Biology Resources

Set 2: Answers for Structured Note-Taking

5

Biology- The study of living thingsWho: Biologist- Interactions between living things- Interactions between living things and the environment- Problems to find solutions

Living thing-organism

5 Characteristics:

1. Cells & DNA2. Reproduce3.Grow & Develop4. Homeostasis5. Adapt

1. Cells & DNACell- basic unit of lifeDNA- genetic info 2. Reproduce

*to further the species

3.

4. homeostasis*internal balance (kidneys sweating)Without it, you will die!

5. AdaptAdaptation: help you survive in environment

Evolution: change in species over time

Grow Develop

Become larger Mature, become like an adult

Species: group of similar organisms that can interbreed and have fertile offspring

SCIENTIFIC METHOD- a series of steps to solve a scientific problem

1. Problem

2. Hypothesis

3. Experiment

4. Data

5. Results

6. Conclusion

7. R/R or Repeat

-----------------------------------1. Problem- scientific

* Cannot be opinion

* Give ex of opinion vs scientific

2. Hypothesis- a testable statement

*give example

3. Experiment -a test of a hypothesisIndependent variable: testedDependent variable: measuredConstant: sameControl: normal to measure against

4. Data- info collected

5. Results- charts/graphs6. Conclusion7. Revise / Redo or Repeat

-R/R- hypo wrong

- Repeat- hypo right

Why repeat: to verify results

7 Quantitative Qualitative- n- numbers- 5 ft, 7.2 inch

- L- letters, words, descriptive

WATER

Properties:

Polar- Great solvent

--Like dissolves like--

--Polar dissolves polar--Non-polar= oils, fats

- will not dissolve

Hydrogen Bonds: - gives H2O special properties

- make/break rapidly

3 Things H2O does:1. Capillary action

Good- H2O to tops of trees

2. Stabilizes temp, holds heat

(Good)NC ocean- mild climate

Desert- hot day, freezing night

3. Expands when freezes – less dense

Good- floats

Water does these things because of Hydrogen bonds

Water is Polar

ACIDpH: 1-7

Gives- H+

burns

Ex: lemon juice, stomach acid

BASEpH: 7-14

Gives- OH-

Soapy, cleaning

Ex: cleaners, ammonia

pH scale Buffer

7

Neutral H2O

Maintains constant pHEx. Blood buffer

ORGANIC

Organic = has CarbonLiving things have C

[S]-[U]-[G]-[A]-[R] CARBOHYDRATES

Polymer- polysaccharide Monomer- monosaccharide

Uses quick Energy

Ex. Starch, sugar, fiber

Foods plant products/ fruit, veggies

Polymer

• long chain of repeating units

•Ex.train

[o]—[o]---[o]---[o]

Monomer

• one unit

•Ex. Train car

[o]

4Classes of organics

• Carbs

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

• Lipid

P R O T E I N

(A)-(M)-(I)-(N)-(O)-(A)-(C)-(I)-(D)

Polymer- polypeptide (protein)

Monomer- amino acid

Uses hair skin enzymes

Food animal products, beans

Ex. Enzymes (go to enzyme side)

Nucleic Acid EnzymesMonomer- nucleotide

Ex. – DNA/RNA

Importance genetic info

LIPID

• fats and oils

• nonpolar

Meaning will not dissolve in H2O

Found in mayonnaise, butter

Greasy, oily

A type of protein

Subunit of protein amino acid

Job- “Biological Catalyst”

Affected by: temp & pH

Needed for: Biological Functions

•Lock and Key Model

•E are not consumed/used

In out

Before Microscopes:

sick because cursed or

punished for bad deed

M

I C R O S C O P E S

Microscope tool used to look at small organisms

Micro – small

Scope – to look at

Microscopes allow US to see cells!

Cell basic unit of life

Microscope Types:1. Simple light – 1st type

1 lens Energy Source light

LOW magnification power

2. Compound Light

2+ lenses Energy source light

Lens= 10 Objective = 4

Total Magnification = 40

Up to about 1500 X’s

3. Electron Microscopes

• Uses beam of electrons

• Magnify up to 500,000 X’s

SEM

• scanning e-microscope

• surface

TEM

• transmission e-microscope

• inside

Match the part with the letterParts: Objectives, Diaphragm, Lens, Coarse Adjustment,

