Biology Notes Cells Part 1 Pages 69-79 ____ Describe the scientific theory of cells and relate the history of its discovery to the processes of science ____ Recognize that theories do not become laws, nor do laws become theories; theories are well supported explanations and laws are well supported descriptions ____ Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Standards Standards ____ Relate the structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. 2.4 1. 2. Essential Questions: How does the development of the cell theory demonstrate the powerful nature of science and its ability to make statements with evidence to support them? How are the characteristics of life Manifested by the cell? I. Cell History Cell = the basic ____ of ____ Until the invention of the __________ microscope, cells remained unknown to mankind Robert Hooke an ________ scientist who in _____ used a compound microscope to examine thin slices of _____ unitlife compound English 1665 cork under the microscope he saw tiny boxes and named them _____ cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek a scientist who in _____ observed living _____ in pond water 1674cells II. The Cell Theory If a particular hypothesis is supported by a large body of evidence then it can become a ______ theory 1. Matthias Schleiden a German botanist who in _____ observed ______ and concluded that all plants are made of _____ 2. Theodor Schwann a German biologist who in _____ observed ________ and concluded that all animals are made of _____ 3. Rudolph Virchow a German doctor who concluded that cells could only come from ___________ cells 1838plants cells 1839animals cells pre-existing Cell Theory = the idea that all ______ things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of _________ and function in living things and new _____ are produced only from existing _____ living structure cells III. Basic Cell Types A. Prokaryote = a type of cell that has genetic ________ (DNA) but does not have a ________ Can still ______, reproduce and respond to the ____________ e.g. material nucleus (the genetic material does not have a special holder) grow environment bacteria B. Eukaryote = a type of cell that has a ________ which stores _____ larger and more complicated than a __________ can be __________ or multi-cellular e.g. nucleusDNA prokaryote unicellular Paramecium (unicellular), fungi, plants, animals IV. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Organelle = specialized, mini organs or __________ inside of eukaryotic cells that perform a specific _____ The purpose of organelles is to work ________ to keep the cell alive What are some tasks that the cell who have to be able to perform to survive? structures task together respond, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, grow, develop, get energy, etc. TYPES OF ORGANELLES: 1. Nucleus = the _______ center of the cell which contains the _____ or instructions for building cell parts (especially ________!!) and other important molecules the cell needs control DNA proteins 2. Cytoplasm = the fluid outside of the ________ that functions to hold all the other ___________ in place nucleus organelles 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = an internal ___________ system where many of the cells lipids and proteins are assembled membrane 4. Golgi Apparatus = a stack of membranes that serves to change, _______ and package the materials made from the ___ and then either store them in the ____ or send them to be secreted ____ of the cell modify ER cell out 5. Lysosome = small organelles filled with digestive _________ that breakdown molecules for _____ use or break apart old, worn-out cell parts enzymes cell 6. Vacuole = a saclike structure that serves as a ________ vessel for the cell storage 7. Mitochondria = organelle where cellular __________ takes place so energy is obtained for the cell to ____ respiration use 8. Cytoskeleton = a network of _______ and tubules that maintains the _______ of the cell and also aids in ___________ threads shape movement 9. Cell Membrane = the outer _______ of a cell that controls what ______ and _____ the cell barrier entersexits 10. Chloroplast = an organelle found only in ______ that converts sunlight into _________ energy or food plantschemical 11. Cell Wall = in plant cells, the boundary outside of the cell __________ that provides support and __________ for the plant cell membrane protection V. Cell Structure Related to Function Unicellular = organisms that contain only __ cell in an __________ organism, the individual cell performs ____ of the function necessary for the life of that _________ e.g. 1 unicellular all organism respond to stimuli, grow, develop, etc. - this means that the cell is the _________ piece of matter that can perform processes necessary for ____ - unicellular creatures can be either ___________ or ___________ e.g. smallest life prokaryoticeukaryotic prokaryotic = bacteria eukaryotic = yeast B. Multicellular = organisms that contain more than ___ cell In multicellular organisms, one cell does not perform ____ of the life processes necessary for the survival of the _________. Instead, cells can work together in different groups on different ______ to contribute to the overall survival of the __________. 1 all organism tasks organism Cell specialization / Cell Differentiation = the process by which cells ________ in different ways to perform different _____ Two cells with different tasks in the body will both have __________ but will differ in the amounts of the __________ e.g. develop jobs organelles muscle cells have more mitochondria EXAMPLES OF SPECIALIZED CELLS: 1.Neuron the basic ______ cell DIAGRAM: nerve the neuron develops _____and ____ like an electric wire the shape of the neuron helps messages travel to and from the ______ faster longthin brain 2. Red Blood Cell DIAGRAM: the red blood cell develops a round ______ shape in order to carry ________ around the body disc oxygen