biology midterm review. levels of organization organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism...
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Biologymidterm review
Levels of organization Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ
system Organism Population Community Ecosystem
Plant cell
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
jelly-like material
control center
green organelle
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
chloroplast
Plants
MulticellularCarry out photosynthesisExamples: corn (maize), beans and peas
Animals
MulticellularDo not carry out photosynthesis
Animals
What are the two main types?
Invertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfish
Vertebrates: Backbone – fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals
Invertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfishInvertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfish
Fungi
Some are multicellular
Some are unicellular (one celled)
Never have chloroplasts – cannot photosynthesise
Protoctists
Organisms that don't fit into the plant, animal or fungus kingdoms.
Some are unicellular, some are multicellular
Examples: Amoeba, algae
Bacteria
UnicellularMost are much smaller and simpler than the cells of plants, animals, or protoctist.
viruses
All are parasites: can only reproduce inside a living cell.
Much smaller than bacterial cells.
viruses
Very simple structure:
DNA or RNA inside a protein shell.
Do not feed, excrete, respire, move, grow or respond.
Do reproduce by taking over the cells of a larger organism.
_________: Disease causing organism or virus.
May be fungi, bacteria, protoctist or virsuses
Pathogen
__________: process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
ventilation
___________: more common term for ventilation.
breathing
___________: process that releases energy from foods.respiration
1
2
3
4
trachea
diaphragm
bronchioles
lung
???alveoli
The inner trachea is covered with a thin layer of __________,
What does this do?
mucus
It traps dirt and bacteria.
Chapter 3
The cilia ____________________________________________.
This prevents the dirt and bacteria from entering the lungs.
Some cells inside the trachea have _________, small hair-like structures.
cilia
sweep back and forth,moving the mucus towards the mouth.
Chapter 3
Smoking ________________ the cilia.destroys
What two gases are exchanged in the alveoli?
This means the lungs are removing
__________________ from the blood and
absorbing _______________ into the blood.
oxygen and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
oxygen
__??????__
Smoking damages the walls of the alveoli, which break down and join together.
__emphysema__
alveoli
What is the highly addictive drug in cigarette smoke?
nicotine
Cigarette smoke contains __________________ which bonds with your blood more strongly than oxygen. This stops oxygen from entering your blood.
carbon monoxide
Chapter 3
Cigarette smoke contains
hundreds of chemicals,
at least 17 are known to cause
or increase your risk for __________.cancer
Because of a sharp increase in cigarette sales in the last 30 years, around 2,000 people a day are currently dying of smoking in China.
What nation has the largest number of smoking-related deaths in the world?
China
Define diet:
The food and drink we consume (eat and drink).
A healthy diet has a balance of five food substances, what are they?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins
Which of the five substances is the body's main fuel?
carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What are the two kinds of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex.
Fats and oils are also know as _______.lipids
Proteins
What plant foods are good sources of protein?
Beans, peas and nuts have protein.
Our bodies are made up mostly of which four elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What are minerals?
Minerals are the other elements our body needs. (not carbon, hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen)
Name some important minerals.
Calcium Ca
Iron Fe
Sodium Na
False!
Most of us eat more sodium than is healthy.
Too much can lead to high blood pressure.
True of false:Most of us do not get enough sodium in our diets.
Vitamins
False!
Vitamins are different chemically from the other food substances (including lipids).
True or false:
All vitamins are lipids.
Vitamin D: needed for good bones, a healthy
immune system and other things.
Vitamin D:
Name a vitamin and one use in the body
Vitamin A: for healthy eyes.
Vitamin C: connective tissue, healing of
wounds and cuts
mouth
esophagus
stomach
sm. intestine
lg. intestine
rectum
anus
Parts of the digestive system
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
What are the three kinds of blood vessels?
What are the three kinds of blood vessels?
1. arteries
2. veins
3. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood flowing towards the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood flowing towards the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood flowing away from the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood flowing away from the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
Which blood vessel connects the other two kinds?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
Which blood vessel connects the other two kinds?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
How many chambers does the heart have?
The heart has four chambers.
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
Name the four chambers.
left ventricle
1
2
3
4
Which chamber?
The ______________ receives oxygen-poor blood from the rest of the body.
The ______________ pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
right atrium
right ventricle
The _____ ________ receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
The ____ _________ pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
left atrium
left ventricle
Blood is a tissue made up of four components. What are they?
1. plasma
2. red blood cells
3. white blood cells
4.platelets
____________ contains proteins, sugar,
hormones and gases; and makes up
most of the blood.
Plasma
plasma
____ ______ ______ carry oxygen to other cells of the body.
blood cellsRed
_____ ____ ____ help your body fight
infection..
blood cellsWhite
___________ are large cell fragments that
help form blood clots.
Platelets
______ ________ is the force that blood exerts on blood vessels.
Blood pressure
_______ blood pressure can keep oxygen and other materials from other cells.
Low
__________ blood pressure causes strain on arteries and veins and can cause the heart to work harder than it should.
High
Name the four differentblood types
ABABO
Blood Types
Each red blood cell contains _______ that
determine blood type.
proteins
Blood Types
People without either A or b protein have
type ____ blood.O
Blood Types
Some people have both A and B proteins,
resulting in type ____ blood. AB
