e e

e ph e. Th e he

sbstnes tht does not perse throh the plentl membrne, nd n

h ee ee he, h he epe e

eee. B h e e? T-

tonally, an n a Euro-Amercan context, these woul be escrbe as knsh

e h e ee e h he e h he

e he , , e (Shee 968). A

Crsten notes, howeer, sh denton both onses nd onftes two

ery derent menns o sbstnes symbol nd essene. Ths onf-

ee M D ep -


24/38


, e e hh he e he e e-

e efe ehe eh pe expeee e (970:

0). A e ee pepee e Aee M

(2002), h e e epze h e h

sbstne derent menns n terms o how t s done throh rosehqe expe, he ex ee. I he e, e

e e pe e pe e: ehe

ee e eeze , he e exee

epe h ee e pe eh

e.

he ppe h , z e h he e

h ee ph, ee e, hp, hee

ep h ee, ez, z, ez he ee epe ee he ehp eee

ee, , e, e je, eh. I he -

ex hee ee e h he eh e he

word sbstne selly both expresses nd onrms. At the sme tme,

ths term s lso sel or ths book bese t hs mh more spe

e he ex ep, hee he e epe -

e ee ee e. A, e he

p ep he h pe e ep-e e h h ee ee he eepe

eh e he eeee pe e. A

he PS e e ee , eee ep e

e e he ex e e ee (hh h

he D expee e). Th e ivF, hh

be seen s n eoln tehnolol pltorm, sern s bse or n ex-

p e h e eh, hh e e

he ppe pe h e epee ep. H

e e e eeh e p he e he ivF

p: ee he e eeh e ee-

pe h ee ivF e e h, epee h

ivF or the suly o research embryos necessary to the renement o ts cln-

pp.

Both the chane n the meann o reroucte substance brouht about

hh e e eeh ( h ee e ee ee)

he e e e pe pp e

e ivF pex . Mh eeh pee h

e e ee U.K. e h he ee ee,


25/38

8 introduction

, eeee e e ee ee eee

ivF nd stem ell reserh. The xs o these lbs, both rhtetrlly nd

ep, he he , hh, e he je

acu. The e e epe eee e

can thus be more relably, or cleanly, acltate rom one context to another,h , ivF e e ( h; ee

2010b). Ths book bens nd ends n the ledn U.K. lb dedted to the

h e e epe e, G Hp

L, hee he ivFe e ee e e he

he qe h hp e e e eeee he ex

e epe ehe.

The e e ivF e e eeh ze

h e e e ivF he hee hh he h h e he he he . O e e

e pe e acu e pee, ivF. Thee

pe e ee pe epe e, -

p he peee acu e he ,

he e, pe he h he

e ep. I he e he exe

e expe ee h, ivF p epe

ee he he. I ez ex e he-e, e pp ee , e eeh

prorms, lel nstrments, brert proedres, tehnl sklls, nd

ethl odes (nd so on). Now n expndn lobl sere setor, the ivF

h ee eee x e ehe, pe-

e, p, e. Th x he e e -

e ee h exee he e ex ep

e, h he h e p exe e

, eh, hp.

Thee e e p e h e e eepe hh

the hole n the wll (re Intro.2), lnkn the stem ell lb to the acu,

throuh a comlex seres o embryo transers (rankln 2006a, 2006b, 2006c,

2008, 200; Kz 2008). I he , eh - ,

he pex ee e e epe e h

e pe ee eeh e h e ep

e e e ee e pp, h e eee,

reenerte medne, nd dnosts. Here, the sophstted hndwork

p-h e e e e e e -

e e e e e, e epe ee


26/38


p e p h e e p -

. S, he UK Se Ce B, hh he h e-

e e eehe, he ee -

ton, store, trnsport, hndln, nd bnkn o hmn embryon stem

e e e ee, h he e pe e he e eh ( e . 2008; K 2009). Thee

new stndrds omprse the most elborte qlty mnement protools

ee e epe e. The e he eqe he -

ep ee Geeh Me Te.

