biology form 4 modul chapter 2

CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

CONCEPT MAP

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE:- Understanding cell structure and function

LEARNING OUTCOMES:- You should be able to :-

1) Draw and label an animal cell

2) Draw and label a plant cell

3) Identify the cellular components of an animal cell

4) Identify the cellular components of a plant cell

5) State the functions of the cellular components in an animal cell

6) State the functions of the cellular components in a plant cell

7) Compare and contrast an animal cell and a plant cell

8) Relate the density of certain organelles with the functions of specific cells

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:- Understanding cell organization

LEARNING OUTCOMES:- You should be able to :-

1) State the necessity for cell specialization in multicellular organisms as compared to unicellular organisms

2) Describe cell specialization in multicellular organisms

3) Describe cell organization in the formation of tissues, organs and systems in multicellular organisms

4) State the meaning of internal environment

5) Identify factors affecting the internal environment

6) Explain the necessity to maintain optimal internal environment

7) Describe the involvement of various systems in maintaining optimal internal environmen

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TASK 1: Identify the cell below and label every cell component

……………………………………… CELL

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R

Q

V

ST

U

W

X

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TASK 2: Identify the cell below and label every cell component

……………………………………… CELL

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

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TASK 3: Draw an animal cell observed under an electron microscope

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TASK 4: Draw a plant cell observed under an electron microscope

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TASK 5: Complete the table below

ORGANELLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION

Nucleus

It consists of …………………………………….

…………………………………………

Surrounded by a membrane known

as…..........................................................

………………………………………

………………………………………

The chromosomes are important in

………………………………………

………………………………………

VacuoleFluid-filled sac enclosed by a membrane called

………………….

Contains fluid known as ……………… and it

consists of ………………………

…………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

MitochondrionHaving a ……………………….. shape

Made up of double / single unit membranes……………………………………

……………………………………

Chloroplast ………………………………………….

………………………………………………………

……………………………

……………………………………

…………………………………………

……………………………………

Ribosomes

Small spherical organelle

Attached to ………………….. or found freely in

……………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

Rough endplasmic reticulum

Consists of sacs which are ……………… and

…………………….

Has ……………………………attached to its

surface

Transport ……………… synthesized

by the ribosomes to the

…………………

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

…………………………………………

…………………………………………Synthesis of …………………………

……………………………………….

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Golgi Apparatus Stacks of flattened membranous sacs

The outer membrane buds off to form

……………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

Plasma Membrane

Made up of ……………………………

…………………………………………

It is a ………………………………

membrane

Regulates the ………………………of

substances ……………….and

…………… of the cells

Cell Wall Made up of ……………………………

…………………………………………

It is a ………………………………

membrane

Provides mechanical

………………….to the plant cells

Gives ……………………..to the plant

cells

CytoplasmJelly-like matrix

Contain organic and inorganic substances

……………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUTUREOF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL

Task 6: Complete the following graphic organization on the similarities and differences between an animal cell and a plant

cell

Animal cell Plant cell

Similarities

Differences

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Animal cell Structure Plant cell

Shape

Cell wall

Vacuoles

Chloroplasts

Food Storage

You can write the comparison of both cells as below:-

An animal cell does not have a fixed shape whereas the plant cell has a fixd shape

EXERCISE

1. The red blood cells are the ony cells in our body that do not contain ………………..

2. In a green leaf, all cells have chloroplasts except the ……………………………….. cell

Task 7: Predict the organelle which is found in large numbers in each cell shown below.

Explain the importance of the organelle.

Organelle : …………………………………………………

Explanation : …………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………

Organelle : …………………………………………………

Explanation : …………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

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UNDERSTANDING CELL ORGANISATION – UNICELLULAR ORGANISM

Task 8: Label the structures of the Ameoba sp.

Task 9: With the help of the diagrams , describe the process of phagocytosis in Ameoba sp.

Organelle : …………………………………………………

Explanation : …………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

Organelle : …………………………………………………

Explanation : …………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

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Task 10: With the help of the diagrams , describe the process of reproduction called Binary fission in Ameoba sp.

Task 11: Complete the table below on the living process of Ameoba sp.

