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Biological Sciences 1

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCESCollege of Natural Sciences and Mathematics

Program DescriptionThe Department of Biological Sciences offers both undergraduate andgraduate degree programs. At the undergraduate level, students areable to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree, a Bachelor of Science degree,or a Minor in Biological Sciences. Within the Bachelor of Sciencedegree program students may focus their work by selecting one ormore of the following concentrations: Biomedical Sciences, Cell andMolecular Biology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Ecology, Evolution andConservation, Forensic Biology, or Microbiology; or students may chooseto obtain the Bachelor of Science in General Biology.

At the Graduate level, students may earn a Master of Arts or Master ofScience degree in Biological Sciences and may also focus their work bypursuing a concentration in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation or inMolecular and Cellular Biology within the Master of Science in BiologicalSciences.

Special Features• An Academic Achievement Certificate in Issues in Natural Resource

Management may be earned with coursework beyond the B.S.• Laboratory experiences are included with most major’s courses,

giving students an exceptional level of on-hands training during thedegree program.

• The Department maintains a large collection of thousands of livingand preserved plants and animals that are used for instruction,research, and public outreach. A complete list of the Department’scurrent collections can be found on the Department’s webpage(www.csus.edu/bios).

• Students have the opportunity to engage in research in a widerange of projects with individual faculty and through two University-recognized centers, each of which is composed of a cross-disciplinary interdepartmental group of faculty: CREST (the Center forRegional Environmental Science and Technology) and CIMERA (theCenter for Interdisciplinary Molecular Biology Education, Researchand Advancement).

• The Sierra Nevada and the Pacific Coast are equally accessible fromSacramento, providing field biology students the opportunity to studyan extraordinary number of varied habitats.

• Sacramento State is one of the seven participating CSU campuses atMoss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) near Monterey.

• Located in the State Capital, Sacramento State provides a uniqueopportunity for students to become involved with various Stateand Federal agencies through biological internships and part-timeemployment.

• Public agencies, hospitals, clinics, and private health practices in theSacramento area provide opportunities for students interested in thehealth care fields.

Contact InformationShannon Datwyler, Department ChairNancy Angell, Administrative Support CoordinatorSequoia Hall 202(916) 278-6535www.csus.edu/bios (http://www.csus.edu/bios)

FacultyALTMAN, ROBIN

AVERY, WILLIAM E.

BALLARD, RUTH E.

BAXTER, JAMES W.

COLEMAN, RONALD M.

CRAWFORD, ROBERT

DATWYLER, SHANNON L.

DAVIDSON, TIMOTHY

EWING, NICHOLAS N.

GLEASON, LANI

GONZALEZ, ENID T.

HOLLAND, BRETT T.

KIRVAN, CHRISTINE A.

KNEITEL, JAMIE M.

LANDERHOLM, THOMAS E.

LINDGREN, SUSANNE W.

LUNDMARK, JENNIFER ANN

MCDONALD, KELLY

MULLIGAN, KIMBERLY

NGUYEN, HAO

PEAVY, THOMAS R.

PITZER, JR., JIMMY

RECHS, ADAM J.

SPROWLS, ROSALEE

WRIGHT, T. MICHAEL

Undergraduate ProgramsThe Biological Sciences program at Sacramento State is one of themost highly sought after programs in Northern California. Due to thelarge number of applications, the program is now officially impacted.Students wishing to become Biological Science majors must completea series of required lower division and then must apply for admission tothe program. Check the department website for requirements, and it ishighly recommended that interested students speak with an advisor atthe Natural Sciences Advising Center (NSAC) as soon as possible.

Freshmen interested in the major are admitted as pre-Biological Sciencemajors.

To change to the Biological Sciences major, pre-major students arerequired to complete the following courses and grade requirements and

2 Biological Sciences

submit a Declaration of Major form to the Biological Science DepartmentOffice along with transcript copies.

1. Completion of the following lower division "pre-major" courseswith a minimum "C" or better. Only first or second attempt will beconsidered:BIO 1 Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology (or

equivalent)5

BIO 2 Cells, Molecules and Genes (or equivalent) 5CHEM 1A General Chemistry I (or equivalent) 5STAT 1 Introduction to Statistics (or equivalent) 3ENGL 5 Accelerated Academic Literacies (or equivalent) 3

2. Overall GPA of 2.5 based on the pre-major courses listed above.3. Minimum of 30 units completed at the college level.

BA in Biological ScienceUnits required for Major: 62-66Minimum total units required for the BA: 120

Required Lower Division Courses (37-41 Units)BIO 1 Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology 5BIO 2 Cells, Molecules and Genes 5CHEM 1A General Chemistry I 5CHEM 1B General Chemistry II 5Select one of the following: 3 -

6CHEM 20 Organic Chemistry Lecture--Brief Course 1

CHEM 24& CHEM 124

Organic Chemistry Lecture IOrganic Chemistry Lecture II

Select one of the following: 3 -4

MATH 26A Calculus I for the Social and Life SciencesMATH 30 Calculus I

PHYS 5A General Physics: Mechanics, Heat, Sound 4PHYS 5B General Physics: Light, Electricity and Magnetism,

Modern Physics4

STAT 1 Introduction to Statistics 3Required Upper Division Courses (22 Units)BIO 100 Introduction to Scientific Analysis 2BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 139 General Microbiology 4BIO 160 General Ecology 3BIO 184 General Genetics 4BIO 188 Evolution 3CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 2 3Elective Courses (3 Units)Select one course from the following Structure and FunctionElectives:

3

BIO 104 Physiology of Human ReproductionBIO 122 Advanced Human AnatomyBIO 123 NeuroanatomyBIO 126 Comparative Vertebrate MorphologyBIO 127 Developmental BiologyBIO 128 Plant Anatomy and Physiology

BIO 130 HistologyBIO 131 Systemic PhysiologyBIO 132 NeurophysiologyBIO 133 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal PhysiologyBIO 135 Endocrinology

Total Units 62-66

1 CHEM 24 and CHEM 124 may be taken in lieu of CHEM 20.(CHEM 124 is not counted toward the 24 upper division unitrequirement in the major.)

2 CHEM 160A and CHEM 160B may be taken in lieu of CHEM 161. Onlythree units of the package may be counted toward the upper divisionmajor requirement.

Notes:

• Pre-Health Professional students should take the Chemistry andMath requirements as stated in the Pre-Health Professional Programsection of this catalog.

BS in Biological ScienceUnits required for Major: 73-85, includes units of study in chosenconcentration (see below).Minimum total units required for the BS: 120-121

Note:

• CHEM 24 and CHEM 124 are required instead of CHEM 20 for theBiomedical Sciences Concentration.

• Additional units may be required to meet the Sacramento Stateforeign language requirement.

Required Lower Division Core Courses (37-41 Units)BIO 1 Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology 5BIO 2 Cells, Molecules and Genes 5CHEM 1A General Chemistry I 5CHEM 1B General Chemistry II 5Select one of the following: 3 -

6CHEM 20 Organic Chemistry Lecture--Brief Course 1

CHEM 24& CHEM 124

Organic Chemistry Lecture IOrganic Chemistry Lecture II

Select one of the following: 3 -4

MATH 26A Calculus I for the Social and Life SciencesMATH 30 Calculus I

PHYS 5A General Physics: Mechanics, Heat, Sound 4PHYS 5B General Physics: Light, Electricity and Magnetism,

Modern Physics4

STAT 1 Introduction to Statistics 3Required Upper Division Core Courses (6 Units)BIO 100 Introduction to Scientific Analysis 2BIO 184 General Genetics 4Concentration (30-38 Units)Select from the following concentrations: 30

-38


General BiologyBiomedical SciencesCell and Molecular BiologyClinical Laboratory SciencesEcology, Evolution, and ConservationForensic BiologyMicrobiology

Total Units 73-85

1 CHEM 24 and CHEM 124 may be taken in lieu of CHEM 20.(CHEM 124 is not counted toward the 36 upper division unitrequirement in the major except in the Biomedical SciencesConcentration.)

Notes:

• Pre-Health Professional students should take the Chemistry andMath requirements as stated in the Pre-Health Professional Programsection of this catalog.

• With approval, up to six units of upper division coursework fromrelated fields may be applied as electives in the major.

• No more than 2 units from the following combined can be applied tothe Biological Sciences upper division major requirement.BIO 195 Biological Internship 1 -

2BIO 197A Laboratory Teaching Assistant 1 -

2BIO 197B Laboratory Techniques 1 -

2BIO 197C Co-curricular Activities in Biology 1 -

2BIO 199A Introductory Undergraduate Research 1 -

2BIO 199B Directed Readings 1 -

2

Additional Requirements for ConcentrationsUnits required: 30-38

Concentration - General BiologyUnits required for concentration: 30

The general biology concentration is intended to give students a broadtraining in the Biological Sciences and an opportunity to explore a widerange of elective courses. It also provides necessary preparation formost graduate programs and selected entry level technical positionsin industry and government. The BS in Biological Sciences meetsrequirements leading to the Biology Subject Matter Competency TeachingCredential (with three supplemental geoscience and environmentalstudies courses) and also satisfies requirements for admission to healthprofessional schools (with additional coursework in Math and Chemistry).

Required Courses (16 Units)BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 139 General Microbiology 4BIO 160 General Ecology 3BIO 188 Evolution 3CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 1 3

Elective Courses (14 Units)Select one of the following Structure and Function electives: 3

BIO 104 Physiology of Human ReproductionBIO 122 Advanced Human AnatomyBIO 123 NeuroanatomyBIO 126 Comparative Vertebrate MorphologyBIO 127 Developmental BiologyBIO 128 Plant Anatomy and PhysiologyBIO 130 HistologyBIO 131 Systemic PhysiologyBIO 132 NeurophysiologyBIO 133 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Physiology

Select additional upper division elective courses in consultation withan advisor to total 14 total upper division elective units.

