biology 102 - linn–benton community collegecf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/millern/upload/intro...

Biology 102

Instructor: Nate Miller

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 541-754-6352

Office : White Oak Hall 220

Note Card•Name•Goals•Favorite Scientist•Favorite animal•Favorite plant•Something interesting (hobbies, favorite joke, celebrity you most resemble, etc.) Anything

Goals

•Gain a better understanding of biological systems

1. Cell structure and function

2. Cell division and inheritance

3. Evolutionary processes

•Understand the scientific method (scientific inquiry)

Extra CreditRead a chapter of a popular biology book and write a one page summary of it.

Digital format

1%

SuggestionsGenome

Diversity of life

The beak of the finch

The advance of the fungi

Darwin’s dream pond

The botany of desire

Biology 102Class Structure

Grading: Percentage of final grade:

9 Labs, drop the lowest one = 10%Other in class Activities = 10%Online Homework = 10%2 midterm exams = 40%Final Comprehensive exam = 30%

Biology 102

Online homework

McGraw Hill Connect

Link is on syllabus

Make sure you enter into Spring 2014

Expectations

•Respect towards instructor and fellow students

•I respect you

•Interaction and participation with instructor and fellow students

•Sincere interest and enthusiasm for learning

•Effort

Policies

No Cell Phones

Lap tops are OK for class use

Emergency situations can have exceptions

Policies

Grading Scheme:

90 - 100% A

80 – 89% B

70 – 79% C

60 – 69% D

59.9 % and below F

Biology: the study of life

What is Life?•Growth

•Reproduction

•Adaptation

•Metabolism

•Cellular

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is Life?


Cells


Tree of Life

BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA

animalsfungi

plants

protists

FIRST CELLS


The scientific method

The car won't start.

Why won't the car start?

The car won't startbecause the batteryis dead.

Propose a newhypothesis.

IF the hypothesis is correct,THEN the car will start if thebattery is replaced.

The battery is replaced.If the car doesn’t start:If the car starts:

The dead batteryhypothesis issupported.

Observation

Question

Hypothesis

Prediction

Experiment orObservation

Conclusion


The experiments of Francesco

Redi

Experimental variable:

gauze prevents theentry of flies

Controlled variables:

time, temperature,place

Results

Control situation Experimental situation

Place meat in each jar

Obtain identical pieces of meat and two identical jars

Flies swarm aroundand maggots appear

Leave the jaruncovered

Leave exposedfor several days

Flies are kept fromthe meat;

no maggots appear

Cover the jarwith gauze

Leave coveredfor several days

Experiment:

Observation:Flies swarm around meat left in the open; maggots appear on the meat.

Question: Where do maggots on the meat come from?

Hypothesis: Flies produce the maggots.

Prediction: IF the hypothesis is correct, THEN keeping the flies away from the meatwill prevent the appearance of maggots.

Conclusion: The experiment supports the hypothesis that flies are the source ofmaggots and that spontaneous generation of maggots does not occur.


Luck and observation

A Petri dishcontains solidgrowth medium

Bacteria grow ina pattern createdby streaking

A substance fromthe mold diffusesoutward and inhibitsthe growth ofnearby bacteria

A colony of themold Penicillium

Chemistry

•Atoms•Protons

•Neutrons

•Electrons


(a) Hydrogen (H)

electronshell

atomicnucleus

e

p


(b) Helium (He)

nn

e

p

p

e


Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Calcium (Ca)

CaOC P

4e 6e5e

2e

8e

8e

8e

2e 2e

2e

2e

6p 8p 15p 20p

6n 8n 16n 20n


heat energy

light

An electronabsorbs energy

The energy booststhe electron to ahigher-energy shell

The electron dropsback into lower-energyshell, releasing energyas light

12

3

Bonds•Covalent•Polar

•Nonpolar

•Ionic

•Hydrogen


Hydrogen gas (H2)

