biology 2120 reading day review session - ucae · 2019-04-30 · purines: adenine and guanine...
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Biology 2120 Reading Day Review Session
Lauren AccorUCAE Peer Tutor
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CHAPTER 1: Biology and the Tree of Life
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5 characteristics all organisms share:
Cells
Replication
Evolution
Information
Energy
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Important Scientists
● Jean Baptiste Lamark● Antonie van Leeuwenhoek● Robert Hooke● Schwann and Schleiden● Rudolph Virchow● Louis Pasteur● Darwin and Wallace● Watson and Crick
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Where do cells come from: Pasteur Cell theory: All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells
● Hypothesis #1: Spontaneous generation○ Ex: bacteria on spoiled foods
● Hypothesis #2: All cells from cells
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Important Vocab
● Evolution● Population● Natural
Selection● Heritable● Speciation● Fitness● Adaptation
● Chromosome● DNA and RNA● The Central
Dogma● ATP
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Phylogenetic Tree
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Scientific Method
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CHAPTER 2: Water and Carbon: Chemical Basis of Life
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Basic Atomic Structure
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Important Vocab● Valence electrons● Chemical Bonds (ionic and covalent)
○ Polar and nonpolar
● Isotopes● Ion
○ Anion and cation
● Electronegativity● Molecule/Compound
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Water● Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic● Polarity● Hydrogen bond● Cohesion● Adhesion● Surface Tension● Specific Heat
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Thermodynamics = Energy
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CHAPTER 3: Protein Structure and Function
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Structure of Protein Monomer
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Important Vocab● Polymerization● Hydrolysis● Peptide Bond!!!
○ R-group orientation○ Directionality○ Flexibilty
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Protein Structures1. Hydrogen Bonds2. Hydrophobic Interactions3. Van der Waals Interactions4. Covalent Bonding5. Ionic Bonding
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More Important Vocab● Enzymes
○ Active site
● Denaturation● Molecular Chaperones
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CHAPTER 4: Nucleic Acids and the RNA World
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DNA and RNA
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ATP
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Important Vocab● Double helix● Anti-parallel● Complementary Base Pairing
○ Purines: adenine and guanine○ Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil
● Replication● Template Strand● Daughter Strand
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Structures of DNA and RNA
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CHAPTER 5: An Introduction to Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrate = Sugar● Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharide
○ Glucose, lactose, cellulose
● Pentose, triose, and hexose● Glycosidic linkage
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Important Polysaccharides● Starch: potatoes● Glycogen: liver and muscles● Cellulose: plant cell walls● Chitin: external skeleton● Peptidoglycan: bacterial cell walls
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Important Vocab● Glycolipid● Glycoprotein● Photosynthesis
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CHAPTER 6: Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells
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Important Vocab● Cell membrane/plasma membrane
○ phospholipid
● Lipid○ Waxes○ Steroids○ Fats
● Fatty Acid● Hydrocarbons
○ Saturated○ Unsaturated
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DiffusionDefinition: Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions
1. Passive Transport: When substances diffuse across in the absence of energy2. Active Transport: When substances require energy to diffuse across
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Osmosis
LOW SOLUTE HIGH SOLUTE
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Relation to Lipids● Fluid Mosaic Model: Membranes are a dynamic fluid mosaic of phospholipids
and different types of proteins● Gated Channels
○ aquaporins
● ATP-powered Pumps○ Na⁺/K⁺○ H⁺/Cl⁻
● Carriers
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CHAPTER 7: Inside the CellKNOW YOUR ORGANELLES!