11

Total Units 30

1 CHEM 160A and CHEM 160B may be taken in lieu of CHEM 161. Onlythree units of the package may be counted toward the upper divisionrequirement.

Concentration - Biomedical SciencesUnits required for concentration: 34

The concentration in Biomedical Sciences is designed to preparestudents for graduate study in the anatomical and physiological sciencesor for health professional training (Medical, Veterinary, Physical Therapy,Nursing, Pharmacy, or other health professions).

Required Courses (21 Units)BIO 22 Introductory Human Anatomy 4BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 131 Systemic Physiology 4BIO 139 General Microbiology 4CHEM 25 Organic Chemistry Laboratory 3CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 3Elective Courses (13 Units)Select one of the following Structure and Function electives: 3

BIO 104 Physiology of Human ReproductionBIO 122 Advanced Human AnatomyBIO 123 NeuroanatomyBIO 126 Comparative Vertebrate MorphologyBIO 127 Developmental BiologyBIO 128 Plant Anatomy and PhysiologyBIO 130 HistologyBIO 132 NeurophysiologyBIO 133 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Physiology

Select one of the following Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversityelectives:

3

Part A: Biodiversity ElectivesBIO 103 Plants and CivilizationBIO 112 Plant TaxonomyBIO 145 The Diversity of MicroorganismsBIO 152 Human ParasitologyBIO 157 General Entomology


BIO 162 Ichthyology: The Study of FishesBIO 164 Amphibians and Reptiles: An Introduction to

HerpetologyBIO 166 OrnithologyBIO 168 Mammalogy

Part B: Ecology and Evolution ElectivesBIO 113 Evolution and Speciation in Flowering PlantsBIO 118 Natural Resource ConservationBIO 160 General EcologyBIO 169 Animal BehaviorBIO 173 Principles of Fisheries BiologyBIO 179 Principles of Wildlife ManagementBIO/ENVS186B

Ecological and Environmental Issues Seminar

BIO 188 EvolutionSelect additional electives in consultation with an advisor to total 13upper division elective units

7

Total Units 34

Note: Students in Biomedical Sciences concentration must take CHEM 24and CHEM 124 instead of CHEM 20.

Concentration - Cell and MolecularBiologyUnits required for concentration: 35

The concentration in Cell and Molecular Biology is designed for studentsinterested in advanced studies at the Masters or Ph.D. level, studentspursuing career working in biotechnology, or pre-health professionsmajors pursuing a fundamental understanding of the bimolecular basisof disease. Students completing the degree requirements for the Cell andMolecular Biology concentration also fulfills the requirements for a minorin Chemistry.

Required Courses (25 Units)BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 180 Advanced Molecular Biology 4BIO 187 Advanced Cell Biology 4BIO 188 Evolution 3CHEM 20L Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1CHEM 31 Quantitative Analysis 4CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 1 3CHEM 162 General Biochemistry Laboratory 2 3Elective Courses (10 Units)Select one of the following: 4

BIO 126 Comparative Vertebrate MorphologyBIO 127 Developmental BiologyBIO 128 Plant Anatomy and PhysiologyBIO 131 Systemic Physiology


3

Part A: Biodiversity ElectivesBIO 103 Plants and CivilizationBIO 112 Plant TaxonomyBIO 145 The Diversity of Microorganisms

BIO 152 Human ParasitologyBIO 157 General EntomologyBIO 162 Ichthyology: The Study of FishesBIO 164 Amphibians and Reptiles: An Introduction to

HerpetologyBIO 166 Ornithology



Select additional upper division electives in consultation with anadvisor to total 10 units.

3

Total Units 35

1 CHEM 160A and CHEM 160B may be taken in lieu of CHEM 161. Onlythree units of the package may be counted toward the upper divisionmajor requirement.

2 CHEM 162 is included in the 36 upper division unit requirement forthis concentration.

Concentration - Clinical LaboratorySciencesUnits required for concentration: 35

The curriculum in Clinical Laboratory Sciences meets the undergraduatecoursework requirements of the State of California for eligibility to takea Clinical Laboratory Scientist (CSL) licensure examination. Eligibility totake a licensure examination also requires a one year (CLS) internshiptraining program at a state approved clinical laboratory. Completion of BSdegree requirements in the Clinical Laboratory Sciences concentrationdoes not guarantee admission to a CLS internship training program.Information on admission criteria and application procedures forthe various CLS internship training programs throughout the stateis available through California Association for Medical LaboratoryTechnology (CAMLT) at their Web site http://www.camlt.org/cls/.

Required courses (35 Units)BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 124 Clinical Hematology 3BIO 131 Systemic Physiology 4BIO 139 General Microbiology 4BIO 144 Pathogenic Bacteriology 4BIO 149A Immunology 3BIO 149B Immunology and Serology Laboratory 1BIO 152 Human Parasitology 3CHEM 31 Quantitative Analysis 4CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 1 3CHEM 162 General Biochemistry Laboratory 2 3

Total Units 35



2 CHEM 162 can be included in the 36 upper division unit requirementfor this concentration.

Note: A minor in Chemistry may be attained if either CHEM 20L orCHEM 25 is taken.

Concentration - Ecology, Evolution, andConservationUnits required for concentration: 30

The concentration in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation is designedfor students interested in wildlife management conservation biology, orpursuing graduate study in ecological and evolutionary approaches in theBiological Sciences. By choosing the Conservation Biology advising track,students get necessary training for a career working with local, state, orfederal agencies as a biologist or environmental scientist. The Ecologyand Evolution advising track is designed to prepare students for graduatestudy in the Biological Sciences.

Required Courses (14 Units)BIO 160 General Ecology 3BIO 167 Quantitative Methods in Biology 3BIO 178 Molecular Ecology 4BIO/ENVS 186B Ecological and Environmental Issues Seminar 1BIO 188 Evolution 3Elective Courses (16 Units)Select one of the following Structure and Function electives: 3


Select three of the following Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversityelectives: 1

9

Part A: Biodiversity ElectivesBIO 103 Plants and CivilizationBIO 112 Plant TaxonomyBIO 145 The Diversity of MicroorganismsBIO 152 Human ParasitologyBIO 157 General EntomologyBIO 162 Ichthyology: The Study of FishesBIO 164 Amphibians and Reptiles: An Introduction to


Part B: Ecology and Evolution ElectivesBIO 113 Evolution and Speciation in Flowering Plants

BIO 118 Natural Resource ConservationBIO 169 Animal BehaviorBIO 173 Principles of Fisheries BiologyBIO 179 Principles of Wildlife Management

Select additional upper division elective courses in consultation withan advisor to total 16 upper division elective units

4

Total Units 30

1 At least one course must be from Part A and one course from Part B(each course must be a minimum of 3 units).

Concentration - Forensic BiologyUnits required for concentration: 38

The curriculum in Forensic Biology is designed to prepare students forcareers as criminalist specializing in the analysis and interpretation ofserological and DNA evidence. This curriculum meets the educationalrequirements for entry level career positions with city, county, and federalagencies. Students selecting this concentration are urged to pursueinternship opportunities (BIO 195), such as those available through theSacramento County Coroner's Office, and/or directed research (BIO 199Aor BIO 199B) with a faculty member in Biological Sciences or Chemistrywho utilizes molecular biology techniques and instrumentation. Studentscompleting the requirements for a concentration in Forensic Biology alsofulfill the requirements for a minor in Chemistry.

Required Courses (32 Units)BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 150 Forensic Biology 3BIO 151 Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Forensic

Biology2

BIO 180 Advanced Molecular Biology 4CHEM 20L Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1CHEM 31 Quantitative Analysis 4CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 1 3CHEM 162 General Biochemistry Laboratory 2 3CRJ 4 General Investigative Techniques 3CRJ 154 Introduction to Physical Evidence 3Select one of the following: 3

CRJ 112 Gangs and Threat Groups in AmericaCRJ 114 Sexual Offenses and OffendersCRJ 118 Drug Abuse and Criminal Behavior

Elective Courses (6 Units)Select one of the following Structure and Function electives: 3



3


Part A: Biodiversity ElectivesBIO 103 Plants and CivilizationBIO 112 Plant TaxonomyBIO 145 The Diversity of MicroorganismsBIO 152 Human ParasitologyBIO 157 General EntomologyBIO 162 Ichthyology: The Study of FishesBIO 164 Amphibians and Reptiles: An Introduction to




BIO 188 Evolution

Total Units 38



Note: Students with a declared concentration in Forensic Biology donot need to take CRJ 1, CRJ 2 or CRJ 102 as prerequisites for the CRJcourses required in this concentration.

Concentration - MicrobiologyUnits required for concentration: 35

The concentration in Microbiology is designed to prepare students forentry level technical positions in the industry and graduate programs inMicrobiology leading to careers in research and teaching. This curriculummeets the educational requirements for various entry level careerpositions for biotechnology, environmental, pharmaceutical, wastewatertreatment, and agricultural areas of microbiology. Concentration includesa minor in Chemistry.

Required Courses (28 Units)BIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 139 General Microbiology 4BIO 143 General Virology 3BIO 145 The Diversity of Microorganisms 3BIO 180 Advanced Molecular Biology 4CHEM 20L Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1CHEM 31 Quantitative Analysis 4CHEM 161 General Biochemistry 1 3CHEM 162 General Biochemistry Laboratory 2 3Elective Courses (7 Units)

Select 7 units from the following Cell and Molecular Biology electivesor Clinical Laboratory Science and Infectious Disease electives: 3

7

Cell and Molecular Biology ElectivesBIO 149A ImmunologyBIO 150 Forensic BiologyBIO 151 Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Forensic

BiologyBIO/FACS 170 Advanced Nutrition and MetabolismBIO 178 Molecular EcologyBIO 183 Cancer BiologyBIO 185 Topics in BiologyBIO 186A Cell and Molecular Biology SeminarBIO 187 Advanced Cell Biology

Clinical Laboratory Science and Infectious Disease ElectivesBIO 134 Medical MycologyBIO 140 Medical Microbiology and Emerging Infectious

Diseases 4

BIO 144 Pathogenic Bacteriology 4

BIO 149B Immunology and Serology LaboratoryBIO 152 Human ParasitologyHLSC 148 Epidemiology 5

Total Units 35



3 Electives chosen in consultation with an advisor. BIO 124 andBIO 125 cannot be taken to fulfill the elective requirements for theMicrobiology Concentration.

