biology ch. 8 cell division. ch. 8 cell division i.cell growth: a.growth: - increase in size and...
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BiologBiologyy
CH.CH. 88
Cell Cell DivisionDivision
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CH. 8 Cell DivisionCH. 8 Cell DivisionI.I. Cell Growth:Cell Growth:I.I. Cell Growth:Cell Growth:
A. Growth: - increase in
size and
number of cells
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B.B. Rate of Cell Growth:Rate of Cell Growth:B.B. Rate of Cell Growth:Rate of Cell Growth:- varies among cells- bacteria are the
fastest~ 20 min.
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Binary FissionBinary Fission - - BacteriaBacteria
Binary FissionBinary Fission - - BacteriaBacteria
DNA replicated
Membrane added
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Binary Fission - Bacteria
Binary Fission - Bacteriaconstriction
fission
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- in humans:- skin cell reproduce quickly- nerve cells reproduce very slowly
Human kidney cells dividing
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C.Controls of Cell GrowthC.Controls of Cell Growth
1. External (Environment):- food, temperature, oxygen,
disease, pollution, etc.
2. Internal (Heredity):- DNA, nucleus
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Surface AreaSurface Area :: Volume Volume RatioRatio
Surface AreaSurface Area :: Volume Volume RatioRatio
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The Size of Cells and Their Components
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II. Cancer:II. Cancer:- disease in which cells
have lost the ability to control their own growth
Cervical Cancer Cell Dividing
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A. Characteristics of Cancer Cells:
A. Characteristics of Cancer Cells:1. Rapid cell division2. Undifferentiated cells3. Metastasis:
- cells don't stick together and can move
elsewhere
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Undifferentiated Cancer Cells
Undifferentiated Cancer Cells
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MetastasisMetastasis
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B.B. Causes of Cancer:Causes of Cancer:B.B. Causes of Cancer:Causes of Cancer:- genes controlling cell division have
mutated (changed)1.Carcinogens:
- cancer causing agents- nicotine, asbestos, PCB's, etc.
2.Radiation:- UV (sunlight), X-rays, radon, etc.
3.Some viruses4.Hereditary factor
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Melanoma:
Early Signs
Melanoma:
Early Signs
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III. Cell Division:III. Cell Division:- Mitosis:
division of the nucleus into 2 identical nuclei
- Cytokinesis:division of the cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells
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Mitotic cell Mitotic cell divisiondivision
Mitotic cell Mitotic cell division &division &
DifferentiatiDifferentiationon
FunctionFunctions of s of
MitosisMitosis
TissuesTissues
OrgansOrgans
FertilizeFertilized eggd egg
(zygote)(zygote)Multicell Multicell
stagestage
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Asexual Reproduction by Asexual Reproduction by MitosisMitosis
New IndividualsNew Individuals
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Asexual Reproduction by Asexual Reproduction by MitosisMitosisBudding
Nucleus divides by mitosis
Bud forms on cell
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A. Chromosomes:A. Chromosomes:- made of DNA
and protein- stores
genetic information (genes)
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Chromosome
Chromatin
DNAdouble helix
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1.1. Chromatin:Chromatin:1.1. Chromatin:Chromatin:- active form of
chromosomes- long, thin strands of DNA
and proteinChromatin
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2.Chromatid:2.Chromatid:- one of 2 replicated
halves of chromosomes
- Centromere: point of attachment of 2 sister chromatids
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Human Chromosomes
Human Chromosomes
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B. The Cell Cycle:B. The Cell Cycle:- 3 parts1. Interphase2.Mitosis3.Cytokinesis
Usually overlap
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The Cell Cycl
e
The Cell Cycl
etelophase
metaphase
anaphase
cell
div
isio
n
GG00: :
nondividingnondividing
interphaseinterphase
S: S: Synthesis Synthesis
of DNAof DNA
GG11: Growth: Growth
GG22: Growth: Growth
prophase
cytokinesis
Mit
osi
s
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C.C. Interphase:Interphase:C.C. Interphase:Interphase:- period of time between cell
division- takes up 80 - 90% of a cell's life- normal cell activity and growth
NucleusNucleus
ChromatChromatinin
Nuclear Nuclear MembraMembranene
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C. Interphase:C. Interphase:- period of time between cell
division- takes up 80 - 90% of a cell's life- normal cell activity and growth1. Cell growth2. DNA replication3. Synthesis of
organelles and centrioles
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D.D.Mitosis:Mitosis:D.D.Mitosis:Mitosis:- 4 stages (P, M, A, T)
ProphaseProphase
MetaphaseMetaphase
AnaphaseAnaphase
TelophaseTelophase
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1.1. ProphaseProphase1.1. ProphaseProphase- first and longest stagea. Chromatin condenses to form
chromosomesb. Centrioles move to
opposite ends of the cell- animal cells
only
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c. Spindle fibers form- protein fibers that aid in
movement of chromosomesd.Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus disappear
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2.2. MetaphaseMetaphase2.2. MetaphaseMetaphase- second and shortest stage
- chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
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3. Anaphase3. Anaphase- centromeres split
and chromosomes move apart to opposite sides of the cell
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4.4. TelophaseTelophase4.4. TelophaseTelophase- last stage - "reverse" of prophasea. Chromosomes revert
to chromatinb. Spindle fibers
disappearc. Nuclear membrane
and nucleolus reform
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E.E. Cytokinesis:Cytokinesis:E.E. Cytokinesis:Cytokinesis:1.Animal Cells
- Cell membrane pinches in forming 2
daughter cells
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2. Plant Cells2. Plant Cells- Cell plate forms between 2
daughter cells
Cell plate
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
Early AnaphaseEarly Anaphase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
ProphaseProphase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
MetaphaseMetaphase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
TelophaseTelophase
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Which stages of Which stages of mitosis?mitosis?
ProphaseProphase
InterphaseInterphase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
MetaphasMetaphasee
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
ProphaseProphase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
TelophaseTelophase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
AnaphaseAnaphase
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Which stage of Which stage of mitosis?mitosis?
InterphaseInterphase
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The EndThe End