The he he h e e e ep-

, pehp - (e I.3). Thh , h ep-

e e e he h ee ivF e

become a tool that s embee n a new set o coes or conuct. These coes pe e h hppe e, he ehp

h e ehe hh he, h eh e e e

he exhe epe e. Th e e e e

h e-e ee p he eqpe e

epe e e ee ee p-

eh , ee ppe e e e ee e

e e hepe ppe. I h hee, he e-

e e e, h he e e, ee ee, e peze, h e-

p x h he je h .

tcs f Sx

A ee he e e he e he h e-

he eeh-e e, e he ex

eh. The phe ehe ex e Mhe -

e e he e e h ivF peee he 970.

Lke Mrx, howeer, olt sed reltely nrrow model o reprod-

h hh fe h he h he h ee

he h pe hh he ehz ex. H p-

e e e h e eh, p

hh h he ehp eee ee pe

eh e. A he pe , he e ex h hh he

ee pe e e ze h

e epe ph ( 990: 5455).1

The e ehe ex e h ep-


27/38

20 introduction

epe eh pe e e h e

sholrshp n the 1980s. Bldn both on Mrxst pprohes nd on the

work o erler emnsts, sh s Smone de Beor, Rth Hershberer,

Shh ee, he phe ehe ex e e-

, p hh he Tee e Le (987) Jh

Be (990). Ne e ex, ee, ep e eee

h e hp, e Ge R (975) ep

he ex/ee e h Shh ee (972) ee he h

e he p e ex. The qe he ee

ee epe he ze, p pe-

smpton o n tomt sexl bse to hmn sol rrnements s

e he e ee expe.

Anthroolosts such as Marlyn Strathern were amon the rst to ben to

aly these nshts seccally to ivF. Somewhat roncally, Strathern (1992a,

992) pe , ivF exp ze he e e h ee

ormerly mane to roun the natural orns o ener an sex: these acts

FiurE intro.2. The he he eee he ivF he e e

ee he pe, e, eg e h

eee ex e e. Ph he h, phe h

pe he G e e e.


28/38


ee eee e, eze, he e eh eepe

he. B ep ep, ivF e ee e

eh ex ex pe he e e h

ehe ex ee h pe he ee ze -

, he h . he e e, he e e ep

ehqe he epe e eh

pe e ee eee

e e, hh hh e e e-

me nterhneble. Intended to enble ople to reprode bolol

p, ivF px eze ep

, h. The ez hee ehqe -

ze he e p h eee eg

sperm, bt tht between tehnoloy nd boloy. Ths end opln hs

q ee e he e--e eh e-

ee h ee he e h e he .

Th h ivF e e e e e

FiurE intro.3. A e he ivF ee hee he e he Ae

Cep C, Pe Pee Be, exp he h eg e

ivF e e . Ph he h, phe h

pe he G e e e.


29/38

22 introduction

e e. I , he e ee p, e, h

p e h e he ppe

o uture knshs not only between arent an chl, but between technoloy

p. The e ehp eee ivF he e ex

eh hh p h pe eqe he e h eh, e he

ehp h e ehe ee, ep,

ex hh he ee eh e .

The p exp ivF e ee

eh p, e he eh ,

h ee h e he p ee qe e-

e he e h . , h h e h e-

pe e eh, eh epe -e? A e, h hee ee qe e ze ehe?

A e e, he eh h expee. Bio-

logical Relatives ze ee e e ex expe

e ee pepee he qe e e ivF. I e

ee hpe h , pex e. Re ee

pe, I he ee eh h ee he eeee

eh he ex ivF, I e ivF h e

e h pe. I h he e ivF h e e e h he he he hh expee h

ehh e hh pee he h e.

A e h eh h eh hpe e ee

e he e he h eee he ee -

. Whe h e , p e h e.

Mh s let to the reder to ner ross the hpters, whh toether t-

ep e e x h e ehe

he. Ohe he pe h e hee he ivF,

R Mz He (2004) Pandoras Baby, Re

P Sepe (980)A Matter of Life. S, hee e h ee

h epe , Aee Ce (998)

Disciplining Reproduction Je Mehe (2003) Whose View of Life?

Nehe ep p ivF pe hee hpe, h

h e De Sp (2006) The Baby Business,

ebate the ethcal mlcatons o new reroucte an enetc technoloes,

h ee e Je He (2003), (2002),

he. I he h h e h e

ee h e hh eee pph ee he p e


30/38


31/38

24 introduction

red nd re-presented n order to deelop the nlyss rther. The emph-

ss on lose redns o key texts throhot ths book s lso reprod-

e eh , e he pee h ep ee

n ext proess, nd tht repetton s tsel enerte mehnsm. The

pe hh expee h h pje efee h , hh e e ee e h ( ee

ntrdtonl) ethnorph monorph. As noted n the terword, sb-

hee he eee e ee pe ee

e-p peee h he e peee hee, he ee

h e e.