4 Students may not receive credit for both BIO 140 and BIO 144.Cannot be counted for credit in the Clinical Laboratory Sciencesconcentration.

5 Required for Public Health Microbiology Traineeship.

Elective ListsElective List 1: Structure and Function ElectivesBIO 104 Physiology of Human Reproduction 3BIO 122 Advanced Human Anatomy 4BIO 123 Neuroanatomy 3BIO 126 Comparative Vertebrate Morphology 3BIO 127 Developmental Biology 4BIO 128 Plant Anatomy and Physiology 4BIO 130 Histology 3BIO 131 Systemic Physiology 4BIO 132 Neurophysiology 3BIO 133 Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Physiology 3

Elective List 2: Ecology, Evolution, and BiodiversityPart A: Biodiversity Electives (30 Units)BIO 103 Plants and Civilization 3BIO 112 Plant Taxonomy 4BIO 145 The Diversity of Microorganisms 3BIO 152 Human Parasitology 3


BIO 157 General Entomology 4BIO 162 Ichthyology: The Study of Fishes 3BIO 164 Amphibians and Reptiles: An Introduction to

Herpetology3

BIO 166 Ornithology 3BIO 168 Mammalogy 4Part B: Ecology and Evolution Electives (22 Units)BIO 113 Evolution and Speciation in Flowering Plants 3BIO 118 Natural Resource Conservation 3BIO 160 General Ecology 3BIO 169 Animal Behavior 3BIO 173 Principles of Fisheries Biology 3BIO 179 Principles of Wildlife Management 3BIO/ENVS 186B Ecological and Environmental Issues Seminar 1BIO 188 Evolution 3

Elective List 3: Cell and Molecular Biology ElectivesBIO 121 Molecular Cell Biology 3BIO 139 General Microbiology 4BIO 143 General Virology 3BIO 149A Immunology 3BIO 150 Forensic Biology 3BIO 151 Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Forensic

Biology2

BIO/FACS 170 Advanced Nutrition and Metabolism 3BIO 178 Molecular Ecology 4BIO 180 Advanced Molecular Biology 4BIO 183 Cancer Biology 3BIO 185 Topics in Biology 3BIO 186A Cell and Molecular Biology Seminar 1BIO 187 Advanced Cell Biology 4

Elective List 4: Clinical Laboratory Science and Infectious Disease ElectivesBIO 124 Clinical Hematology 1 3BIO 125 Body Fluid Analysis 1BIO 134 Medical Mycology 3BIO 140 Medical Microbiology and Emerging Infectious

Diseases 23

BIO 144 Pathogenic Bacteriology 4BIO 149B Immunology and Serology Laboratory 1BIO 152 Human Parasitology 3HLSC 148 Epidemiology 3 3

1 Cannot be counted for credit in the Microbiology concentration.2 Students may not receive credit for both BIO 140 and BIO 144.

Cannot be counted for credit in the Clinical Laboratory Sciencesconcentration.

3 Required for Public Health Microbiology Traineeship.

Cooperative Education Program (WorkExperience)Biology majors can participate in the University's Cooperative EducationProgram. This program provides biology-related, paid, off-campus workexperience in government agencies or private industry. The experiencecan enhance the student's employment prospects upon graduation.

Participants in this program will complete at least one six-month period.During the work period, the participant generally will not attend classeson the Sacramento State campus but will enroll in BIO 194, Biology-Related Work Experience. (BIO 194 units do not replace the curricularrequirements of the Biological Sciences degree programs.) Studentsinterested in this program should contact the Biological SciencesDepartment or the campus Cooperative Education Program Office forfurther information.

Honors Program(with either BA or BS Degree Program)

Biological Sciences Honors Program provides undergraduate studentswith an in-depth research experience. An undergraduate researchexperience is highly recommended for entry into many graduate andprofessional programs. Culmination of the Honors Program will consistof an undergraduate thesis and an undergraduate seminar. To enter thisprogram, students must have an overall GPA of 3.25 and a minimum of3.0 GPA in biology courses with at least 15 units of biology and havecompleted at least 6 units of upper division biology courses, excludingthe following:

BIO 106 Genetics: From Mendel to Molecules 3BIO 195 Biological Internship 1 -






2

The curriculum of the Honors Program is designed to be coupled with theBA or BS degree programs. The Honors Program requires the followingcourses, completed with a grade of "B" or better, for the BA or BS degree:

BIO 198A Honors Proseminar and Research (Open only tohonors students in Biological Sciences as definedabove)

2

BIO 198B Honors Research and Seminar 2

Minor - Biological ScienceUnits required for Minor: 20 units

The minor in Biological Sciences is designed to provide students inother majors with the opportunity to broaden their exposure to andunderstanding of the biological sciences. The minor complementsseveral majors that require coursework in biological sciences, includingChemistry, Nursing, Environmental Studies, Health Science, Kinesiology,and Family and Consumer Sciences.

The minor requires 20 units. The 20 units must include a minimum of 10upper division units at least one of the upper division courses must havea laboratory component. Three units of biochemistry may be countedtoward the minor. Six upper division units must be earned in residence.


No more than two units of the following may be counted toward theminor:

BIO 186A Cell and Molecular Biology Seminar 1BIO/ENVS 186B Ecological and Environmental Issues Seminar 1BIO 194 Biology-Related Work Experience 6 -

12BIO 195 Biological Internship 1 -






2

Note: All prerequisites for all courses will be enforced.

Subject Matter Program (Pre-CredentialPreparation)Biological Sciences majors who intend to pursue a teaching credentialmust complete the science subject matter program which is describedin this catalog. Successful completion of this program fulfills the subjectmatter competence program in the College of Education. The SingleSubject Credential in General Science/Biology allows graduates to teachall four of the sciences (Geoscience, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics) atthe General Science level in 7-12 grades, and Biology at an advanced levelin high school.

Currently there is a great need for K-12 teachers educated in science.Changes in State Board of Education Standards and increasing interestin Biological Sciences have created significant demands for studentswith this credential. Biological Sciences majors who have an interest inteaching should contact one of the credential advisors in the BiologicalSciences Department, Melanie Loo.

Note: Due to policy changes from the California Commission on TeacherCredentialing and the federal No Child Left Behind mandate, the ScienceSubject Matter program was under review at the time of this catalog andis subject to revision. As a result, it is important to consult a credentialadvisor for current details.

Certificate - Issues in Natural ResourceManagementUnits required for Certificate: 15, in addition to requirements for BS (seebelow)

The Academic Achievement Certificate in Issues in Natural ResourceManagement is designed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective onthe conflicts, controversies, and biopolitical issues that natural resourcebiologists must deal with in their careers, and to introduce students to thenon-biological considerations that influence decision making processesin natural resource utilization and management.

A minimum of 15 units selected from the following list in addition torequirements for the BS in Biological Sciences with a concentration in

Biological Conservation. The certificate may also be awarded to studentscompleting the BS in General Biology with the approval of the BiologicalConservation advisors.

Select a minimum of 15 units from the following: 15ECON 120 Economics and Environmental DegradationECON 123 Resource EconomicsENVS 110 Contemporary Environmental IssuesENVS 112 International Environmental Problems ENVS/GOVT128

Environment and the Law

GEOG 161 California's Water ResourcesGEOL 140 Geology and the Environment GOVT 170 Public Policy Development

Total Units 15

Graduate ProgramThe graduate programs in Biological Sciences lead to either a Masterof Arts (MA) or a Master of Science (MS) degree and provides anopportunity for students to receive advanced training and to pursueindependent investigations in particular fields of biology. It allowsstudents to upgrade their qualifications for educational advancementto doctoral programs or for professional advancement in teaching,laboratory work, or fieldwork. The MA degree requires the completionof a project which is a Grant Proposal, unless the student is in the StemCell Concentration which requires an Internship Project Report. TheMS degree requires completion of a thesis which has concentrationsin Ecology, Evolution and Conservation and in Molecular and CellularBiology so as to provide advanced training and research experience inthese fields.

All students are required to complete a project or thesis involving field,laboratory, or literature research. The project or thesis research maybe conducted on campus with a biology faculty member or at an off-campus location. In either case, the student's research must make anew contribution to the field of biology. If the research is conducted offcampus, a biology faculty member must be identified as the student'sgraduate advisor. Following admission to the program, students areadvised by a temporary graduate advisor or by the faculty member whohas agreed to supervise the student in their project/thesis research.Students should plan their academic programs in consultation with agraduate advisor as early as possible, preferably prior to enrollment in theprogram.

For additional information regarding the Biological Sciences GraduateProgram, students may contact the Biological Sciences DepartmentOffice, Biological Sciences website (http://www.csus.edu/bios/), orconsult the Biological Sciences Graduate Program Handbook, availablethrough the Department's Web site.

Graduate Admission RequirementsAdmission as a classified graduate student to the MA or MS program inBiological Sciences requires:

• a baccalaureate degree;• completion of a major in biological sciences or closely related field; or

completion of 24 units of upper division biological sciences coursesor courses in closely related fields, each of which must be passedwith a "C-" or better;


• a minimum GPA of 2.75 in all biology courses and a minimum GPA of3.0 in upper division biology courses;

• GRE General Test scores;• a faculty member who has agreed to serve as their graduate advisor;• two letters of recommendation from persons qualified to judge the

applicant's potential for successful graduate study; and• a statement of purpose.