Light Source, Arm, Stage, Fine Adjustment

Answer Questions using Parts

1. __D__Used to bring objects into rapid focus first

2. __F__ Regulates the amount of light going through slide

3. __H__ Used to carry the microscope

4. __E__ Supports the slide

5. __A__ Turned to clear blurry pictures

Answer Questions:

How do you carry a microscope?- by the arm

If the lens is 10 and the objective is 4, what is the total magnification?- 40

A. Fine Adjustment E. Stage

B. Lens F. Diaphragm

C. Light Source G. Objectives

D. Coarse Adjustment H. Arm

CELL THEORY

Famous MenLeeuwenhoek: saw microorganisms Used a simple microscope

Robert Hooke: named a cell Used a compound microscope Looked at cork-

Reminded him of rooms in a monastery Called cells

T. Schwann: sounds like Swan

All animals made of cells

M. Schleiden: All plants made of cells

Since all plants and animals are made of cells they concluded that…

Hooke , Schleiden , Schwann

Cells Plants Animals

CELL THEORY

1. All living things are made of cells

unicellular- 1 cell

multicellular- 2+ cells

2. Cell is the basic unit of life

The beginning unit is always a cell

3. All cells come from other cells

muscle skin

skin

skin

muscle

muscle

cells

tissue

organ

Organ system

organisms

PLASMA

MEMBRANE

Plasma Membrane

Structure

Plasma Membrane outer boundary of a cell - skin

Job- to maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis internal balance

PM is selectively permeable

•selectively- choosy

•Permeable – allows to pass

•Selectively permeable chooses what it allows to pass

balancedGood in

Bad out

PM

Polar head

Tails non-polar

(hydrophobic)

phospholipids bilayer

Polar: heads outside

Non-polar: tails inside hiding from H2O

Fluid mosaic model

flexible

Embedded w/ protein

Perm mem

nucleus

CELLS

Cell organelles organs in a cell

“organelle“

Most important = nucleus Nucleus controls all cell

function

Nucleus:Cell :: brain:body

2 Cell TypesProkaryote Eukaryote

Animal cell• nucleus

• int membrane

• complex

• multitask

• plants/animals

• no nucleus

• no int membrane

• simple

• 1 job at a time

• bacteria only

Internal Membranes separate the cell into compartments

Membranes : Cell :: walls: School

Jobs – separate

-divide

-allow to multiply

nucleus

prokaryote

eukaryote

CELLS

Cell Theory1.All living things made of cells2. Cell is basic unit of life3.All cells come from pre-existing cells

Prokaryote Eukaryote• simple

• no nucleus

• no interior membrane

• complex

• nucleus

• int membrane

Nucleus: controls all cell function

Internal Membrane: separate cell into rooms

Relating factor:

RF: divide

Nucleus is to cell as

Brain is to body

Int mem is to cell as

Wall is to school

Plasma MembranePlasma membrane is to cell as

Skin is to body

RF: center covering

Job: homeostasis

Structure: phospholipids bilayer

“ fluid mosaic model”

Polar heads outside

Nonpolar tails inside away from water

Other Cell Organelles

Cell wall is to cell as

Helmet is to head

RF: hard protection

Cell wall

hard exterior covering

Made of: cellulose

Gives: extra protection

Note plants only

ribosome is to cell

as

Protein factory is to city

RF: makes protein

Ribosome:

2 types:

• free

• bound

Job make protein

*You can’t live without PROTEIN*

Chloroplast is to cell as

Kitchen is to house

RF: room to make food

Chloroplast:

Description- green

job- make food/ photosynthesis

Chlorophyll- traps sunlight

NOTE plants only

Vacuole is to cell as

Fridge is to house

RF: stores

Mitochondria is to cell as

Battery is to objectRF: energy

Eukaryotes:

•Have membrane bound organelles

•Have nucleus

Vacuole:

Description- empty sac

job- store food, H2O

NOTE plant cell larger

Mitochondria:

• makes energy

• ATP

*You can’t live without ENERGY!!*

ATP

Prokaryotes:

•Have plasma membrane

•Have DNA

•Have Ribs

•b/c must have protein

DIFFUSION

Concentration:

Amount of solute in solution. Think kool-aid

High low

Lots of solute not enough solute

Solute (green) will move from high to low

A B

Solute (green) will move to B

(think elevators and buffet lines. Where would you rather be?)