__

(a) Nonpolar covalent bonding in hydrogen

gas (H2)

(hydrogens: uncharged)

+ +

Electrons spendequal time neareach nucleus

Same charge onboth nuclei


Water

(b) Polar covalent bonding in water (H2O)

+

(+) (+)

(oxygen: slightly negative)

(hydrogens:slightly positive)

8p+

8n

+

__ _

__

_

_ ___

Larger positivecharge

Electrons spendmore time nearthe larger nucleus

Smaller positivecharge

(–)


Macromolecules

Macromolecules

•Carbohydrates

•Lipids

•Proteins

•Nucleic acids


Monosaccharides

galactosefructose

6

5

4

32

12

34

5

1

6


Dehydration synthesis

dehydrationsynthesis


Hydrolysis

hydrolysis


Disaccharide

glucose fructose sucrose

dehydration

synthesis

•

•


Starch polysaccharide

(b) A starch molecule

(a) Potato cells

(c) Detail of a starch molecule

starch grains


Potato cells

(a) Potato cells

starch grains


Cellulose


Wood is mostly cellulose and lignin


Chitin


Lipids


Triglyceride

glycerol

fatty acids

triglyceride


A fat and an oil


Fat


Figure 3-13b An oil


Phospholipids

polar head glycerolbackbone

phosphategroup

variablefunctional

group

(hydrophilic) (hydrophobic)

fatty acid tails


Steroids


Protein


Amino acid structure

aminogroup

hydrogen

variablegroup

carboxylicacid group


Protein synthesis

amino acid

aminogroup

aminogroup

carboxylic acidgroup

amino acid peptide water

peptidebond

•

dehydration

synthesis


Amino acid diversity

glutamic acid (glu) aspartic acid (asp)

(a) Hydrophilic functional groups (b) Hydrophobic functional groups

(c) Sulfur-containing

functional group

leucine (leu)phenylalanine (phe)

cysteine (cys)


Sulfur-containing functional group


The four levels of protein structure(a) Primary structure:

The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

(c) Tertiary structure:

Folding of the helix resultsfrom hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids

(d) Quaternary structure:

Individual polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges

(b) Secondary structure:

Usually maintained by hydrogen bonds, which shape this helix

helix

hydrogenbond

heme group

leu

val

lys

lys

gly

his

ala

lys

val

lys

pro


Nucleic Acids

• Adenine

• Thymine (Uracil)

• Guanine

• Cytosine


Five-carbon monosaccharides

ribose deoxyribose

5

4

3 2

1

5

4

3 2

1

Note “missing”oxygen atom


Deoxyribose nucleotide

sugar

phosphate

base


The energy-carrier molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

hydrogenbond

What is a cell?• Smallest unit w/ property of life

– Single-celled organisms

– Make up multicellular organisms

The Cell Theory

1. All organisms composed of cells

2. Smallest unit of life

3. Division of preexisting cell

4. Possess heritable material (DNA)

Cytoplasm

• Aqueous material

plasma

membrane

cytoplasm


Cells and cell membranes

• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

• Nucleus and other organelles

plasma

membrane

DNA in

nucleoid region

cytoplasm, with

ribosomes

Cell wall outside the

plasma membrane

Prokaryotic Cells

Fig 4.4

Capsule

Eukaryotic cellNUCLEUS

PLASMA

MEMBRANE

CYTOPLASM

w/

RIBOSOMES

Fig 4.4


mitochondrion

cytoplasmicfluid

flagellum

vesicle

ribosomeson rough ER

centriole

intermediatefilaments(cytoskeleton)

Golgiapparatus

cytoplasm

lysosome

exocytosis ofmaterial fromthe cell

polyribosome

nuclear pore

basal body

nuclear envelope

chromatin (DNA)nucleolus

nucleus

plasmamembrane

roughendoplasmicreticulum

free ribosome

smoothendoplasmicreticulum

microtubules(cytoskeleton)

microfilaments


centralvacuole

cytoplasmic fluid plastid

vesicle

lysosome

cytoplasm

plasmodesmata

cell wall plasmamembrane


free ribosome

ribosomes

nucleus

nucleolus

nuclear porechromatin

nuclear envelope



Golgi apparatus

chloroplast

mitochondrion


cell walls of adjoiningplant cells

How big are cells?• Most cells can be seen with light microscope


Cell Membranes

• Fluid

• Composed of phospholipids, proteins, etc.