It is important to note that meeting all admission requirements doesnot guarantee acceptance into the graduate program. Students whohave deficiencies in admission requirements that can be removed byspecified additional preparation, or who have not been accepted by agraduate advisor, may be admitted with conditionally classified graduatestatus. Admission as a conditionally classified graduate student doesnot guarantee fully classified status. Fully classified graduate status isconferred when all deficiencies identified at the time of admission areremoved and a biology faculty member has agreed to serve as their thesisadvisor. Any deficiencies in admissions requirements will be noted on awritten response to the admission application.

Graduate Admission ProceduresApplicants must complete a university application by the postedapplication deadline date for the term applying. :

• an online application for admission; and• two sets of official transcripts from all colleges and universities

attended, other than Sacramento State.

For more admissions information and application deadlines, please visithttp://www.csus.edu/gradstudies/.

In addition, all prospective graduate students must submit the followingapplication materials directly to the Department of Biological Sciences:

• an online departmental application for admission;• one set of unofficial transcripts from all colleges and universities

attended, other than Sacramento State;• GRE General Test scores (NOTE: GRE General Test scores will be

accepted after the application deadline but only if the test was takenprior to the deadline);

• two letters of recommendation; and• a statement of purpose.

Departmental applications for admission are due February 1. There iscurrently no general call for admission for students to begin in the springsemester. However a student may petition the department to begin thespring. Please contact your potential graduate advisor (i.e., a facultymember in your area of interest) to discuss this option. Approximatelyeight to ten weeks after receipt of all items listed above, a decisionregarding admission will be mailed to the applicant.

Advancement to CandidacyThe Advancement to Candidacy process serves to ensure that astudent is qualified for and making good progress toward successfullycompleting the Master's degree. Each classified graduate student mustfile an application for Advancement to Candidacy, indicating a proposedprogram of graduate study. This procedure should begin as soon as theclassified graduate student has:

• removed any deficiencies in admission requirements;

• completed at least 12 units in the graduate program with a minimum3.0 GPA, including at least one course at the 200-level;

• begun a preliminary study for the thesis or project; and• taken the Writing Placement for Graduate Students (WPG) or taken

a Graduate Writing Intensive (GWI) course in their discipline withinthe first two semesters of coursework at California State University,Sacramento or secured approval for a WPG waiver.

An Application for Advancement to Candidacy forms are available in theOffice of Graduate Studies Web site and the Department of BiologicalSciences Web site. The student fills out the form after planning a degreeprogram in consultation with his/her Biological Sciences graduateadvisor. After approval by the Biological Sciences Graduate Committeeand the student's thesis committee, the completed form is returned to theOffice of Graduate Studies for approval.

MA in Biological ScienceUnits required for MA: 30 includes units required in areas ofconcentration.Minimum GPA: 3.0

The MA degree requires completion of 30 units of coursework with aminimum 3.0 GPA. The 30 units must include a minimum of 18 units of200-level courses. No units from the following are acceptable toward themaster's degree.

BIO 106 Genetics: From Mendel to Molecules 3BIO 194 Biology-Related Work Experience 6 -





2BIO 198A Honors Proseminar and Research 2BIO 198B Honors Research and Seminar 2BIO 199A Introductory Undergraduate Research 1 -


2

No more than 2 units of BIO 502 may be applied toward the 30 unitrequirement.

Each student who receives a Master of Arts degree from the Departmentof Biological Sciences must submit a written project based on a researchproblem in biology under the supervision of a graduate advisor. A projectcan be based on either of the following:

• Grant Proposal: a research proposal in the format required by astate or federal granting agency (e.g., National Science Foundation,National Institutes of Health) based on a novel hypothesis thataddresses a biological problem; OR

• Internship Project Report: a project report on the student’s internshipexperience.


All requirements for the Master of Arts degree must be completed withinseven (7) years starting from the time the first course is used to meet themaster’s degree requirements.

No ConcentrationRequired Core Courses (8-9 Units)BIO 220 Introduction to Scientific Inquiry 2BIO 294A Seminar in Molecular and Cellular Biology 2 1

or BIO 294B Seminar in Ecology, Evolution and ConservationBIO 299 Problems in Biological Sciences 1 -

4Select one of the following: 2 -

3BIO 221A Cell and Molecular Methods and TechniquesBIO 221B Methods in Ecology, Evolution and ConservationBIO 221C Exploration of Biological Methodology

Culminating Requirement (2 Units)BIO 502 Master's Project 2Additional Requirements (20-21 Units)Select 20-21 units of electives 1 20

-21

Total Units 30-32

1 Approved electives in Biological Sciences or supporting fields.Electives must be selected in consultation with the graduate advisorand approved at the Advancement to Candidacy meeting. Up to sixunits of upper division (100-level) coursework taken as a graduatestudent in the program may be applied to the MA degree. Up to anadditional 2 units of BIO 299 may be applied to meet courseworkrequirements.

2 Students must take BIO 294 two times to fulfill degree requirements.

Concentration - Stem Cell Required Core Courses (25 Units)BIO 220 Introduction to Scientific Inquiry 2BIO 221A Cell and Molecular Methods and Techniques 2BIO 222 Molecular Biology 3BIO 224 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics 3BIO 225 Stem Cell Biology and Manufacturing Practices 1BIO 227 Development and Regenerative Medicine 3BIO 293 Research Conference 2BIO 294A Seminar in Molecular and Cellular Biology 1BIO 299 Problems in Biological Sciences 1 -

4Culminating Requirement (2 Units)BIO 502 Master's Project 2Additional Requirements (3 Units)Select one of the following: 3

BIO 223 Human Molecular GeneticsBIO 245 Host/Pathogen InteractionsBIO 247 Contemporary Topics in ImmunologyBIO 282 EvolutionCHEM 230 Separation Methods in Chemistry

CHEM145/245

Applications of Computational Chemistry

CHEM 260 Protein BiochemistryCHEM 261 Nucleic Acid Chemistry

Total Units 30

MS in Biological ScienceUnits required for MS: 30 includes units required in areas ofconcentration.Minimum GPA: 3.0

The MS degree requires completion of 30 units of coursework with aminimum 3.0 GPA. The 30 units must include a minimum of 18 units of200-level seminar courses. No units from the following are acceptabletoward the master's degree:

BIO 106 Genetics: From Mendel to Molecules 3BIO 194 Biology-Related Work Experience 6 -





2BIO 198A Honors Proseminar and Research 2BIO 198B Honors Research and Seminar 2BIO 199A Introductory Undergraduate Research 1 -


2

No more than 10 units of BIO 299 and BIO 500 may be applied toward the30 unit requirement.

Each student who receives a Master's of Science degree from theDepartment of Biological Sciences must submit a thesis based onoriginal research in biology. A thesis can be based on either of thefollowing sources of data:

• data generated by the student's original research in which the studentperforms the fieldwork or laboratory experiments and/or

• data obtained from sources other than the student's own fieldwork orlaboratory experiments, provided the data are analyzed in an originalway.

The use of data must result in an original contribution to the problembeing investigated.

All requirements for the Master's degree must be completed withinseven (7) years starting from the time the first course is used to meet themaster’s degree requirements.

Required Core Courses (10 Units)BIO 220 Introduction to Scientific Inquiry 2BIO 294A Seminar in Molecular and Cellular Biology 1 1

or BIO 294B Seminar in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation


BIO 299 Problems in Biological Sciences 2 1 -4

Culminating Requirement (4 Units)BIO 500 Master's Thesis 4Additional Requirements for Concentrations (16 Units)Select a concentration from the following: 16

No ConcentrationEcology, Evolution and ConservationMolecular and Cellular Biology

Total Units 30

1 Students must take BIO 294 two times to fulfill degree requirements.2 Students must complete 6 units of BIO 299 to fulfill degree

requirements.

Additional Requirements for ConcentrationsUnits required: 16

No ConcentrationBIO 221A Cell and Molecular Methods and Techniques 2

or BIO 221B Methods in Ecology, Evolution and ConservationBIO 282 Evolution 3Select 11 units of approved electives 1 11

Total Units 16

1 Approved electives in Biological Sciences or supporting fields.Electives must be selected in consultation with the graduate advisorand approved at the Advancement to Candidacy meeting. Up totwo additional units of BIO 294A/BIO 294B (up to 4 total) taken as agraduate student in the program may be applied to the MS degree.

Concentration - Ecology, Evolution andConservationBIO 221B Methods in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation 2BIO 282 Evolution 3Select 11 approved electives 1 11

Total Units 16

1 Approved electives in Biological Sciences or supporting fields.Electives must be selected in consultation with the graduate advisorand approved at the Advancement to Candidacy meeting. Up totwo additional units of BIO 294B (up to 4 total) taken as a graduatestudent in the program may be applied to the MS degree.

Concentration - Molecular and CellularBiologyBIO 221A Cell and Molecular Methods and Techniques 2BIO 222 Molecular Biology 3BIO 224 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics 3Select 8 units of approved electives 1 8

Total Units 16

1 Approved electives in Biological Sciences or supporting fields.Electives must be selected in consultation with the graduate advisorand approved at the Advancement to Candidacy meeting. Up to twoadditional units of BIO 294A (up to 4 total) coursework taken as agraduate student in the program may be applied to the MS degree.

Note: Supporting Fields: A maximum of 10 units from an approvedsupporting field (e.g., Chemistry, Physics, Environmental Studies, Geology,Physics) may be counted toward the degree, with graduate advisor andgraduate committee approval obtained before taking the course(s).