Chpe , Me Be, exe ivF h ee

ep, e epe e h. I ee,

he h, he eeee he ivFe e ee he o a new eneraton o urose-bult labs n the Unte Knom, an the ub-

pe ee h h pe he e

enerton o embryon tools, most reently hmn-dmxed embryos,

lelzed n 2010. In ddton, ths hpter explores the ondton o ben

e ivF ep heze h h ee ee. The

eeee he ivF he pe e ee I

Re, e he he , e h ee-

h Mx h he e e.Chpter 2, Ln Tools, rermes the oerll projet o Biological Rela-

tives he D H Shh ee,

e e he e e e e h exe

ivF . Hee e ee e e ee e p e

e q- e ehze ze

e ep. We e hh he he he ,

ivF eg he e e h ee ehe pe p

h . D Mx he, h hp-

e h eep he hee e e hpe e

e ep e exep he ee pe e exe

h .

Chpter 3, Embryo Poneers, ontns n epsod tor o some o the

e ee he h expee e h I ge

e hep ppe he ee ehqe h e

hmn ivFnd to nderstndn the eort to mehnze reprodte

e, p . I exe he eph eh-

qe h e hpe 2, pe e eh he

h h ivF. The h hpe expe he e


32/38


use o embryo transer, artcal ertlzaton, an tssue culture n the makn

o what has come to be known as the reroucte ronter an to urther ex-

pe h e. A e, hpe 3 e e he

o the ronter dom n the ontext o boloy s tehnoloy ( theme tht

eepe he hpe 7). D he h hhe ee h p e e h I he, Hh

Lee, S Ge, N Hp, I e he h

h ivF e he eh expee e h

peee , e h exee pe e-

e h ee ee ee he pe

hh h .

Chpe 4, Repe Tehe, he h

ex he ex expee e eepe h he ex eh ex ee ehe he e

e heze h e ee he 980, p h

e hp. Th hpe e e e he h

Gyle Rbn nd Mrlyn Strthern, whle lso reredn the emerene o

e ee eh. The ehe h e- e

rond s mehnl omprson between the tehnoloes o knshp,

ee, ex, he e hpe 3 exee h e

he , ee, pe e he e efe h ivF . Hee, eehee, he e ee ee

work on knshp nd ender n the lht o ben seerl dedes ter the

h he e-e , ephze h he ivF h

e he e ee hph pe

e h ee he e e.

Chpe 5, L ivF, e e h, e he

e ee e e epe ehe he 980. A, h

he ee exee h h h -

e, h ee pe qe , e he

nderstndn the experene o women nderon ivFrbly one o

he ee ep e h epe eh-

noloy, nd o sssted onepton s mens o don ender s well s

hp. I e h he e e e expe-

ee ivF eee e expe ee ephp e

many o the ways n whch ambalent relatonshs to bolocal technoloes

he been theorzed sne the 1980s. Ths hpter more expltly enes

h he hh he ivF pe e -

counts o ener an sex as technoloesan nee as reroucte tech-


33/38

26 introduction

e. I e ivF eh e,

eh h e e, h h pe

e h e e h he

ppe.

Imortantly, ths arument has alreay been mae ery eleantly by CharsThp (2005) he p ivF eh ee, p

ttleMaking Parents. Drawn on Thomsons work n chater 6 (ivF Le),

I expe he qe h ivF ep , e

e , p. Th hpe pe he he qe-

h ivF e. H h ee h pp eh

e e, h e ivF? T expe hee

qe eh ee , I he e h hpe 6

he e ivF eh , eh h ee e e exp e eh-

nolocal substance as boloy. In orer to unerstan not only the loc o ivF

eh, ee he e ivF

eh pe he e e, e he

he e epe e , p, ee,

e, e h e pp ee

p (ee) ee e.