1. First, the amoeba sp. moves closer to the food particles

2. Then, it extends its ……………………… ……………. out to enclose the food particles

3. The food particles are packaged in a …………………………………..which later fuses with the lysosome

4. The food particles are …………………………………… by the enzymes called lysozyme before they

are absorbed into the …………………………… …….as nutrients

1. Ameoba sp. divides after it has grown to ……………………………….

2. The pseudopodia are pulled in and the ………………………………divides

3. The …………………………………..begins to divide when the nucleus has

split

4. Later, two …………………….daughter cells are formed

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Living Process Explanation

HabitatIt mostly found in …………………………………………………

Respiration Gases exchange occurs by a process called …………………….across the ……………………

Excretion Waste products are expelled by a process called ……………………across the

…………………………..It has a contractile vacuole which …………………………..to expel

……………… water and the process is called ………………………

Locomotion It moves by extending its ………………………………. The cytoplasm , then flows into the projected pseudopodia and anchoring the tips to the ground

TASK 12 : Based on the information above, state the differentiation of the basic cell in forming the following cells.

Cell specialization is a process whereby cells grow, change shape and differentiate to carry out specific function. For example :

Basic cell

Undergoes specialization to form

Xylem vessels which

have lignified cell wall

and form hollow tubes to

transport water and

dissolved minerals

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Differentiated Cells The way they differentiate

Guard cell

Sperm

Eythrocyte

TASK 13 : Name the tissues below and match them with their appropriate function.

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Act as insulator and stores fat

Functions in support and protection

Allows rapid diffusion of gaseous

Detects stimuli and transmits impulses

Transport oxygen, acts a defensing and

blood clotting mechanism

Lining of trachea and help sweeping

impurities

Helps in moving substances in lumens of

body

Helps in moving substances in lumens

of body

Helps in the pumping of blood

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TASK 14: Fill in the boxes to show the hierarchy of cell organization in one of the human body systems.

System TissuesOrgan Cells

2.

6.

5.

4.

1.

7.

8.

11.

9.

10.

12.

Function

Function

Function

3.

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TASK 15: Name the human systems below.

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TASK 16: Fill in the boxes to show the hierarchy of cell organization in a plant

Organism Systems TissuesOrgans

Leaf

Cells

Function:

Function:

Function:

Function:

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TASK 17 : Read the statement below . Then , on the diagram, identitify the interstitial fluid by colouring it in red.

TASK 14 : Fill in the blanks to complete the information on maintaining an optimal internal environment

The i……………………. environment of a multicellular organisms needs to be in a maintained for the cells to

function at an optimum level.

To achieve this, the p.……………………………….and the c ……………………………. factors of the internal

environment must be maintained.

The physical factors are :- ………………………, …………………………, …………….

The chemical factors are :- ……………………., ……………………, …………………

The mechanism which maintain the internal environment is called h…………………………… which is governed

by another mechanism known as n……………………………………f……………………………………….

m………………………………….

The internal environment of a multicellular organism consists of the interstitial fluid and the

blood plasma. The interstitial fluid fills the space between the cells and constantly bathes

the cells

Blood capillary Arteriole

Venul

Body cell

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TASK 18 : By referring to the diagram below, fill in the blanks to describe how the negative feedback

mechanism works.

(a) The negative feedback mechanism involves three components which are Receptor,

Effector and Control centre

(b) The r…………………….. detect changes in the internal environment

(c) The receptors send the information (impulse) to the c………………………. centre

(d) The control centre processes the information and brings about an appropriate responses

(e) The information on the responses are then sent to the e…………………………………. which will carry

out the corrective mechanism to bring back the internal environment to its n………………………..

condition

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TASK 19 : Name the various systems involved in regulating the internal environment and complete the explanation on how the corrective mechanism works

Physical and chemical factors

Systems involved How the corrective mechanism works

Body temperature

…………………………………

…………………………………

…………………………………

………………………………….

………………………………….

On a hot day:-

a) blood vessels ………………..to increase heat loss

b) sweat glands secrete more ………………..to cool the

body through ……………………..

c) hair erector muscles …………………..to pull down the

hair, to ……………………insulation

d) the thyroid gland is ……………….stimulated to lower

basal metabolic rate

The opposite corrective mechanism occurs on a cold day

Blood glucose level

…………………………………

…………………………………

…………………………………

………………………………….

………………………………….

When blood glucose level rises:-

a) pancreas secretes …………………….into the circulatory

system to the liver

b) insulin converts……………………………into

…………………to bring down the glucose level

When blood glucose level drops:-

a) pancreas secretes ……………………..to

breakdown ……………………………into

glucose

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biology form 4 modul chapter 2

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