BIO 1. Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology. 5 UnitsGeneral Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Life Forms (B2),Laboratory (B3)Introduction to properties of life and cells leading to genetic andbiological diversity. Survey of biological diversity emphasizing variationleading to natural selection; introduction to ecological concepts withinan evolutionary framework; a survey of ecosystems and global climatechange. Development of scientific skills will be emphasized. Designed forscience majors. Lecture three hours; laboratory three hours; activity twohours; fee course.Note: Field trips may be required.

Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 2. Cells, Molecules and Genes. 5 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and CHEM 1A.Introduction to molecular and cellular biology and genetics. Topicsinclude biomolecules, cell structure and function, cellular energetics,molecular flow of information, cell division, and genetic inheritance.Development of scientific skills and a scientific mindset will beemphasized throughout the course, particularly in lab exercises andactivities. Designed for science majors. Lecture three hours; laboratorythree hours; activity two hours.

BIO 7. Introduction to the Science of Biology. 4 UnitsGeneral Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Laboratory (B3), LifeForms (B2)Introduction to major concepts of biology, including properties of livingthings, cells and their molecular constituents, the unity and diversity oforganisms, genetics, ecology, evolution, and the scientific methods ofinvestigation employed by biologists. Satisfies requirements in biologyfor students planning to obtain the Multiple Subject Teaching Credential.Lecture three hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 9. Our Living World: Evolution, Ecology and Behavior. 3 UnitsGeneral Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Life Forms (B2)Designed for non-majors, this course is an introduction to the biologicalscience behind important issues that face us today, such as thosesurrounding evolution, endangered species, conservation of ecosystems,and the behavior of organisms. By gaining an understanding of thescientific approach and the principles of evolution, ecology and behavior,students will be equipped to evaluate scientific developments andarguments in these and other issues as informed citizens. Lecture threehours.Note: Not open to Biological Sciences majors or students who havereceived credit for BIO 1 or BIO 2.


BIO 10. Basic Biological Concepts. 3 UnitsGeneral Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Life Forms (B2)An intensive introductory course for non-majors who will take additionalcourse work in biology or related disciplines, including the allied healthsciences. Introduction to the biological sciences with strong emphasison cellular structure and metabolism, molecular biology and genetics, aswell as concepts and principles common to all living systems includingecology and evolution. Lecture three hours.Note: Not open to Biological Sciences majors or students who havereceived credit for BIO 1 or BIO 2.

BIO 15L. Laboratory Investigations in Biology. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): BIO 9, BIO 10 or BIO 20.Corequisite(s): BIO 9, BIO 10 or BIO 20.General Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Laboratory (B3)Introductory laboratory investigation of the major principles of biology,including properties of all living things, the unity and diversity oforganisms, structure and function of cells, energy and metabolism,genetics, ecology, evolution, and the scientific methods of investigationemployed by biologists. Laboratory three hours.Note: Not open to Biological Sciences majors or students who havereceived credit for BIO 1 or BIO 2.

BIO 20. Biology: A Human Perspective. 3 UnitsGeneral Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Life Forms (B2)Introduction to biological concepts with emphasis on their application tohumans. Topics include: Evidenced-based decision making with respectto food, nutritional supplements, drugs, pathogens, and biotechnology.How heredity and evolution contribute to our understanding ofpersonality, sex, behavior, addiction, disease, and aging is also discussed.Lecture three hours.Note: Not open to majors in biological sciences and/or students whohave received credit for BIO 10.

BIO 22. Introductory Human Anatomy. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1, BIO 2 or BIO 10Introduction to the study of the gross and microscopic structure of thehuman body using a systemic approach. Lecture three hours; laboratorythree hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 25. Human Anatomy and Physiology I. 4 UnitsBIO 25/26 series provides an introduction to the structure and functionof the major organ systems of the human body. BIO 25 offers basicterminology and concepts pertaining to the disciplines of anatomy andphysiology, including structure/function relationships, homeostasis, andorganizational levels; and provides an introduction to the structure andfunction of the muscular and nervous systems.Note: Not open to students who have successfully completed BIO 22and BIO 131, or an equivalent combination of separate anatomy andphysiology courses. Lecture three hours; laboratory three hours. Feecourse.

Fee course.

BIO 26. Human Anatomy and Physiology II. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 25 or instructor permission.BIO 25/26 series provides an introduction to the structure and functionof the major organ systems of the human body. BIO 26 providesan introduction to the structure and function of the cardiovascular,respiratory, renal and digestive systems, and emphasizes homeostaticcontrol mechanisms.Note: Not open to students who have successfully completed BIO 22and BIO 131, or an equivalent combination of separate anatomy andphysiology courses. Lecture three hours; laboratory three hours. Feecourse.

Fee course.

BIO 30. Anatomy Physiology - Brief Course. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Physical Education majors onlyAn overview of the basic anatomy and physiology of all systems.Designed to meet the standards for the Physical Education SubjectMatter Program, but may also may prepare students for study in otherhealth-related fields.

BIO 39. Microbiology for Allied Health Students. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 10; CHEM 5 or CHEM 6A and CHEM 6B or equivalent.Introduction to micro-organisms, particularly bacteria and viruses, withemphasis on health care-related applications of microbiology usingcase studies. Laboratory work includes aseptic techniques, methods ofcultivating and identifying bacteria, demonstration of microbial propertiesand will provide practice with basic microbiological skills. Lecture threehours; laboratory three hours. Fee Course.Note: Does not satisfy microbiology requirement for Biological Sciencesmajors.

Fee course.

BIO 100. Introduction to Scientific Analysis. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1, BIO 2, and STAT 1; declared Biological Sciencesmajors only or instructor consentCovers anatomy of scientific literature, reading and writing scientificpapers, proper citation formats, basic interpretation of tables and figures,graphical analysis, basic statistical analysis, experimental design toeffectively test a hypothesis, and effective presentation of an experiment.Lecture one hour. Activity two hours.Note: Course cannot be taken concurrently with or after taking BIO 167

BIO 102. The Natural History of Plants. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): A college course in biology or instructor permission.Major plant communities of California provide a framework forunderstanding the interrelationships of natural environments and thedominant trees and shrubs of these areas. Identification of these speciesand the wildflowers of the communities are emphasized in the lab andfield trips. Designed for minors in biology or for those with an interestin their natural surroundings, but is acceptable for majors who have notcompleted BIO 112. Lecture one hour; laboratory six hours. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 103. Plants and Civilization. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 10 or equivalent.Study of the significance of plants in the development of humancivilization. Emphasis will be placed on the botanical, sociological andeconomic aspects of plants useful to humans. Lecture three hours.


BIO 104. Physiology of Human Reproduction. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1, BIO 2 or BIO 10.Study of the physiology of human reproduction. Topics to be coveredinclude: gametogenesis, the basis of fertility, conception, prenataldevelopment, parturition, lactation and the physiology of contraception.Lecture three hours.

BIO 106. Genetics: From Mendel to Molecules. 3 UnitsIntroduction to the principles of genetics and scientific approaches usedto define those principles. The physical basis of heredity, the impact ofselective breeding and genetic engineering will be discussed. Lecture twohours; discussion one hour.Note: BIO 10 recommended.

BIO 112. Plant Taxonomy. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Spring flora of central California is used as the focus of study in theclassification and identification of native vascular plants. Lecture twohours; laboratory six hours. Field trips may be required. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 113. Evolution and Speciation in Flowering Plants. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2 or equivalent.A survey of the important tools and mechanisms used to studyspeciation in plants. Topics include the molecular basis of evolutionarychange, intraspecific genetic variation at both the local and landscapelevels, theory regarding mechanisms of speciation, and the importanceof polyploidy. Readings will be from both a text and from the primaryliterature, and will include in-depth discussions of historical and modernstudies in plant evolution. Lecture three hours.

BIO 115. Introduction to Neuroscience. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): PSYC 2, PSYC 101; physiology and chemistry backgroundstrongly recommended.Investigation of the structure and function of the central nervous systemincluding neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, sensorimotor integration.The lectures and readings emphasize the empirical questions, techniquesand methods used in neuroscience research. Laboratory exercisesfocus on gross- and micro- neuroanatomy, models of membraneelectrophysiology and motor system function. Lecture/discussion threehours; laboratory three hours.Cross Listed: PSYC 115; only one may be counted for credit.

BIO 118. Natural Resource Conservation. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Introduction to the principles and practices of biological conservation.Historical development of conservation philosophy; current issuesin conservation of renewable natural resources; conservationadministration. Lecture three hours.

BIO 120. Biology of Aging. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1, BIO 2, BIO 10 or BIO 20.Theories of aging, cellular aging and aging effects on the various humanbody systems. Lecture three hours.Note: Not open for credit to students who have previously taken BIO 131.

BIO 121. Molecular Cell Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184Comparison of the cellular and molecular biology of prokaryotic andeukaryotic cells. Emphasis will be placed on membrane structures,transport phenomena, cell to cell communication, cellular reproduction,genetic architecture, gene expression and metabolism, as well asthe eukaryotic endomembrane, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrixsystems. Lecture three hours.

BIO 122. Advanced Human Anatomy. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 22.Gross structure of the human body using a regional approach. Lecturethree hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 123. Neuroanatomy. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 22.Gross and microscopic structures of the central, peripheral andautonomic nervous systems. The lectures are correlated with laboratoryexercises and demonstrations using human prosected cadaverspecimens, audio-visual slide projected materials, charts and models.Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 124. Clinical Hematology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): CHEM 161 and BIO 184Basic principles and current clinical laboratory procedures used in thestudy of blood; emphasis on morphological and chemical changes inthe disease processes. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Feecourse.Fee course.

BIO 125. Body Fluid Analysis. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): CHEM 161 or instructor permission.Production of body fluids (e.g., urine, cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal,pericardial, and synovial fluids); their normal characteristics andpathological changes will be discussed. A description of the laboratorytests used in the clinical evaluation of body fluids will also be presented.