Goal:

Concentration Dynamic Gradient Equilibrium

• difference in conc on sides

• 7/3

• equal

• 5/5

To side A

To side B

A

A

A

A

BB

B B

OSMOSIS

Which side needs to be diluted? A So water will go to side A

Water will move to side B

Why? To dilute high

More water on side A because more particles

Remember Diffusion movement of a solute to low (less crowded)

Driven by: concentration gradient

Result: DE

Review concentration: (think kool-aid)

High Low

Too much not enough

Dilute add water to lower conc.

OSMOSIS

• movement of water to high

Why: to dilute

Driven by: CG

Result: DE

CELL OSMOSIS

Water will move to side A

Why? To dilute

Where is there more? in

So water flows? in

Results: swells

Puts pressure on inside wall

More : out

Water flows: out

Result: shrivels

Sides: equal

So: no flow

Result: no pressure

9

2

3

3

6

3

Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic

Swells ShrivelsSquishy

fruit

Swells, could burst

ShrivelsAnimals homeost

asis

in out equal

3 7 4

Wa

ter

Flo

ws

Cel

lA

nim

alP

lant

8 2 4

TRANSPORT

Passive

• no energy

Happens because there is a

Concentration gradient

Result- dynamic equilibrium

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated Diffusion

Active• uses energy

Requires energy to: move against conc grad

Result: more unequal

1. pumps

2. carriers

3. endocytosis, exocytosis

Passive: to side B

Active: pumped to side A

A B

Cell cycle cycle for cells to make new cells

“All cells come from pre-existing cells”

Cells must reproduce

DNA in cells

chromatin

• unpacked

chromosome

• packed DNA

• visible when stained

MITOSIS

Cell cycle:

1. Interphase: grow & DNA duplicate

2. Mitosis: nucleus divides

3. Cytokinesis: cut cell in half

centromere

Sister chromatids

ENERGY

# 1 Source of energy- sun

Cell energy- ATP

“Adenosine Triphosphate”

A – P – P – P

Release Energy break bond

Store Energy make bond

Remove –P leaves A–P-P

(ADP)

Remove –P leaves A – P

(AMP)

Which has more energy? ATP

Why? More P-P bonds

*Made in the mitochondria

Photosynthesis

Who plants

Where chloroplast

Job- to make food + O2

Plants take In Out

• CO2 -O2

• water H2O -food

• sun E

Reactant in Product out

Eq: 6CO2+6H2O+E6O2+C6H12O6

Sun chemical foodE E E

C6H12O6

Cellular Respiration

Where mitochondria

Job to make ATP

In• O2

• C6H12O6

Out• CO2

• H2O

•E-ATPReactant IN Product OUT

Eq: 6O2+C6H12O6 6CO2+6H2O+E

Notice: Products of PS are reactants in CR

Cellular respirationphotosynthesis

food

O2

Aerobic Anaerobic

Oxygen No oxygen

Makes 32+ ATP

Makes 2-3 ATP

Also called fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

CO2

Chemistry and Cell Review

“polar“Acid Base

Organic Monomer Notes and examples1 carb Monosaccharide sugar

2 protein Amino acid

3 nucleic acid nucleotide

4 lipid -----------

Parts of cell theory

• all living things made of cells

• the cell is the basic unit of life

• all cells made from pre-existing cells

Leeuwenhoek: saw microorganisms Hooke: saw cells

Scleiden: all plants made of cells Schwann: all animals made of cells

pH 1-7H+, burns

pH 7-14OH-, cleans

Plant Animal Prokaryote EukaryoteChloroplast

Cell wall

Larger vacuole

No chloroplast

No cell wall

Small vacuole

No nucleus

PM

Ribosomes

DNA

Nucleus

Other organelles

Cells basic unit of life

Cell tissue organ organ system organism

Cell Parts

Nucleus– control

Plasma Membrane- outer covering

Mitochondria- energy

Chloroplast- food- photosynthesis

Ribosome- protein

Vacuole- store food

Active PassiveEnergy

Makes more equal

No energy, makes equal

Diffusion, osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

Solute will move to B

Why- less concentrated

Result- dyn eq

Process- diffusion

Water will flow to A

Why- needs to dilute

Result- dyn eq

Process- osmosis

7 3 52 8 5Water goes: in

- swell

Water goes: out

- shrivel

Water goes: no flow

- stable

A B

Concentration Gradient Dynamic Equilibrium

Difference in conc grad Equal on both sides

Place the phases in order: D A F C E B and name them

A B C D E F

Cell Energy ATP

Adenosine triphosphate- Energy stored in P-P bonds

mitochondria

Photosynthesis

IN OUT

H2O, CO2, E O2, C6H12O6

Eq: 6CO2+6H2O+E6O2+C6H12O6

Chloroplast

Aerobic

Oxygen, more ATP

Cellular Respiration

We breathe in O2

We eat C6H12O6

We breathe out CO2

Make H2O + ATP

Anaerobic

No oxygen, less ATP fermentation

Tele Meta Mom Ana Prop

D

N

AG

E

N

E

T

I

C

C

O

D

E

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Codes for genetic info

Gives info to make protein

Importance of protein:

• can’t live without protein

• codes for traits (eye color, hair)

DNA is very important information Where nucleus

Question- An enzyme helicase cuts segments of DNA to repair damaged cells. Where in the cell is this enzyme located? nucleus

Note DNA cannot leave nucleus

Structure

Polymer = DNA

-long chain of joining subunits

Subunit nucleotide

Nucleotide (3 parts)

1. Sugar deoxyribose

2. phosphate

3. Nitrogen bases (4)

Nitrogen bases (4)

1. Adenine A 3. Cytosine C

2. Guanine G 4. Thyamine T

Purines pyrimidines

AdGua

CyThy

--T

--C

--A

--G

--T

--A

Important structure note:

DNA is a double helix

• Watson & Crickmen

• 2 strands

•Like a ladder

backbone

Repeating S-P-S-P-S-P

Nitrogen bases

Complementary bases

they always go together

A= T C= G

Hydrogen bonds

Bases always held together by hydrogen bonds

So DNA looks like this

Backbone S-P-S-P

Bases held together by hydrogen bonds

A-- G-T-C-A--T--?--

Make the DNA complement

REPLICATION

ReviewMake the complement:1.ATCTAAGCAGGTA TAGATTCGTCCAT

2.TACGGATACCGAAT ATGCCTATGGCTTA

ReplicationDNA synthesis make DNA

Word Attack: Synthesis to make

Replication makes a copy

Why for new cellsWhen interphaseWhere nucleus

How:1.Enzyme splits it2.Complement strands made

Result Replication makes a copy

DNA codes for protein

Proteins made on ribs

Problem DNA cannot leave nucleus

Info must get to the nucleus

Solution RNA

Review:

RNA – ribonucleic acid

1 Strand

Nucleotide (3)1.Sugar ribose2.phosphate3.Nitrogen base

* A *G *C * U (uracil)A UC G

Made by transcription

Transcription Makes RNA from DNA

Where: nucleus

RNA

Transcription

DNA- ATCGTATCARNA- UAGCAUAGU

DNA- TACCGATCCCATCRNA- AUGGCUAGGGUAG

DNA- GACCCGTCATCCGGTAATAATCCATRNA- CUGGGCAGUAGGCCAUUAUUAGGUAU

DNA RNA .• deoxyribonucleic acid• 2 strands• deoxyribose sugar• Bases A=T G=C• made by replication• cannot leave nucleus

• ribonucleic acid• 1 strand• ribose sugar• bases A=U C=G• made by transcription• nucleus- ribosome

Review:

DNA RNA .

Bases- AT, CG Bases-AU, CG

Process- replication Process- transcription

Job to make protein

Protein a long chain of amino acids

Process translation

Translation to make protein by joining

amino acids

PROTEIN

How to find out what amino acids to use:

1.Use chart2.Use codons

Codon set of 3 nb used to code for AA

Let’s Practice!

CAU – HisUUU –PheUUA – LeuGAA – GluCCC – ProCGC – Arg

Does chart use RNA or DNA? RNA

So If you have CAT? GUA

TRANSLATION

Remember DNA RNA .

•deoxyribose • 2 strands• AT CG• replication• cannot leave nucleus

•ribose• 1 strand• AU CG• transcription• nucleus- ribosomes

A = T(DNA) A = U(RNA) C= G

3 parts of a nucleotide:1. sugar2. phosphate3. Nitrogen baseReplicate:ATCCATGAACTATAGTAGGTACTTGATATCTranscribe:ATCCATGAACTATAGUAGGUACUUGAUAUC3 types RNA:1. mRNA: messenger2. tRNA: transfer3. rRNA: ribosomal

MUTATION

Review:1.Make the DNA complement:

CATGACTTAATGCGA GTACTGAATTACGCT2. Transcribe:

CATGACTTAATGCGA GUACUGAAUUACGCU3.Translate:

CAT GAC TTA ATG CGA

GUA CUG AAU UAC GCU

RNA

mRNA- MESSENGER

tRNA – TRANSFER

rRNA – RIBOSOMAL

THE DOG BIT THE CAT

1.THE DOG BIT THE CAR2.TED OGB ITT HEC AT_

1 Point-Substitute: changes 1 amino acid

2 Frameshift: delete/insert. Changes all amino acids

DNA Mini Lab

Normal hemoglobin vs. Sickled hemoglobin

• Normal hemoglobin carries oxygen• Sickled hemoglobin cannot carry oxygen

Why They make different proteinsJob: Transcribe and translate the DNA of the 2 types of hemoglobin

Normal: GGG CTT CTT TTTSickled: GGG CAT CTT TTT

Using AAT GCC AGT GGT TCC CAC what protein would it make?

Contrast replication, transcription and translation:

Contrast RNA and DNA:

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

GENETICS

Father of Genetics:Gregor Mendel

Heredity: passing of traits from parents to kids

Genetics: study of heredity

Traits: characteristics you get from parents

Gametes: sex cells

Mom DadEgg sperm

Fertilization- union of sperm and eggZygote – fertilized egg

Gene: segment of DNA that codes for a protein/trait

Allele: choices for a trait/gene

Ex:gene- eye color gene- heightAlleles- brown, blue alleles- tall short

Dominant Recessive

Law of Segregation: Get 1 allele for each trait from each parent

So you end up with – 2 alleles for each

Always seenT

Can be hidden and skip generations

t

Since you have 2 alleles for each gene, you have 2 letters (Remember baby lab)

TT homozygous dominant (Tall)

Tt homozygous recessive (short)

Tt heterozygous (tall)

Big letter ALWAYS wins

Genotype Phenotype

How do you predict what offspring will look like?

Punnet SquareTool used to predict genotype and phenotype of offspring

B=black b=tanMom - Bb Dad- BbLooks black Looks blackCross parents

Bb x Bbmom dad

1.Draw box2.Put mom gametes on top. Put Dad gametes on side.3.Fill in box with a letter from each parent4.Analyze

BB Bb

Bb bb

B

b

B b

Combo of allelesTt Bb

Physical traitTall, short

Dihybrid Crosses

2 different traits/parent

B = brown b = whiteT = tall t = short

BbTt – brown tallBbtt - brown shortbbTT - white tallBBtt - white short

Rules for dihybrids

Ex: BbTb x Bb TT

1.Label mom and dadMom- BbTt dad BbTT

2. Take mom and label letters 1-4

BbTt1234

3. Pair up letters in the following combinationsBbTt1234

1,3 1,4 2,3 2,4BT Bt bT bt

Notice: never 2 of the same letter in a pair

4. Repeat for DadBbTT1,3 1,4 2,3 2,4 BT BT bT bT

5. Draw Punnet squareHow many squares will you have?

BbTt x BbTT4 X 4 = 16

BT Bt bT Bt

BT BBTT BBTt BbTT BbTt

BT BBTT BBTt BbTT BbTt

bT BbTT BbTt bbTT bbTt

bT BbTT BbTt bbTT bbTt

Square: 4 across, 4 down

6. Place Mom’s 4 combos on top7. Place Dad’s 4 conbos down

side8. Fill in boxes Each box will have 4 letters

Using our example how many offspring will be:

BBTT: 2 BBTt: 4bbTt: 2 BbTt: 4BbTT: 4Brown tall: 12 white tall: 4

TR TR tR tR

TR TTRR TTRR TtRR TtRR

Tr TTRr TTRr TtRr TtRr

tR TtRR TtRR ttRR ttRR

tr TtRr TtRr ttRr ttRr

Q1: T – tall t – short R – round r – whiteTtRR x TtRr

How many are tall round? 12What are the genotypes?TTRR TtRRTTRr TtRrttRR ttRr

Remember combos:1,3 1,4 2,3 2,4

GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

Uses:

1.Forensics

2.DNA obtained from:

If know DNA sequences:

Other uses of Genetic Technology:

1.Industry

2.Medicine

3.Agriculture

PEDIGREE

Pedigree: a genetic family

Carrier: Tt – carries the t but is not affected by it

How is person 7 kin to person 1? Son InLawHow are 6 and 9 kin? Aunt/nephewHow is 1 kin to 13? Great grandsonHow many males? 6 Females? 7How many affected people? 5

Males? 3 Females? 2

If trait studied is tt – short:Give the gen/phen for each person

1 Tt tall 8 tt short2 Tt tall 9 Tt tall3 Tt tall 10 Tt tall4 Tt tall 11 tt short5 tt short 12 Tt tall6 Tt tall 13 tt short7 tt short

