biological science · freeman quillin allison © 2014 pearson education, inc. biological science...

Freeman Quillin Allison

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCEFIFTH EDITION

1

Lecture Presentation by

Cindy S. Malone, PhD, California State University Northridge


Roadmap 1

Key themes to structure your thinking about Biology

starting with including

first then

including

What does it mean

to say that something

is alive?

Two of the greatest

unifying ideas in Biology

The cell theory

The theory of

evolution by

natural selection

1.1

1.2 1.3

1.5

The process of

doing Biology

The tree of life

1.4

predicts


• All scientists ask questions that can be

answered by measuring things—by collecting

data

• Science is about formulating hypotheses and

finding evidence that supports or conflicts

with those hypotheses

– For example, using carefully designed

experiments, biologists test ideas about the way

the natural world works by testing the

predictions made by alternative hypotheses


• Hypothesis testing is a two-step process:

1. State the hypothesis as precisely as possible and

list the predictions it makes

2. Design an observational or experimental study

that is capable of testing those predictions


• Biologists practice evidence-

based decision making

• Ask questions about how

organisms work

• Pose hypotheses to answer

those questions

• Use experimental or

observational evidence to

decide which hypotheses are

correct


• No experiments

• Based on observations

• Inductive reasoning –

general principles derived

from large number of

specific observations

6

EXAMPLE: All living

things are composed of

cells


• Involves carefully planned experiments

• Based on observations

• Deductive reasoning – takes a general

statement and extrapolates specific results

we would expect


– in this step includes personal observation as well

as reading what is already published. Such pieces of information are

sometimes referred as facts.

- The question that follows is

– A hypothesis is a tentative, general statement based

on observation.

– Hypothesis are tested by observation and/ or

experimentation. I

-New data is the product of observation and

experimentation. The new data will either support or fail to support your

hypothesis.

A hypothesis can never be proven.


In designing an experiment several variables

are defined:is the variable that is

manipulatedis the variable that will be

measured.are kept constant

throughout the experiment.The are groups that are

subjected to manipulationThe contains standard

conditions, in which the independent

variable is not manipulated. The control

group usually approximates “normal”

conditions.


Control Group Experimental Group


▪ All living organisms share five

fundamental characteristics:

1. All organisms acquire

and use energy

2. All organisms are made

up of membrane-bound cells

All organisms

process hereditary information

encoded in genes as well as

information from the environment

4. All organisms are

capable of reproduction

Populations of

organisms are continually

evolving


▪ A is an explanation for a very general class of

phenomena or observations that are supported by a wide

body of evidence

▪ Theories have two components:

– Pattern

– Something that occurs in the natural world

– Process

– Responsible for creating the pattern


▪

– The cell is the fundamental structural unit in all

living organisms

▪

– All species are related by common ancestry and

have changed over time in response to natural

selection


▪ In 1858, Charles Darwin and

Alfred Russel Wallace made

two claims regarding the

natural world:

▪ All species are related by (pattern)

– Characteristics of species

can be modified from

generation to generation

–

(process)

▪ :

– It is a change in the

characteristics of a

population over time

– It means that species are

related to one another and

can change through time

▪ explains

how evolution occurs


▪ A is

– A group of individuals of the same species

– Living in the same area

– At the same time

▪ Two conditions must be met to occur for in a population:

1. Individuals must vary in characteristics that are heritable

2. In a particular environment, certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than do other versions


▪ The cell theory and the theory of evolution by

natural selection

– Imply that all species come from preexisting species

– And that all species, past and present, trace their ancestry back to a

▪ is

– A divergence process in which natural selection has

caused populations of one species to diverge to

form new species


▪ The is

– A family tree of organisms that describes the

genealogical relationships among species with a

single ancestral species at its base

▪ is

– The actual genealogical relationships among all

organisms


▪ A

– Is used to show the relationships

between species

– Branches that share a recent

common ancestor represent

species that are closely related

– Branches that do not share

recent common ancestors

represent species that are more

distantly related

Mycoplasma

Firmicutes

Cyanobacteria

Actinobacteria

Spirochaetes

Chlamydiae

Bacteriodetes

-Proteobacteria

-Proteobacteria

-Proteobacteria

-Proteobacteria

-Proteobacteria

Thaumarchaeota

Crenarchaeota

Korarchaeota

Euryarchaeota

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

This node

represents the

common ancestor

of all organisms

alive today

This node

represents the

common ancestor

of archaea and

eukaryotesDOMAIN EUKARYA

Slime molds

Fungi

Animals

Choanoflagellates

Euglenids

Parabasilids

Diplomonads

Red algae

Green algae

Land plants

Foraminiferans

Ciliates

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Water molds

Diatoms

Brown algae

Fungi,

animals,

and plants

are small

branch tips

on the

tree of life

DOMAIN BACTERIA


▪ The tree of life indicates three major groups of organisms:

– The

–

– Two groups of

– and

(a) Eukaryotic cells havea membrane-boundnucleus.

(b) Prokaryotic cells do nothave a membrane-boundnucleus.

Membranearoundnucleus

No nucleus

Nucleus

1 m

0.1 m


▪ is the effort to name and classify

organisms

– A is a named group

▪

– Woese created this new taxonomic level

– It consists of three taxa:

– Bacteria

– Archaea

– Eukarya

▪ A is a major lineage within a domain


▪ In 1735 Carolus Linnaeus established the classification system still in use today

▪ Each organism is given a unique two-part scientific name

– It consists of the and the

– A is

– Made up of a closely related group of species

– A is made up of

– Individuals that regularly breed together

– Or individuals whose characteristics are distinct from those of other species

biological science · freeman quillin allison © 2014 pearson education, inc. biological science...

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