Th e he ehph e hee e. Chpe 7, -e Ce, e he he he , h e h he acu,

ppe he , hee he Bh G Ge h he he e

ivF phphe eee. L hh Ge e e-

bles the qeston o ivF s wy o le to be expnded nto broder

qe h eh pe, ee, ze.

Hee, he qe he e expe e exp he

e hp, he e hp expe he p e

o how technoloy tsel has become a orm o share reroucte substance.

Th qe e ee h hpe hh e

eh pe e, ivF e h e

ee pe. L e he h -

e h h peee eeee , he qe e e ivF

explored both slly nd experentlly s ste o rerted dentty nd

e .

The e hee he e ef ze he e

by reredn Derrds nderstndn o the reltonshp between tehns

e hh he e ivF. D he Hh Ae,

the qeston onernn tehnoloy s here posed s one o dloe: wht


34/38


e he e e h he he e eh

s boloy, or the tre o boloy s tehnoloyor the tre o knshp

e h hee qe? B ee he e

Biological Relatives h e, I e he e h he h

ep p he e epe e he ex ivFpe p he e p-

e e e. Wh ee e ee he e e

ee e he e? Mh ivF e ex hh h

e eh e pe expe?

B he eh h e he

necessary recontons or a human embryo to become a tool, my oerall am

e ivF h exe ee e hh-

h he qe pe he e ee, ee, botechnoloy. As set out n ths ntroucton, the am s to roe a erent

set o strtn ponts or ddressn the relton between the tehnolol

he e h e he e e. I p, he

hee he e eh p h pee

h He (97: 58) h ee he e

eh pe. B ep e e hp e-

e he expe h e e e ivF, Biological Relatives p-

e ivF e e eeh h e pph heephenomen s embedded n sol ontext, or een s molded or shped

e. A e ee he phe ee

socety or the socal consequences o technoloy, an mlct searaton be-

ee he he he e eh

. Ye h ep e e: ee eh-

e ee e he , j ivF e e, e

e e ex ee he ee e e exee.

O he e h h pe ee -

e, e, , ex ph-

lol perspetes on ivF, one o the most promnent s the dlty o

e he e eh h ep ex ee

s embryoloy, nthropoloy, hstororphy, emnst theory, ontnentl

phlosophy, or bopolts. Ths problem s omponded by the qeston o

wht s ment by tehnolol. Hene, or exmple, we mht desrbe

e he Iee eh, e e e e h

ee eppe, h e e, , -

e p. Hee, e hh, e ee h hee

orms re thorohly tehnololthey depend on pror tehnty, nd


35/38

28 introduction

we ene them throh omplex tehnqes tht nlde not only know-

h e h e e, h e , h e

e. Khp, , e, e p, h e,

h e e he e hh e pe

eh e, h e, , , h he eeeepe pe e. Iee, hee e e he e

h ehe, e e e he ehe h e

h.

I h e e h p e h eeh eh-

l. And t s worth skn wht or denton o hmnty wold be t

were dentrlzed n ths wy. or one thn, sh thoht experment

eqe h e ee h e e pee h e e

he e e he eh, ehqe, p -e he e h, pe ex, e e, he

eep, he, , ee ex, exp. Techne he Gee e

, hee eh e e e ee eh

e. Tehqe e ee e pe, hee eh

e e ehe h he pp ee, h e

mehnl tehnqes, s n the ontext o ndstrlzton. Whle we do

not onentonlly ssote tehnoloy wth ender dentty or mrre,

these too are, o course, hhly oranze acttes that rely on ror art. Tech- ee he Gee tekhnologiae ee

he , h ee pe.

hp p e, h e pe eh-

, ehqe, ehe e ee e eh-

h .

Oe e, hee, h e epe e

eh h ee he pp ee h

tomt reton to the ntrl ts o reprodte boloy, n essene

ee z he e, , . I ez-

e e h expe h e

an embryo to become a bolocal tool, or or our unerstann o technoloy

to become more bolocal, but or these two ersectes to be combne n

he hh expee hh hh e h

eh e h eepee ee. I e h ivF

ee e he eh epe e-

e ee, h h h e e he jee -

lol. Throh ivF tehnoloy, reprodton beomes reltely bolo-

ee, he e hee hh he ehqe


36/38


ivF e: e e e , epe,

e e h. The ivF e pee he e eh-

ze e, he h pe h ee ee he

hp epee he e ze, e,

an actate human rerouctty, an also commonly resume to be one ohe e eee h ehe. S he ee, hee

two tehnoloesivF nd knshpre lredy bololly relted. They

he he e ee he e ppe: he e e

tehnoloes n the mkn o kn nd the kndn o le. The pont o ths

expe h ee h ivF e hh exp,

h ee pe ppe e ,

eze , e exep e

ze exee. Thee pxe e h e ivF h h hp. The pje h j h. I

e, ehe eh qe he e

e e he eexe he hh he ivF, he -

e e e h pee.