Persons _5,7,8,11,13_ are short

male female

affected affected

married

children

carrier

Practice Pedigrees:

Which people are affected? 3, 6

Label each person bb- blueBB or Bb - brown

This is a recessive pedigreeBecause 2 unshaded parents have an affected child

Most genetic disorders are caused by: 2 recessive alleles

Recessive Diseases:

Cystic Fibrosis:-Buildup of mucous in lungs

Pedigree:

Note: only child affectedFor a recessive disease to affect a child both parents must be: carriers

Carrier: carries the allele but are not sick Cc

What % Chance will 2 carrier parents have a sick child? 25%

HUMAN TRAITS

Most genetic disorders are caused by 2 recessive alleles

Cystic Fibrosis:-A buildup of mucous in lungs-Affects mostly children

Tay-Sachs-affects the brain-Cannot break down lipid/fat-Mostly affects children

PKU-found in protein-cannot digest protein- Controlled by diet

Dominant Traits:•Hitchhiker thumb•Unattached ear lobes•Thick lips

Huntington’s Disease:Causes brain degenerationAffects people 35 to 45Why do people with Huntington’s have children not know they are sickIf you carry the gene for Huntington’s you are affected by it

H = has it h = does not

1. Which is Huntington’s? A Which is cystic fibrosis? B How do you know?

2.How is Huntington’s different? Older age, dominant3.Define the following:

4.What body part is affected by CF? lungs

5. If a child with free hanging earlobes has a mother with attached earlobes, could a man with attached earlobes be the father? No

Why? No big F’s to give

F = free f = attached

6.

# affected: 6

How are 9 and 6 kin? aunt

Gen/phen of person:2 ff att 7 Ff3 Ff 9 Ff4 ff att 11 Ff

13 ff att

male female

married carrier

Blood Type- codominance and multiple alleles

Multiple alleles more than 2 choices

Type Genotype

A IA IAIA Ii

B IBIBIBi

AB IAIB

O ii

Who did the blood bank Charles Drewblood transfers

If a son has blood type O could a msn with blood type B be Dad if the Mom has A?

What % chance do an A (Ia,i) woman and a B (Ibi) man have of having an O child?

Humans have 46Into 23 pairs

Karyotype chart of paired chromosomes

23rd pair - sex chromosomesXX - female XY - male

The chart shows a normal female

CHROMOSOMES

Chromosomal Diseases:Down’s Syndrome 3 on 21st pair-mental and physical retardation

D-S male

23

Monosomy 23 female copy

Sex-linked diseases

Female – XX Male - XY

Travel on the X

Red/Green colorblindness

Hemophilia: bleeder. Cannot clot blood

Pedigree:

Notice: mom is carrier. Passes it to sons

More males affected

Why?Female MaleXxX XxY

Can a carrier female and an affected male have an affected daughter?

Can a normal female and an affected male have an affected daughter? 0 Son? 0

Where does a son get his bad X? mom

Who does dad give his bad X to? daughter

Good X takes over

Only 1 X and it’s affected

Primitive Earth• • • • • • Deadly Gases

Primitive Earth:NO LIFE

How did life begin?

ORIGIN OF LIFE

Oparin Hypothesis

3.9 billion years ago

This caused

2 things happened:1.2.

Lightning and carbon in ocean formed:• • • •

These combined to form _________

Protocell (organic) _________ (simple) ___________ (complex)

Urey and MillerCan Oparin be for real? Urey and Miller tested him. How?

Result they found …

Urey and Miller support Oparin

Hypothesis

Where: in the __________

Evidence for Evolution

1.Fossils- oldest _________fossil record

2.Biochemistry –

3.Embryology –

4.Anatomical Structuressimilar vestigial

ECOLOGY

1. Organism- 1 living thingEx. 1 giraffe

2. group- 2+ of same speciesEx.giraffes

3. community- 2+ different speciesEx. Zebras and giraffes

4. ecosystem- Living and nonlivingEx. Zebra, giraffe, tree, and sun

5. biosphere- Can support lifeEx. Sphere = circle Bio = life

EARTH!

