biology 12. respiration revision glycolysis glucose pyruvate + 2 atp fermentation (plants) pyruvate...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biology 12
![Page 2: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Respiration revision• Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP• Fermentation (plants)Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide• Fermentation (animals)Pyruvate lactic acid• Aerobic respirationGlucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water +
energy (36 – 38 ATP)
![Page 3: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Photosynthesis• Uses light energy to convert inorganic
molecules to organic molecules• Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells
and some protists and the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria
• Occurs as a series of reactions, involving many different enzymes
• Involves light dependent and light independent reactions (the Light and Dark reactions)
![Page 4: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Photosynthesis 2• Net equation:
carbon dioxide + water + solar energy glucose + oxygen + water
• ATP and ADP are used to transfer energy
• NADP is used as a hydrogen carrier
![Page 5: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Where it happens
![Page 6: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Structure of the chloroplast
![Page 7: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Light reaction• Occurs in the grana (thylakoid membrane) of the
chloroplast• Inputs are light and water • Light strikes photosystem II• Electrons pass along until they reach the primary
electron acceptor • Water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain to
photosystem I, forming ATP• The three products of the light reaction are NADPH,
ATP, and O2 • NADPH & ATP are then used in the Calvin Cycle
![Page 8: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Grana – photosystems I and II and the electron transport chain
![Page 9: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ATP and ADP
• Act as chemical batteries
• Carry and release small amounts of energy
energy
adenosine
phosphateadenosine
ATP
ADP
![Page 10: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Carrier proteins
Carry hydrogen ions to electron transport chains
NADP NADPH + H+
![Page 11: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Light independent (Dark) reaction
• Occurs in stroma of the chloroplast
• Inputs are NADPH and ATP from the light reaction, and CO2
• First step is carbon fixation
• A series of reactions lead to the production of water, NADP+ and ADP, and sugar
• NADP+ and ADP return to the light reaction • The carbon of the sugar product comes from
CO2
![Page 12: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Calvin cycle
![Page 13: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Summary of reactions
![Page 14: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Summary of photosynthesisLight dependent reactionOccurs in the granaWater is split into hydrogen ions and oxygenInputs are light and waterOutputs are ATP, hydrogen ions and oxygenInvolves photosystems I and II and electron transport chain
Light independent reactionOccurs in the stromaCarbon is fixedInputs are ATP, hydrogen ions and carbon dioxideOutputs are glucose, water and ADPInvolves the Calvin cycle
![Page 15: Biology 12. Respiration revision Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate + 2 ATP Fermentation (plants) Pyruvate alcohol + carbon dioxide Fermentation (animals)](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042615/56649d8b5503460f94a7239c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Comparison between respiration and photosynthesisRespiration Photosynthesis
Inputs Oxygen & glucose Carbon dioxide, light, water
Products Carbon dioxide, water & energy (ATP)
Oxygen, glucose & water
Type of cells All cells Plants & some protists & bacteria
Location in cells Cytoplasm (anaerobic) & mitochondria (aerobic)
Chloroplast
Where energy comes from
Carbon compounds (chemical breakdown)
Light
Role of ATP End product Carries energy of light reactions into dark reactions
Names of reactions
Glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle
Light reactions – Photosystems I & II & electron transport chain
Dark reactions – Calvin cycle