BIO 126. Comparative Vertebrate Morphology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Study of the anatomical systems of vertebrates in an evolutionary andfunctional context. Covers vertebrate form, function, development andphylogeny, overviews of organ systems, and how their modificationfounded the major events of vertebrate evolution includingmetamorphosis, water-to-land transition, tetrapodal locomotion, feedingand reproduction. Labs complement lectures with dissections ofthree representative species (shark, salamander, cat), and surveys ofspecializations in other forms. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours.Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 127. Developmental Biology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 2.This course examines the progression of fertilized eggs of vertebrateorganisms through embryonic development. This progression willbe studied at biochemical, molecular, genetic, morphological andphysiological levels, with an emphasis on the progressive changesthat occur within cells, tissues and organs in the embryo. We will usea comparative approach between a variety of model organisms tounderstand similarities and differences among vertebrate and selectedinvertebrate species. Fee course.Note: Prerequisite will be enforced by instructor.

Fee course.


BIO 128. Plant Anatomy and Physiology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.An integrative examination of our current understanding of plantstructure and function. Students will apply fundamental principles ofcell and molecular biology, evolution, and ecology to understand therelationships between plant anatomy and plant physiology that haveenabled plants to achieve such a high level of success as primaryproducers on our planet. Lecture three hours, laboratory three hours. Feecourse.Fee course.

BIO 130. Histology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 22Study of the morphology and physiology of cells in primary normalhuman tissues and the arrangement and adaptations of tissues in organsand organ systems. The characteristics and properties of abnormalitiesin human tissues will be covered if time permits. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours.

BIO 131. Systemic Physiology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): CHEM 1B or CHEM 6B and BIO 1 or BIO 2 or BIO 10 orBIO 22.Physiology of organ systems with emphasis on control and integrationof system function. Experiments using humans and selected vertebrateanimal models are performed in the laboratory to illustrate functionalcharacteristics of organ systems discussed in lecture and to providedirect experience with techniques, recording systems, and methods ofdata analysis commonly used in physiology and related fields. Lecturethree hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 131A. Advanced Problems in Physiology. 1 UnitCorequisite(s): BIO 131Advanced problem-solving in physiology designed for studentsconcurrently enrolled in BIO 131. Students explore solutions tochallenging problem sets under the direct supervision of an experiencedsection leader. Discussion: two hours.Credit/No Credit

BIO 132. Neurophysiology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 131 or both BIO 25 and BIO 26.Organization and function of the nervous system will be explored. Topicsinclude mechanisms of communication between neurons, integrationof sensory and motor systems, and functional brain systems. Diseasedstates will be introduced, as appropriate. Lecture 3 hours.

BIO 133. Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Physiology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 131.Advanced consideration of the integrated physiology of thecardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems, including acid-basephysiology. Advanced problem-solving, analysis of case studies, andinterpretation of experimental findings will be included. Lecture threehours.

BIO 134. Medical Mycology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 139.Study of the morphology, cultural characteristics and classification offungi which are pathogenic for humans, as well as fungi which appear ascommon contaminants. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Feecourse.Fee course.

BIO 135. Endocrinology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121.Advanced consideration of the principles of endocrinology with specialemphasis on the role of hormones in growth, metabolism, stress(including the hormonal interactions during exercise) and disease.Various endocrine disorders, will serve as the model for case studies,current literature analysis and advanced problem-solving activities.Lecture three hours.

BIO 139. General Microbiology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184; CHEM 20 or CHEM 24Introduction to microorganisms, particularly bacteria and viruses,their physiology and metabolism. Laboratory work includes aseptictechniques, methods of cultivating and identifying bacteria, anddemonstration of microbial properties. Lecture three hours; laboratorythree hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 140. Medical Microbiology and Emerging Infectious Diseases.3 Units

Prerequisite(s): BIO 39 or BIO 139.Lectures, discussions, and readings regarding infectious viruses, bacteria,fungi, and parasites, with an emphasis on highly relevant pathogensincluding emerging infectious agents and microbes that are regionallyendemic. The clinical syndrome, along with the molecular and cellularaspects of the course of infection of each pathogen will be discussed.Additionally, the history of microbiology and medicine as well as a briefoverview of laboratory methods used for diagnosis will also be covered.Lecture three hours.Note: BIO 140 cannot substitute for BIO 144 in the CLS concentration inBiological Sciences.

BIO 143. General Virology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121 and BIO 139Lectures and demonstrations on the fundamental characteristics andproperties of plant, animal and bacterial viruses. Lecture three hours.

BIO 144. Pathogenic Bacteriology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 139.Morphological, physiological and immunological characteristicsof pathogenic bacteria. In the laboratory, pure culture studies areemphasized. Lecture two hours; laboratory six hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 145. The Diversity of Microorganisms. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 139.Isolation, cultivation and characterization of a wide variety of soil andwater microbes from natural habitats using the elective enrichmenttechnique; natural habitats also will be examined directly for thenumbers and varieties of microbes which are present. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 149A. Immunology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121 and BIO 139Nature of antigens, antibodies and their reactions. The development ofthe immune response and its role in immunity and pathology. Lecture twohours.

BIO 149B. Immunology and Serology Laboratory. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): BIO 139, BIO 149A.Laboratory exercises designed to provide familiarity with common clinicallaboratory procedures in serology. Laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.


BIO 149C. Advanced Problems in Immunology. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): BIO 139 and CHEM 161.Corequisite(s): BIO 149A.Advanced problem-solving in immunology designed for studentsconcurrently enrolled in BIO 149A. Discussions and problem sets arefocused on the medical, clinical, and biotechnology applications ofimmunology. Discussion one hour.Credit/No Credit

BIO 150. Forensic Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1, BIO 2 and BIO 184.Principles governing the application of biology and biological statisticsto solve crimes. Topics include evidence examination and preservation,presumptive and confirmatory serological tests, hair comparison,generation and statistical analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNAprofiles, structure and administration of the modern crime laboratory, andthe role of the criminalist in the U.S. court system. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours.Note: Not offered every semester

BIO 151. Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Forensic Biology. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 150 or instructor permission.Laboratory exercises focusing on current research problems andskills in forensic serology, DNA typing, and court testimony. Topics willinclude DNA mixture and low copy number interpretation, advancedtechniques in serological testing, research ethics, as well as skills foreffective communication in the courtroom. Topics may also include Y-STR typing, animal and plant DNA identification and typing, microbialforensics, somatic mosaicism, ELISA specificity and sensitivity testing,and other current areas of active inquiry. Designed to prepare studentsfor entry level positions as DNA analysts in federal, state, and local crimelaboratories. Laboratory six hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 152. Human Parasitology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Examines, in detail, the most important species of protozoans, flukes,tapeworms and roundworms that infect humans. Life cycles, pathologyand prophylaxis constitute the principal topics in lectures. Morphology,physiology, taxonomy and diagnosis constitute the principal topics in thelaboratory. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 156. Food Microbiology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 139.Microbiology of food fermentations, food preservation and spoilage.Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 157. General Entomology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Biology of insects and a brief consideration of other terrestrialarthropods. Includes structure, physiology, ecology, classification,economic importance, collection and preservation of insects. Lecturethree hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 160. General Ecology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 10 or both BIO 1 and BIO 2; STAT 1.Examination of the interrelationships among organisms and theirenvironments. Designed for the major in Biological Sciences or relatedfields. Topics include the structure and function of terrestrial and aquaticecosystems, population and community dynamics and human effectson ecosystems. Projects and field trips required. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 162. Ichthyology: The Study of Fishes. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Biology of fishes: structure, physiology, ecology, economic importance,propagation and classification. Methods of identification, life historystudy, propagation, collection and preservation. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours. Field trips may be required. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 164. Amphibians and Reptiles: An Introduction to Herpetology.3 Units

Prerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Taxonomy, natural history, ecology and distribution of amphibians andreptiles with emphasis on local forms. Lecture two hours; laboratory threehours. Field trips may be required. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 166. Ornithology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Biology of birds: structure, physiology, ecology, behavior, andclassification. Methods of life history study, ecological studies, laboratoryand field identification. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Fieldtrips required. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 167. Quantitative Methods in Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): STAT 1 and BIO 100 or graduate statusFocuses on statistical hypothesis testing and experimental design inthe biological sciences. Topics include the development of a hypothesis,study design and implementation, management and presentation ofdata, identification of data types, and appropriate use of statisticalprocedures. General application to a wide range of biological disciplinesand will emphasize the scientific process, critical thinking skills, andthe interpretation of statistical results, which will include a projectculminating a scientific paper and presentation. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours.

BIO 168. Mammalogy. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Biology of mammals: structure, physiology, ecology, behavior,classification. Methods of life history, laboratory and field identification,collection and preservation. Lecture three hours; laboratory three hours.Field trips required. Fee course.Fee course.Field trip(s) may be required.


BIO 169. Animal Behavior. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2.Introduction to the fascinating world of why animals do the things thatthey do. Focus is on the evolution and function of animal behaviorthrough understanding the costs and benefits of different behaviorincluding foraging, fighting and reproduction. Lecture two hours;laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 170. Advanced Nutrition and Metabolism. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): CHEM 161, FACS 113; or instructor permission.Study of the physiologic function of carbohydrates, lipids, protein andmicronutrients including integrated metabolism, transport, regulation andrelation to inborn errors/chronic disease. Introduction to gene-nutrientinteraction.Cross Listed: FACS 170; only one may be counted for credit.

BIO 173. Principles of Fisheries Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 160, STAT 1.Introduction to the biological principles basic to fisheries science,including enumeration, recruitment, growth, abundance and mortality.Mathematics, computer modeling, and field methods will be used tounderstand natural populations and the impact of fishing on thosepopulations in keeping with modern approaches to fisheries sciencewhich are grounded in population ecology and conservation biology.Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 178. Molecular Ecology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184Corequisite(s): BIO 188A survey of the use of molecular tools to understand ecologicalquestions. Lecture will focus on the background and history of the use ofmolecular tools in ecological settings, including application of moleculartools to conservation of natural resources. Laboratory will includetechniques for both wet lab and analysis of molecular data, includinginterpretation of results. Students will complete a capstone-style projectthat will culminate in the production of a research proposal.