5

Ecology: the study of organisms and their environmentWho? ecologist

Biotic factors abiotic factors

5 levels of ecology:

• organism• population• community• ecosystem• biosphere

LivingPlants, animals, predators

NonlivingSun, dirt, temp

Interactions: 1.Competition- fighting over resources

Habitat Niche .Where it livesEx. In a tree

Reduces competition: by having organisms w/ diff niches/needs

2.Predator/Prey Predator: eats

Prey: gets eatenCyclic

Prey up, predator up, then prey gets eaten, levels down, predator down from lack of food, then back to beginning as prey makes comebackDensity dependent depends on size of population

3. Symbiosis living together, nothing dies

Mutualism: 2 (both) benefit

Ex. Fish in coral

Commensalism : 1 benefit, 1 unaffected

:l

Parasitism: 1 benefit, 1 harmed

Ex. Leeches on a host

What it does- jobEx. Collect acorns

BIOMES

Aquatic Terrestrial

AquaticSaltwater FreshwaterOcean Pond, lake

Photic Aphotic

Plankton/Phytoplankton-

Terrestrialtundrataiga

Temp forestgrassland

desertTRF

North pole

equator

temp

2 most important factors 1. temp 2. precip

Tundra Taiga- coldest-permafrost: -ground perma-nently frozen-little veg’s-furry animals

Temperate Forest Grassland- mod. Temp, rain -deciduous: loseLeaves in winter-seasonal

Desert Tropical Rain Forest-hot-arid-dry-conserve H2O-Nocturnal: sleep

in day-Burrow: in

ground

Water land

Light shallow

No light deep

Northern coniferous forest-cold-snowy-conifer: evergreen trees, makes cones

-mod temp/rain-grazing animals-crops- corn, wheat

-hot-rainy-most plants-year round growing seasons-most biodiversity

BIOME PROJECTInstructions: Create a brochure, booklet, or PowerPoint to illustrate the characteristics of your biome. Be sure to include all required information and be neat and creative.

Due Date: ________

Grading Criteria:_______ Name of Biome (5 pts)_______ Definition of Biome (5 pts)_______ Map of earth identifying the biome (5 pts)_______ Climate (including temperature, rainfall, seasons, etc) (6 pts)_______ Why is this biome different from the others? (3 pts)_______ Plants (2 = 2 pts, 3-4 = 3 pts, 5 = 4 pts 6+ = 5 pts)_______ Animals (2 = 2 pts, 3-4 = 3 pts, 5 = 4 pts 6+ = 5 pts)_______ Adaptations needed to survive (3 pts)_______ Food web of the biome (chain=2 pts, 5 step web =3 pts, 7+ step web= 5 pts)_______ Positive/Negative Affects Man has had on biome (2 pts each)_______ Include graphs where needed (0=0 pts, 1=1 pts, 2=2 pts, 3+=3 pts)_______ Include illustrations where appropriate (0=0 pts, 1-2= 1 pt, 3-4= 2 pts, 5+=3 pts)_______ Creativity and Neatness and Color (5 pts)_______ Bibliography (at least two books from the library) (10 pts)

_______ Grade (65 point max)

Be sure your project is colorful and that you have used proper spelling and grammar. Graphs and pictures should be used where needed to support your information. Please feel free to include any other interesting facts about your biome. Try your best and gather the needed information.

LIMITS & CHANGES

Limiting factor: anything that prevents some things from living in an area

Abiotic: temp, rain, soilBiotic: food, predators

Adaptation something an organism has to survive in the environment

Tolerance ability to withstand change

Population growth:

carrying capacity levels off

S-curve

Carrying Capacity: max amount of individuals the environment can

support

Above cc too many, some dieBelow cc room for more

Succession changes in a community

Primary Secondary

Order1 pioneer species (lichen/moss)2 grasses3 bushes4 pine trees5 hardwood trees

•New place•Slow•Pioneer species

After disaster(forest fire)Faster b/c already has life and soil

Slow in beginning, speeds up

ENERGY

All living things must have energy in order to maintain homeostasis

#1 Energy Source= SUN

Autotroph• makes own food, get E from sun• photosynthesisEx. plantsautotrophs= producers

Heterotroph• eat food for energy• cannot make E•Ex. animalsHeterotrophs = consumers

Types of heterotrophs

1.Herbivore: eats plantsEx. Deer, cows

2. Carnivore: eats meatEx. lions

3. Omnivore: eats bothEx. Bear- berry, fish

4. Scavengers: eat dead stuffEx. buzzards

5. Decomposers: biodegrade thingsEx. Bacteria in a dumpster

Only 10 percent of energy goes to the next level. The rest is either used or lost as heat.

