biology 318 specific human defensesguralnl/gural/318innatedefens.pdf · lines of defense • first...
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Innate Immunity
Lines of Defense• First - non-specific (NS)
barriers, normal flora• Second – Non-Specific
immune cells, proteins, processes
• Third - specific immune cells and antibodies
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Nonspecific First Lines of Defense
Outer Skin and Flora• Outer skin is a thick, salty,
and dead barrier• Intact skin• Sloughing off dead skin• Microbial anatagonism
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Chemical
• pH = 5.0 due to fatty acids in secretions from oil glands (sebum)
• Lysozyme (nasal, saliva, tears and sweat) favors
• Salt: draws out water• Lactoferrin: binds iron• Antimicrobial polypeptides: chains of 40
amino acids, dermicidins• Staphylococcus favored
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Mucous Membranes: Respiratory
• Thin epithelium• Goblet cells: secrete
mucous• Ciliated columnar
cells
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Digestive Tract• Protective features – digestive
enzymes, • Strong acid: HCl• Peristalsis• Bile: detergent• Stomach selects acidophilic
Streptococcus• Neutral intestines, colon host
over 400 species:• Gram Positive Anaerobes - e.g.
Clostridium• Gram Negative Enterics - e.g.
Escherichia
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Urinary Tract/ Vaginal TractKidney to bladder sterileUrethra/opening - skin and intestinal bacteriaAcidic urine and flushing reduces pathogens
Menstrual – acid-producing LactobacillusHormones makes more susceptible to STDs, increase pH of vaginaAntibiotics make more susceptible to yeast
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Normal - Indigenous - FloraInfect newborns within a year Flora keep immune system alertOut-compete or kill pathogensWrong place - some opportunistic
Antibiotics DO NOT distinguish between “good” and “bad”
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Second Lines of Defense
• Blood complex liquid tissue• Cells found in blood• Plasma has chemical components
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Non-Specific Immune Cells -Phagocytes
• Basophils: release chemicals• Eosinophils: parasitic worms
and allergic reactions• Neutrophils – most
abundant, circulating• Macrophage – tissue,
inflammation• Microglia – specialized brain
phagocytes• Kupffer: Liver• Alveolar• Dendritic : found in skin and
mucous
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Diapedsis
• NK lymphocytes• Viral infected cells• tumors
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Phagocytosis
Surround agent with pseudopods - engulf
Digest using lysozymeand hydrogen peroxide
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Phagocytosis
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Second Lines of Defense:Non-Specific Blood Proteins
• Transferrin - store iron, • Lactoferrin-hide from pathogens• Interleukins - induce fever to inhibit
pathogens, raise temperature, stimulate white blood cells, slow rate of growth of bacteria.
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Complement – series of proteins to lyse bacteria
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Interferons – small antiviral proteins, inhibits spread of
infection
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Non-Specific Inflammation Process
Tissue is breached -injured
Vasodilation - delivers blood, immune cells
Permeability - delivers blood proteins
Chemotaxis - phagocytes attracted to injury
Phagocytosis -consumption of pathogens
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Vasodilation
• Histamines• Prostaglandins• Leukotrienes
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Edema and pain: aspirin act as anti prostaglandins
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Interleukins
• - induce fever to inhibit pathogens, raise temperature, stimulate white blood cells, slow rate of growth of bacteria.