BIO 179. Principles of Wildlife Management. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 160, BIO 166, BIO 168, or instructor permission.Principles for analyzing, controlling and manipulating wildlife populationsand/or the ecological factors of their habitat. Lecture two hours;laboratory and fieldwork three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 180. Advanced Molecular Biology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121 and BIO 184.Examination of the structure of genes and genomes, the mechanismsby which they change, and the use of evolutionary relationships tounderstand function. Mechanisms of the regulation of gene expressionfrom gene to phenotype and the tools used o study these processes.Applications of molecular tools in medicine and biotechnology and theethics around these approaches. Lecture two hours, laboratory six hours.

BIO 183. Cancer Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121 and BIO 184.Study of cancer from the molecular level to the effect on whole tissuesand organs. Topics to be covered include the classification andnomenclature of cancers, the process leading up to the formation of acancer, the possible causes of cancer, and possible treatment. Lecturetwo hours.

BIO 183A. Advanced Problems in Cancer Biology. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): BIO 121 and BIO 184 and BIO 183 or instructorpermission; BIO 183 may be taken concurrentlyLiterature searches and discussions are focused on medical, clinical, andbiotechnological applications of Cancer Biology.

BIO 184. General Genetics. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 1 and BIO 2; declared major in Biological Sciences,Biochemistry, Chemistry or instructor consentPrinciples of inheritance as they relate to microorganisms, plants,animals and humans. Genetic mechanisms are analyzed according toevidence derived from both classical and current research. The nature,structure, and function of the genome are considered at the molecularlevel. Lecture three hours; laboratory three hours. Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 185. Topics in Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 10 or both BIO 1 and BIO 2; CHEM 20.Current topics in cellular, developmental and/or molecular biology. Topicswill vary. May be taken more than once provided that topics are different.Lecture three hours.

BIO 186A. Cell and Molecular Biology Seminar. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): BIO 10 or both BIO 1 and BIO 2.Series of at least 10 seminars in cell and molecular biology. Topics withineach seminar will vary each semester.Note: May be repeated for credit. No more than one unit of BIO 186 maybe counted toward the upper division major requirement.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 186B. Ecological and Environmental Issues Seminar. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): BIO 10 or both BIO 1 and BIO 2.Series of at least 10 seminars in ecological and environmental issues.Topics within each seminar will vary each semester.Note: May be repeated for credit. No more than one unit of BIO 186 maybe counted toward the upper division major requirement. Cross Listed:ENVS 186B; only one may be counted for credit.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 186C. Introduction to Health Careers Seminar. 1 UnitDesigned for pre-health professional students who are in the processof researching traditional and non-traditional health professions andcareers. This course consists of at least 10 seminars presented byvarious practicing health professionals, health professional students,and health professional school admissions officers. Topics vary eachsemester. One hour per week.Credit/No Credit

BIO 187. Advanced Cell Biology. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121 and BIO 184.Advanced cellular and molecular biology of eukaryotic cells. Comparisonto prokaryotic organism will be made as needed to illustrate keyconcepts. Emphasis will be placed on cellular functions and utilize twoor more cellular systems; including cell to cell communication, regulationof gene expression, uptake and secretion, regulation of cytoskeletalconfiguration, cell migration and cellular reproduction. Lecture two hours,laboratory six hours.

BIO 188. Evolution. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184 or instructor permission.General survey of evolutionary processes: mechanisms of evolutionarychange, adaptation and history of life. Designed for biological sciencesmajors. Lecture three hours.


BIO 194. Biology-Related Work Experience. 6 - 12 UnitsSupervised employment in a biology or biology-related company oragency arranged through the Department of Biological Sciences andthe Cooperative Education Program office. Requires preparation ofapplication packet, completion of a three to six month, full-time or part-time work assignment, and a written report.Note: Open only to upper division or graduate students with appropriatepreparation. Consent of Department Cooperative Education Committeerequired, and Committee will determine the number of units to be granted.Students may enroll for no more than 12 total units, and units may not beused to meet biology major or graduate course work requirements.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 195. Biological Internship. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department chair and instructor (representing theappropriate biological discipline) permission.Supervised work-learn experience in biology with a public or privateorganization. Up to 4 units may be taken. No more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined can be applied to the biologicalsciences upper division major requirement.Credit/No Credit

BIO 195D. Dental Internship. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department chair and instructor (representing theappropriate preprofessional discipline) permission.Supervised non-paid internship experience in the medical-related andbusiness-related aspects of dentistry. Includes a volunteer experience inthe community. No more than 2 units from BIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199combined can be applied to the biological sciences upper division majorrequirement.Note: 1 unit = 40 hours of participation/semester and 2 units = 80 hoursof participation/semester; May be repeated for up to 4 units of credit .

Credit/No Credit

BIO 195M. Medical Internship. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair, Instructor and Placement Agency'spermission required.Supervised non-paid internship experience in multiple aspects of healthcare. Includes a volunteer experience in the community, supplementalreadings, and a presentation on current issues in medicine and healtheducation. No more than 2 units of BIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199combined may be applied to the Biological Sciences upper division majorrequirement.Note: 80 hours of participation/semester

Credit/No Credit

BIO 195P. Pharmacy Internship. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair, Instructor, and Placement Agencypermission required.Supervised non-paid internship experience in pharmacy. Includes avolunteer experience in the community. No more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and Bio 199 combined can be applied to the biologicalsciences upper division major requirement. May be repeated for up to 4units of credit. 1.0-2.0 units (40-80 hours of participation/semester).Credit/No Credit

BIO 195T. Teaching Internship. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department chair and instructor permission.Supervised non-paid internship experience in K-12 teaching. Includesregular meetings with supervising teacher and submission of a fieldexperience journal. May be repeated for credit.Note: No more than 2 units from BIO 195, 197 and 199 combined can beapplied to the biological sciences upper division major requirement.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 197A. Laboratory Teaching Assistant. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Supervised experiences will include aspects of laboratory preparationand aspects of teaching biology laboratory courses. Conferences andlaboratory experiences four to eight hours weekly. Admission requiresapproval of professor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once, but no more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined can be applied to the BiologicalSciences upper division major requirement.

BIO 197B. Laboratory Techniques. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Supervised laboratory experiences for advanced students in theorganization and techniques for operation of a basic sciences laboratory.Conferences and laboratory experiences four to eight hours weekly.Admission requires approval of professor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once, but no more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined can be applied to the BiologicalSciences upper division major requirement.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 197C. Co-curricular Activities in Biology. 1 - 2 UnitsStudents may earn BIO 197C credit by participating as tutors and/orsection or discussion leaders for biological sciences classes or teachingas voluntary instructors or tutors in K-12 courses or programs offered byother community organizations. Participation requires four to eight hoursweekly. Admission requires approval of professor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once, but no more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined can be applied to the BiologicalSciences upper division major requirement.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 197D. Advanced Laboratory Exploration. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 197A and instructor permission.Advanced, supervised experiences that explore the science behindlaboratory experiences and discussion regarding aspects of specificlaboratories that promote understanding of scientific content.Conferences and laboratory experiences four to eight hours weekly;written assignments and/or oral presentations required. Admissionrequires approval of professor and Department Chair.Note: No more than 2 units from BIO 195, BIO 197, BIO 199 combinedmay be applied to the Biological Sciences upper division majorrequirement.


BIO 197E. Intermediate Lab Techniques. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 197B and instructor or Department Chair permissionSupervised laboratory experiences for skilled students in the organizationand techniques for operation of a basic sciences laboratory. Conferencesand laboratory experiences four to eight hours weekly. Admissionrequires approval of instructor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once, but no more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined may be applied to the BiologicalSciences upper division major requirement.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 197F. Advanced Lab Techniques. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 197B and instructor permission.Advanced supervised laboratory experiences for skilled students in theorganization and techniques for operation of a basic sciences laboratory.Conferences and laboratory experiences four to eight hours weekly.Admission requires approval of instructor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once; no more than 2 units from BIO 195,BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined may be applied to the Biological Sciencesupper division major requirement.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 198A. Honors Proseminar and Research. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Open only to honors students in biological sciences whohave an overall GPA of 3.25 and a minimum of 3.0 GPA in biology courses(at least six units of upper division biology excluding BIO 106, BIO 108,BIO 194, BIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199).Contemporary topics in biology selected by students in the course willform the basis for an introduction to scientific journals, the scientificmethod, and research as a professional pursuit. Each student developsa refined research proposal and prepares a seminar summarizing theproposal and the current state of knowledge in the topic area. Studentswill develop and refine their methodology under the direction of a facultysponsor.

BIO 198B. Honors Research and Seminar. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 198A.Directed research involving completion of an independently conductedresearch project for which a proposal and methodology was developedin BIO 198A. Data collection, summary and analysis, and formulationof conclusions based on the data will be discussed periodicallywith a faculty sponsor. Culmination will consist of preparation of anundergraduate thesis, poster and presentation of a seminar summarizingresults and conclusions.Note: Open only to honors students in Biological Sciences. Fee course.

Fee course.

BIO 199A. Introductory Undergraduate Research. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Student conducts introductory, independent laboratory or field researchon an original question. Research must culminate in a formal report.Weekly meetings may be required. Students must have a researchprospectus approved by faculty mentor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once, no more than 2 units from BIO 195,BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined may be applied to the Biological Sciencesupper division major requirement.

BIO 199B. Directed Readings. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Directed Readings on a topic in Biology culminating in a research paper.Admission requires submission of a prospectus approved by the facultymember under whom the work is to be conducted and the DepartmentChair.Note: May be taken more than once, but no more than 2 units fromBIO 195, BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined can be applied to the BiologicalSciences upper division major requirement.