As move up the pyramid energy is lost so the amount of energy decreases.Must be replaced by the sun.

SUN

Trophic Level = Energy Level.

1st trophic level. Autotroph- plant. Producer.

2nd trophic level. 1st heterotroph. Herbivore- eats

plants

3rd trophic level. 2nd heterotroph.

Carnivore- eats herbivore

4th trophic level. 3rd heterotroph. Carnivore- eats

carnivores

Scavengers, decomposers

Matter is Recycled

Water Cycle MATTER

B

D

C A

A: evaporationB: condensationC: precipitationD: transpiration

Carbon – CO2

a. Plants take in CO2 “photosynthesis”b. We breathe in O2 from plant

c. We eat food from plant

d. We breathe out CO2 “cellular respiration”

Pollution bad CO2 into air

CO2

O2

Food

A

B

C

D

THREATS

Extinct Endangered Threatened

ThreatsHabitat Loss- remove habitatEffect- no place to liveEx. deforestation

Habitat Fragmentation- separate

Effects- • edge effect• encroachment• •

Habitat Degradation- to make unlivable-pollution

Effects: acid precipitation- lower pH of water

less ozone- more harmful UV rays

more CO2greenhouse effectCO2 traps heatgreenhouse/ global warming

Exotic Species• do not belong• no predators• reproduce and spread out of control

0No more

living

Numbers close to 0

Decrease in population

CONSERVATION

Conservation Biology- to save biodiversity

Legal- CITES- US endangered species act

Preservation- parks- Yellowstone- preserves- Sustainable use- use wisely-Habitat corridors

-Connect pieces of land-Overcomes habitat fragmentation

Reintroduction programs-put things back in their natural habitatEx. condorsHarmed by DDT(pesticide)Effect- thin eggs

Captivity- under human control

Problem with reintroduction programs:- Lose natural instinct

PROTECT!!CONSERVE!!

SAVE THE PLANET!!

5 75

Unit 5 Review

Characteristics of living organisms• Cells/DNA• reproduce• grow/develop• homeostasis• adapt

Steps of scientific Method• problem• hypothesis• experiment• data• result• conclusion• R/R- repeat

Theory: supported evidence

Law: untestable fact

Independent Variable: tested

Dependent Variable: measured

Biotic Living

Abiotic Not living

Habitat Where

Niche Job

Ecology Study of…

Levels of Ecology• organism• population• community• ecosystem• biosphere

Symbiosis: :/

Pyramid of energy (trophic levels)

Energy: runs out

Autotroph Heterotroph Food Chain Food Web

Producer plant

Consumer animal

5th: Scavengers

4th

3rd het: carn eat carn

3rd

2nd hetCarn eat herb

2nd

1st hetHerb eat plant

1st

AutotrophPlant= producer

B

D

CA A: evaporation

B: condensationC: precipitationD: transpiration

CO2 increases CO2 Decreases

Breathe in trees

pollution

Energy runs out Matter is recycled

Limiting Factor: prevents life Tolerance: withstand change

Nitrogen Fixation: fix N to make variable bacteria, plants

Primary Secondary

new After disasterForest fire

Succession:

Aquatic: Marine Freshwater

Saltwater/ocean Lake/pond

Photic Aphotic Interdependent

Lightshallow

DeepNo light

Start of food chain, must be producer

Island Theory1. Small island has less BioDiv2. Closer to equator, has more BioDiv

tundrataiga

Temp forestgrassland

DesertTRF

Tundra: permafrost Taiga: northern coniferous forest

Grassland: crops, grazers

Forest: seasonal deciduous

Desert: hot and conserve H2O

Rainforest: hot rainy most BioDiv

Biodiversity: number of different types of species

Extinct: 0 Endangered: close to 0 Threatened: rapid population drop

Habitat Loss: remove

Habitat Fragmentation: separate

Habitat Degradation: pollute

Exotic Species: invade

Global Warming: raises temp. CO2 traps heat

Sustainable Use Habitat Corridor Captivity Reintroduction

Use wisely Connects separated land

Under human control

Help put back

Conservation:

Linear J Curve S Curve

Rate: constant Rate: exponential Rate: exponential with leveling off

Not population Unlimited resources

realistic

Rapid life history:• think mosquito• small• lots of babies• short lives• little care

Short life history:• think elephant• large• few babies• long lives• more care

Carrying Capacity: max # environment can support

Demography Age Structure Emigration immigration

Human population # of people at each age group

exit into

Competition up when:1. Population up2. Resources down