37/38

noteS

intRoduCtion

1. The muue l ell deed, mg he hg, -

e ee, eeg he mg ude ewee le d le, d

l, ue d e. Shy Ymk eeed he bbva ud e

Kwledge wd 2010 h eeg wk he mul ellul

dfee hwy.

2. The ed ue ivF, whh w glly deged exemel e-

eh ehque ued e eeh edu d deelme,

hum ll l geeed emu dee d med ege

ely he 1940, d hughu he 1960 d 1970 (ee, e.g., dwd 1989). Hw-ee, R Mz Heg (2004: 173176) hle e he ew he

h ehque lle, he y ivF he w dede llwg ue

1978 e dl m m du ee g

ll.

3. Lke he l ly ee d ehlgy, I le hgh me

hd- exeee he l, whee leg wh led u ehque

d edue gely ee he ly ee hugh uh mehd, d-

ued uhe he 2.

4. du he mehd ued ue mmml emy, ee Rfey(1970: 5455), d he l u he me hee l deel-

mel lgy, ee MLe (1976).

5. Clke (1998: 276) ue he egle e he edue -

ee h he dem d ul leue he mu eegy

d e deed wd he Hum Geme Pje.

6. The ew kd lgl ele dued y iv F lude, exmle,

mull mee, dded gee d gel he, well

ew ye lg, uh w ye d lg eed

he Iee. Thee ew ye lgl ele he led hge he lw, d

ewly exl de ehd, well mlex mdel lgl e-

lede u ex ee d mede.

7. Alhugh hee me dee u whehe PS ell wuld elme he eed


38/38

hum emy, ded eh emy m ivF gm em he gld -

dd hum emy em ell eeh (ee uhe kl 2006, 2006,

2007, 2008).

8. I ue he em mx dee ivF h emhze me

le ehlgl ee d eue mx ee u u-

udg ue wh whh mehg ele ge, deel ed.

The dy de mx l ee me ell ue d

he wm. A mx uhe deed gud ue, dg ue

(uh ee), d l mld dye. The em dee m L ee

eedg ml mhe (American Heritage Dictionary). I meme l ee

ivF lm ehlgy dee ue e gg u kd

ehlgl delyme. Th mewh dfee m, lhugh mle

wh, he e medl lm deeled y Pee Keg d Aled

Cm dee de ee ehl e edue (Ke-

g d Cm 2003: 3).

9. uul ulhed La Volonte de Savoir, Vlume 1 h ee he hy

exuly, 1976.

10. Whe we me hee due hum exuly wh wh w kw

he me u he hylgy ml d l edu, uul ee,

we e uk y he guy. The eele e m he d eleme-

y ly, me ey, e hem le he hy

kwledge. They m gely muddled ze (1990: 54).

one mracl Babs

1. The eymlgl em he ue mee me le mee -

lgy he Old eh mier, ue, m he L em merus. The ue -mee

ux, lmee, dee m he eled L em meros, meg .

I ee, lgl ely u whe mee he ee ly (meely -

lgl) med me -mee he ee .

2. A ul d ewee Cl d Bd e he lgy

ehlgy gume lgy, d he h e ued dee ex gede

ehlge, h he me e eekg ulze, he ee mlze,h ju, whee he le eek hee he eee efe, deulz-

g hee me m.

3. I h du he mlee mmy he ex lz,

Hm Bhh ue he exe lm he me, u que he

dule ul m, d he exe whh ule mlzed we

d dly kwledge. I h mdel mlee, m due -

l eee h e leel eg, u l meg, y dug -

eg u he meh d meym xe he ulul du

meg (Bhh 1984: 129130). I he ex ivF, he mlee mmy

deeeed y he exe whh eglly ue he lgl edu-

e well.

biological relatives by sarah franklin

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