biology f4 chapter1
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOLOGY
FORM 4
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Biology
CHAPTER 2 : Cell Structure and Cell
Organisation
CHAPTER 3 : Movement of Substances Across
the Plasma Membrane
CHAPTER 4 : Chemical Composition of the cell
CHAPTER 5 : Cell Division
CHAPTER 6 : Nutrition
CHAPTER 7 : Respiration
CHAPTER 8 : Dynamic Ecosystem
CHAPTER 9 : Endanger Ecosystem
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CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Biology
The word Biology comes from Greek words,
Bios meaning Life and Logos meaning
Knowledge.
Biologyis the scientific study of life
The study of Biology is the study of living
things, the environment and the interaction
between living things and the enviroment
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Importance of Biology.
The study of Biology enable us to
understand ourselves and our surroundingenvironment
understand the interaction between living things
and environment Appreciate and thankful for the diverse variaty of
living things.
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THE FIELDS OF STUDY IN BIOLOGY
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Careers related to Biology
The knowledge of Biology is widely used in the:
a. biotechnology biotechnological knowledge and techniques,
use living organisms to develop useful products.
b. Environmental engineering principles of biology & chemistryto provide solutions to environmental problem
c. Health care radiographers, occupational therapists,
pharmacist, physiotherapists, opticians & doctors
d. Agriculture and forestry livestock farms, forest researchinstitutes & plantations
e. Marine and freshwater biology carry out research into fish
farming and conversation of marine life
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The Scientific Investigation
1. Scientific skills science process skills &manipulative skills
2. Science process skills critical, analytical &
creative thinking skills which enable a
scientist to formulate questions and find out
the answers and explanations to a
phenomena in a systematic manner
3. Manipulative skills psychomotor skills that
enable scientist to carry out a scientific
investigations
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The Scientific Method
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Identifying A Problem
1. Determine the problem to be solved by:a. Observing the situation or phenomena
i. Asking questions to explain the situation
ii. A possible explanation or inferences basedon the past experience or prior knowledge
iii. Inference not a fact, it is only the many
possible interpretations derives from anobservation
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b. Indentifying the variables
2. The problem is the form of a question to be
answered. The question in the problem should
show the relationship between the
manipulated variable and responding variable.
3. The problem stated is the basis for forming a
hypothesis
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Forming a hypothesis
1. A hypothesis is a smart guess or prediction toexplain the problem
2. The hypothesis answers the question posed
by a problem3. It is a statement to explain the relationship
between the manipulated variable and
responding variable in the situation studied
4. This statement is tested in the experiment to
determine its validity
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Planning The Experiment
1. Plan an experiment to test the hypothesis
2. Determine the following steps in planning the
experiment:
a) Apparatus & materials to be used
b) Techniques to be used
c) Procedures to followed
d) Types of measurements (data) to be taken
e) Methods to take the measurements or collect thedata
f) Way of presenting the data (results)
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3. Write out the design plan of the experiment. It
should include the following aspects:
a. Problem statementb. Aim of investigation
c. Hypothesis
d. Variables
e. List of the apparatus & materials
f. Technique used
g. Experimental procedure or method
h. Data to be collected
i. Presentation of data
j. Expected conclusion
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Indentifying & Controlling Variables
1. The variables that have been indentified before
forming the hypothesis have to be controlled during
the experiment
2. To control the variables, the following have to be
considered:a) Manipulated variable: How alter the manipulated
variable in the experiment
b) Responding variable: What to observe, measure
and record in the responding variable
c) Fixed/constant variable: How to maintain the
controlled variable so that it is kept constant
throughout the experiment
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Conducting The Experiment
1. An experiment is carried out as planned totest the hypothesis
2. The following steps have to be observed
during the experiment:
a) The apparatus & materials are handled
correctly, cleaned and stored safely
b) The variables are well controlledc) The results are being collected and recorded
carefully
d) A control experiment is also set up
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Collecting Data
1. The data is collected and recorded accurately
2. The data can be used on descriptive
observations (qualitative data) or numbers
and figures (quantitative data)
3. The data can be presented in the form of
table, graph or diagrams
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Analysing and Interpreting Data
1. Find a suitable explanation for what has
been observed
2. Analyse the relationship between the
manipulated variable and the responding
variable
3. Look for pattern in the data
4. Think critically to explain the results clearly
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Making Conclusion
1. Determine whether the data supports the
hypothesis
2. Decide whether the hypothesis is valid
3. If the results support the hypothesis, then
the hypothesis is accepted. If not, the
hypothesis is rejected
4. Make a general statement about the results
of the investigation, based on the hypothesis
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Writing A Report1. A complete report of the experiment is written according to
the following format:
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Scientific attitudes and noble values