BIO 199C. Intermediate Undergraduate Research. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Student conducts independent laboratory or field research on an originalquestion. Research must culminate in a formal report. Weekly meetingsmay be required. Students must have a research prospectus approved byfaculty mentor and Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once; no more than 2 units from BIO 195,BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined may be applied to the Biological Sciencesupper division major requirement.

BIO 199D. Advanced Undergraduate Research. 1 - 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Advanced laboratory or field research on an original question. Theresearch must culminate in a formal report. Weekly meetings may berequired. Students must have a prospectus approved by the facultymember and the Department Chair.Note: May be taken more than once; no more than 2 units from BIO 195,BIO 197 and BIO 199 combined may be applied to the Biological Sciencesupper division major requirement.

BIO 214. Advanced Plant Ecology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 160.Fundamental properties of plant populations; population regulation;community productivity and structure; a study of ecotypic and ecoclinalvariation in plant populations. Lecture one hour; laboratory and field sixhours.

BIO 220. Introduction to Scientific Inquiry. 2 UnitsGraduate level introduction to scientific inquiry in the biological sciences.Students learn to apply the scientific method, critically evaluate thescientific literature, initiate their graduate project, and develop written andoral scientific presentation skills. Lecture two hours.Note: Graduate Writing Intensive (GWI).

BIO 221A. Cell and Molecular Methods and Techniques. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 220 (may be taken concurrently).Introduction to research methods in molecular and cellular biology.Students learn both cell and molecular techniques in the context ofhypothesis-driven research to answer questions relating to a specificgene and cellular system. Experimental design and commonly usedlaboratory techniques will be explored. Two three hour laboratory periods.Fee course.Fee course.

BIO 221B. Methods in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 167, BIO 220 (may be taken concurrently).Introduction to research methods in ecology, evolution and conservationbiology. Students learn field and laboratory techniques with a varietyto taxa in a range of local ecosystems. Students will work with severalfaculty conducting research projects. Topics will include developinghypotheses, experimental design, study implementation, and statisticalanalyses. Students will be expected to present findings in oral and writtenform. Two three hour laboratory periods. Fee course.Fee course.


BIO 221C. Exploration of Biological Methodology. 3 UnitsIntended for students in the MA grant proposal track, this courseexplores a selected topic from multiple scientific perspectives. Adiscovery-based laboratory project using cell and molecular techniquescomplimented with lectures, discussions and field trips that investigatethe ecological, environmental, and evolutionary aspects of the sametopic. The laboratory project will focus on a current biological topic (suchas genetically modified organisms) in accordance with the instructor'sinterests and expertise. One hour lecture, six hours lab per week.Note: Not open to students in the Master of Science in Molecular andCellular Biology Concentration.

Field trip(s) may be required.

BIO 222. Molecular Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184, CHEM 161.Processes and control of DNA replication, transcription, and translationdeveloped from a consideration of the current literature. Lecture threehours.

BIO 223. Human Molecular Genetics. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184 and CHEM 161.In-depth study of the molecular basis of human disease, emphasizingcurrent experimental approaches and technologies. Topics include theisolation and analysis of disease genes, the influence of teratogans andrandom environmental events on human embryonic development, themolecular and biochemical consequences of mutagenesis, and ethicalissues that currently surround the field. Lecture 3 hours.

BIO 224. Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 184, BIO 222 and graduate status or instructorpermission.Examination of current approaches in structural genomics, functionalgenomics and proteomics, and the bioinformatics tools utilized tounderstand genome organization, the regulation of gene expression, genefunction and the evolutionary relationships within and between genomes.Lecture two hours; laboratory 3 hours.

BIO 225. Stem Cell Biology and Manufacturing Practices. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): Graduate status and instructor permission.Graduate level introductory course in human stem cell biology withspecific emphasis on adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent stemcells. Topics will include how stem cells are isolated or generated, howthey are cultured, and how they are used for regenerative therapies. Inaddition, students will learn about Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)and how to manufacture human stem cells.

BIO 227. Development and Regenerative Medicine. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Graduate status and instructor permission.Examines the processes of cellular development in the embryo and adultwith a focus on stem cells. Stem cells will be studied at the biochemical,molecular, genetic, epigenetic, cellular and physiological level, with anemphasis on their roles in promoting organismal health and disease.Current research and clinical applications will be examined, along withthe bioethics, policies and politics of their use.

BIO 245. Host/Pathogen Interactions. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 121, BIO 139, BIO 184. Courses recommended but notrequired: BIO 144, BIO 149, BIO 180.Critical reading and discussion of current literature on host/pathogeninteractions. Topics to be covered include: alteration of host intracellulartrafficking, subversion of cell cytoskeleton for invasion, intracellularsurvival mechanisms, pathogen-induced cell killing, and evasion andsubversion of the host immune system.

BIO 247. Contemporary Topics in Immunology. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 149A or instructor permission.Readings and discussions of current literature emphasizing new fielddevelopments and controversies. Lecture two hours.

BIO 260. Advanced Ecology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 160 or equivalent.Principles and applications of theoretical and field ecology as they applyto populations, communities and ecosystems.

BIO 269. Behavioral Ecology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 160 or instructor permission.Advanced study of animal behavior focusing on the life historyconsequences of social organization, spacing systems, sexual behavior,reproductive ecology, feeding ecology, competitive interactions andpredator-prey interactions.

BIO 273. Advanced Fishery Biology and Management. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 173 or instructor permission.Critical review and evaluation of current techniques and concepts relatingto the management, protection, and improvement of fishery resources.Lecture three hours.

BIO 279. Conservation Biology and Wildlife Management. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 160, BIO 179; or instructor permission.Critical review of applications of ecological and wildlife-orientated theoryin conservation biology research. Exploration of key topics and issuesin conservation of organisms, with emphasis on vertebrate animals andplants. Lecture/discussion three hours.

BIO 282. Evolution. 3 UnitsProcess of evolution throughout the taxonomic hierarchy and factorsresponsible for the generation of variability of the gene, cell, organismand population levels are explored through lectures, text readings and asurvey of current periodical literature. Lecture 3 hours.

BIO 283. Biogeography. 3 UnitsStudy of the past and present plant and animal distributions, and thegeologic, climatic and ecologic factors involved in their migration,establishment and extinction. Lecture/discussions three hours.

BIO 285. Topics in Biology. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Graduate status or instructor permission.Readings and discussions of current literature emphasizing newdevelopments and controversies in a comparatively narrow range ofbiological topics. Topics will vary with each offering, encompassing onerecognized specialty in biology. May be repeated for credit when thetopics vary.

BIO 293. Research Conference. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Department Chair and instructor permission.Presentation and discussion of graduate student and faculty researchand current literature with emphasis on critical evaluation of researchdesign, data analysis and presentation techniques.Note: Discussion two hours. May be taken twice for credit. Only two unitsmay be applied to the University's requirement for 200-level courses; Maybe repeated for up to 4 units of credit.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 294A. Seminar in Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): Student must be a Biology major at the master's level toenroll in this class and/or have instructor permission.Review and discussion of scientific literature in cell and molecularbiology. Seminar topics will vary by semester.Note: May be repeated for up to 4 units of credit.

Credit/No Credit


BIO 294B. Seminar in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): Student must be a Biology major at the master's level toenroll in this class and/or have instructor permission.Review and discussion of scientific literature in ecology, evolution, andconservation biology. Seminar topics will vary by semester.Note: May be repeated for up to 4 units of credit.

Credit/No Credit

BIO 297A. Teaching Biology Seminar. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): Acceptance in the GTA Program or instructor permission.Training for graduate students who wish to participate in theDepartment's Graduate Teaching Associate (GTA) Program and othersinterested in teaching biology. Weekly seminar session covering aspectsof teaching biology laboratories. Lecture/discussion. Not applicabletoward 18 unit 200-level course work requirement.Credit/No Credit

BIO 297B. Laboratory Teaching. 1 UnitPrerequisite(s): Acceptance in the GTA Program or instructor permission.Training for graduate students admitted to the Graduate TeachingAssociate (GTA) Program. Students assist in teaching three hoursof biology laboratory weekly under the supervision of a laboratoryinstructor. Laboratory three hours. Not applicable toward 18 unit 200-levelcoursework requirement.Credit/No Credit

BIO 299. Problems in Biological Sciences. 1 - 4 UnitsLibrary research, short-term original research, technique development,or thesis research site selection and preliminary field observations.Culminating experience will be in the format of a scientific paper,annotated bibliography, demonstration of technique mastery, or oralpresentation. Enrollment requires classified graduate status and approvalof the project by a faculty supervisor and the Department Chair.Credit/No Credit

BIO 500. Master's Thesis. 4 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Advanced to candidacy and chair permission of his/herthesis committee.Completion of a thesis approved for the Master's degree. Should betaken in final semester prior to the completion of all requirements for thedegree.

BIO 502. Master's Project. 2 UnitsPrerequisite(s): Advanced to candidacy and chair permission of his/hercommittee.Completion of a written project based on a research problem in biologyapproved for the Master of Arts Degree. Should be taken in final semesterprior to the completion of all requirements for the degree.

BIO 633. Human Gross Anatomy for Physical Therapists. 3 UnitsPrerequisite(s): BIO 22 or instructor permission.Corequisite(s): PT 600, PT 602, PT 608, PT 630.Study of the gross anatomy of selected regions of the human body.Emphasis will be placed on musculoskeletal, neurovascular and anatomyof the joints of the back, thoracic wall, abdominal wall, upper limb andlower limb. Anatomical relationships will be reinforced through study ofcross-sectional anatomy. Lecture two hours; lab three hours.Note: Course designed for students enrolled in the Doctor of PhysicalTherapy Program.

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