• Semipermeable


Triglyceride

glycerol

fatty acids

triglyceride


A fat and an oil


Phospholipids

polar head glycerolbackbone

phosphategroup

variablefunctional

group

(hydrophilic) (hydrophobic)

fatty acid tails


phospholipid

hydrophilicheads

hydrophobictails

hydrophilicheads

extracellular fluid(watery environment)

cytoplasm(watery environment)

bilayer


Kinks increase fluidity

more fluid less fluid


Steroids

lysosome

Food

Damaged component

digestion

Endomembrane System


Exocytosis

Chloroplast• Found in plants

• Sugar production

– Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

CentralVacuole

Storage of water and waste

Mitochondria

• Energy producer of cell (ATP)

• Two membranes – allows for gradient formation

• Where cellular respiration occursOuter membrane Inner membrane

outercompartment inner

compartment

Mitochondria


glycoprotein

carbo-hydrate

extracellular fluid (outside)

cytoplasm (inside)

cholesterol

membraneprotein channel protein

cytoskeleton

A phospholipid bilayerhelps to isolate thecell's contents

Proteins help the cellcommunicate withits environment


Diffusion of a dye in water

A drop of dye isplaced in water

Dye moleculesdiffuse into the water;water molecules diffuseinto the dye

Both dye moleculesand water molecules areevenly dispersed

drop of dye

water molecule

2

13


Diffusion and Osmosis

• Molecules move from high density to low density (diffusion)

• Diffusion across a membrane is Osmosis

• Some molecules can’t cross the cell membrane without active transport.


Types of diffusion through the plasma membrane

water glucose

carrierprotein

aquaporinchannelprotein

phospho-lipidbilayer

(cytoplasm)

(extracellularfluid)

Cl–

O2

(a) Simple diffusion through

the phospholipid bilayer

(b) Facilitated diffusion

through channel proteins

(c) Osmosis through

aquaporins or the

phospholipid bilayer

(d) Facilitated diffusion through

carrier proteins

Step 1


The effect of solute concentration on osmosis

No net flowof water

Water flows out;the balloon shrinks

Water flows in;the balloon expands

(a) A balloon in an

isotonic solution

(b) A balloon in a

hypertonic solution

(c) A balloon in a

hypotonic solution


The effects of osmosis on red blood cells


DNA vs. RNA

• DNA uses deoxyribose and RNA uses ribose

• RNA has the nucleotide urical instead of thymine

• DNA is much more stable than RNA


DNA to RNA

• DNA is the blueprint

• The code for individual genes gets copied to RNA

• RNA is used as a template to make protein


RNA to Protein

• Ribosomes

• The code for individual genes gets copied to RNA

• RNA is used as a template to make protein


mitochondrion

cytoplasmicfluid

flagellum

vesicle

ribosomeson rough ER

centriole


Golgiapparatus

cytoplasm

lysosome

exocytosis ofmaterial fromthe cell

polyribosome

nuclear pore

basal body

nuclear envelope

chromatin (DNA)nucleolus

nucleus

plasmamembrane


free ribosome



microfilaments

plasma

membrane

DNA in

nucleoid region

cytoplasm, with

ribosomes

Cell wall outside the

plasma membrane

Prokaryotic Cells

Fig 4.4

Capsule

biology 102 - linn–benton community collegecf.linnbenton.edu/mathsci/bio/millern/upload/intro...

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