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Eukaryotic Cell: Animal
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Eukaryotic Cell: Plant
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Prokaryotic Cell
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CHAPTER 8: Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism
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Reduction-Oxidation Reactions● Chemical reactions that involve the loss or gain of one or more electrons
OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
LEO GER = Loss Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction
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Gibbs Free EnergyExergonic or Endergonic
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Important Vocab● Phosphorylation● Energetic coupling● Catalysts/Enzymes
○ Competitive Inhibition○ Allosteric regulation○ Feedback Inhibition
● Catabolic Pathways● Anabolic Pathways
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CHAPTER 10: Photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
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Photosystems
● In○ Photons
● Out○ electrons
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Light Dependent Reactions: Thylakoid Membrane
● In○ Photons○ Water○ NADP⁺
● Out○ NADPH○ ATP○ O₂
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Calvin Cycle: Stroma
● In○ 3 CO₂
○ 9 ATP○ 6 NADPH
● Out○ G3P
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C₄ and CAM Plants● Instead of 3 carbon molecules
(3-phosphoglycerate), they make 4 carbon molecules
● CAM still makes 4 carbon molecules, but performs the Calvin Cycle during the day!
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CHAPTER 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
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Mitochondria
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Glycolysis: Cytosol
● In○ Glucose (start)○ 2 ATP (steps 1 and 3)○ 2 NAD⁺ (step 6)
● Out○ 2 NADH + H⁺ (step 6)○ 4 ATP (steps 7 and 10)○ 2 Pyruvate molecules (end)
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Pyruvate Processing: Mitochondrial Matrix
● In○ Pyruvate○ NAD⁺
○ Coenzyme A
● Out○ CO₂
○ NADH○ Acetyl CoA
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Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle): Mitochondrial Matrix● In
○ Acetyl CoA (start)○ 3 NAD⁺ (steps 3, 4, & 8)○ 1 FAD (step 6)○ 1 ADP (step 5)
● Out○ 3 NADH (steps 3, 4, & 8)○ 2 CO₂ (steps 3 & 4)○ 1 FADH₂ (step 6)○ 1 ATP (step 5)
● 2 TURNS PER GLUCOSE
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Electron Transport Chain: Inner Membrane
● In○ NADH○ FADH₂
○ O₂
● Out○ Water○ 32 ATP
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Fermentation
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CHAPTER 11: Cell-Cell Interactions
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Important Vocab● Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
○ Collagen and proteoglycans
● Tissues● Integrin● Laminins● Microfibrils● Turgor pressure● Expansins
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Organization of cell communication
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Signalling
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Signalling Pathways
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CHAPTER 12: The Cell Cycle
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The Cell Cycle
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Mitosis
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Cyclin-CDK complex
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The start of the cell cycle
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Cell Cycle Checkpoints
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CHAPTER 13: Meiosis
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Meiosis
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Important Vocab● Gametes● Gene● Allele● Karyotype● Haploid● Diploid● Ploidy● Sister chromatids● Recombination (crossing over)● Nondisjunctions (trisomy)
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CHAPTER 14: Mendel and the Gene
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Mendel’s Experiment System1. Blending of Inheritance
a. Offspring have intermediate traits of parents
2. Inheritance of acquired charactersa. Traits are modified in parents
and then passed down
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Punnett squares and Pedigrees
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Important Vocab● Genotype/Phenotype● Homozygous/Heterozygous● Dominant/Recessive Alleles● Sex-Linked● Principle of Independent Assortment/Dependent Assortment (RrYy)● Linkage● Recombinant● Codominance● Incomplete Dominance
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CHAPTER 15: DNA and the Gene Synthesis and Repair
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DNA Replication
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Telomeres
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Mistakes in DNA Synthesis
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TT Dimers
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Important Vocab● Xeroderma Pigmentosum● Telomerase● Helicase● Polymerase● Okazaki Fragments● Primase● Leading/Lagging Strand
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CHAPTER 16: How Genes Work
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Genetic Code● DNA speaks in A, C, G, and T● RNA speaks in A, C, G, and U● Proteins speak in codons
DNA: TGC TTA GCT ATT
RNA: AUG AAU CGA UAA
Protein: Met Asn Arg Stop
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Mutations
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CHAPTER 17: Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation
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Pre-Initiation Complex
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RNA Processing● 5’ Capping● Intron Splicing● Polyadenylation
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snRPs and Lariat
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Important Vocab● Elongation● TATA box● Transcription factors● Poly (A)● Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)● Spliceosome● tRNA/mRNA● Anticodon● Translocation● Post-translational modification
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QUESTIONS????