RATIFICATION PAGE Complete report of Basic Biology with the title Respiration, created by :name: Bertha Tandireg. number: 1414442010group:Vclass: ICP Biology B Biologyafter its checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has fulfilled requirement.

Makassar, January 2015

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Djumarirmanto S.PdMuh. Nur ArsyadID . 09104158

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Drs. H. Hamka L.MsNIP. 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONA. BackgroundHumans were never apart from the activities of daily. These activities can be done if there is energy assistance has a major influence on the body. Energy can be obtained from the food we eat. With the energy of all the activities can be carried out. By contrast, if the intake of food that enters the body is less, we will feel weak and are not eager to do the activity.As with humans, animals and plant requires energy for its activities. Animals obtain energy from the food they consume. While plants obtain energy from the sun which is the main energy source. With the energy of all living things carry out life by doing all the activities.Speaking of food intake and energy gained living things, the food will be broken down into energy, which if it is associated with metabolic processes then this is discussed in the catabolism of decomposition of complex compounds into simpler compounds. One example is respiration. Respiration is the process of binding of oxygen and release carbon dioxide to decompose foodstuffs to produce energy. All living things carry out respiration. Both humans, animals and plants.Respiration can be said as a process of oxidation decomposition of complex compounds into simpler compounds with exempted amount of power (energy). Understanding of respiration can be viewed from three aspects, namely the role of oxygen, hydrogen and electrons. Compounds or elements in oxidized say, if the compound is getting oxygen, loss of electrons or loss of hydrogen. Vice versa, a compound or element is reduced in say, if the compound loses oxygen, hydrogen or gain of electrons.Respiration aims to produce energy. The results of respiration energy is indispensable for life activities, such as regulating body temperature, movement, growth and reproduction. So the respiratory activity and respiration are interrelated because the process of breathing air entered from the outside (oxygen) and the oxygen used for respiration to obtain energy, and then the rest of the respiratory gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) released through the process of respiration.Oxygen is required for respiration every organism is different , depending on the type and size of the living body . To further investigate more deeply about it , perform the lab unit VI to directly observe the oxygen needed by animals which in this case was locusts and cockroaches of different sizes as well as in plants which in this case is the green bean sprouts on Basic Biology with lab the title of " Respiration "

B. Purpose Based on this practicum about the respiration the purpose is:1. To evidence if the living organism needed oxygen for respiration.2. To compared the oxygen requirement of some organism based on the species and the size of the body.C. BenefitBased on this practicum the benefit of this practicum is:1. The university students will know if the living organism needed oxygen for respiration.2. The university students will know the relation of oxygen requirement and the size of the body organism.

CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURERespiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen necessary for cellular metabolism and release the carbon dioxide that accumulates in their bodies as a result of the expenditure of energy. When an animal breathes, air or water is moved across such respiratory surfaces as the lung or gill in order to help with the process of respiration. Oxygen must be continuously supplied to the animal and carbon dioxide, the waste product, must be continuously removed for cellular metabolism to function properly. For example, if this does not happen and carbon dioxide levels increase in the body, pH levels decrease and the animals may eventually die (Bailey, 2007).Respiration is the oxidation process of food material or organic material that was happen into the cell that can done with aerob and anaerob. In the aerob condition, this respiration need the free oxygen and release the carbon dioxide and energy. If the sugar was oxidation, so the reaction that was happen is: C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + energy. The sum of the CO2 that produced and the sum of O2 that was used in the respiration aerob is not always same. Its dependent of material kind that was used. The compared between the sum of CO2 that was released and the sum of O2 that was needed be said to be Respiratory Quotient (RQ) (Tim Pengajar, 2014).Oxygen is valuable because it is important in many ATP-producing cycles occurring throughout the body such as, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into the three-carbon molecule of pyruvic acid. The series of reactions associated with glycolysis are necessary for anaerobic and aerobic pathways to work, and are also the most fundamental in cellular metabolism. In the presence of 02, the pyruvic acid, which came about from the breakdown of glucose, is further oxidized. However, under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. Glycolysis follows a specific pathway and ultimately, the oxidation of 1 mol of glucose to pyruvic acid ends in a net gain of only 2 mol of ATP and 2 NADH molecules (Bailey, 2007).Most animals have respiratory systems to help with the exchange of gases but some do not. Earthworms breathe or exchange gases through their skin. Insect have a large network of small tubes that carry air to all body parts. Fish carry on gas exchange through special organs called gills. Frogs exchange gases through both lungs and skin (Kaskel, 1988).Most insect have ventilating mechanisms that move air into and out tracheal system. In some insects, carbon dioxide that metabolically active cells produce is sequestered in the hemocoel as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). As oxygen defuses from the trachea to the body tissue, and isnt replaced by carbon dioxide, a vacuum is created that draws more air into the spiracles. This process is called passive suction. Periodically, the sequestered bicarbonate ions are converted back into carbon dioxide, which escapes through the tracheal system. Other insects contract abdominal muscles in a pump like fashion to move air into and out of their tracheal systems (Ville. 1999).Gas exchange in insect occurs through a system of tracheae, which has been more extensively studied than that of any other arthropods. A pair of spiracles is usually located above the second and third pairs of legs or only above the last pair. The first seven or eight abdominal segment possess a spiracle on each lateral surface. Tracheal spiracles in their simplest form are merely holes in the integument, as in some apterygota. In most insect, however, the spiracles open into a pit, atrium, from which the trachea arise. This spiracles is generally provided with a closing mechanism, and in many terrestrial insects, the atrium contains filtering devices. The closing mechanism of the spiracles reduces water loss, and the filtering structures prevent the entrance of dust and parasites as well as reducing water loss (Ville, 1999).In some animals, such as mammals, if the supply of oxygen to active muscle cells is not sufficient to produce enough ATP to maintain intense activity, the only source of additional ATP will be from glycolysis.Without sufficient oxygen, some of the pyruvic acid produced is reduced to lactic acid, which accumulates in the tissues, resulting in fatigue.Excess lactic acid may also enter the blood, decreasing blood pH and affecting other tissues in the body.When muscle activity decreases, extra oxygen is needed to convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid, which is then utilized by the Kreb's cycle. This extra oxygen represents the animal's oxygen debt. Some animals, such as the goldfish and some intertidal invertebrates, can avoid oxygen debt through the use of biochemical pathways that convert lactic acid to alcohol, which can then be excreted (Bailey, 2007).The systems may look different in animals, but their jobs are always the same. One important trait of all respiratory systems is that there must be a large surface area through which air passes. This large area provides a surface for gases antering or leaving the animals blood or body cells (Kaskel, 1988).Insects have a special respiratory tracheal system, made of pipes that becabang throughout the body, is one of the variations of the internal respiratory surface folded and that's the biggest pipe called trachea. For a small insect, diffusion processes alone can carry enough O2 from the air into the tracheal system and remove enough CO2 to support cellular respiration system. Larger insects with higher energy demands memventilasi trachea systems with rhythmic body movements (rhythmic) that compress and conflate pipes blowing air like a tool (Campbell, 2005).For each activity of living things require energy obtained from natural biological oxidation of body cells. So that the process goes on, must always available oxygen, because oxygen is always stored only in the blood or tissues in small amounts, While the carbon dioxide must be removed. To all live every cell of the body and the individual's own required continuous gas exchange with the environment. To get oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide, an animal must have a respiratory membrane, which is a thin surface, wet and permeable as well as dealing with environment that can be passed gas. The membrane can be either surface of the body, but these membranes typically limited to a portion of the respiratory organs, such as the lamella man, end of the trachea or alveolar duct or alveolar lung. Movement of gas through the respiratory membrane surface, entry and exit to the cell body is always by way of diffusion. If gas is not available in the water, the gas will dissolve in the wet membrane surface and passed according to the concentration gradient. Because of the oxygen used by cells, the levels in the cells and the body will always be lower than in environment, both in water and in the air where the animals live. Otherwise these cells produce carbon dioxide, because it is in the cell and the body in an amount greater than the environment (Sappe, 2005).

CHAPTER IIIOBSERVATION METHODA. Time and PlaceDay/Date: Monday/ January 19th 2015Time: 04.00 am until 06.00 am CITPlace: Laboratory of Biology, 3rd East floor Department of Biology Mathematics and Science Faculty State University of MakassarB. Tools and Materials1. Toolsa. Two sets of simple respirometerb. Spoitec. Stopwatch/ watchesd. Scale2. Materialsa. Cottonb. Vaselinec. Crystal of KOHd. Eosin solutione. Mung bean sproutsf. Big and small cockroachs (Blatta orientalis)g. Big and small grasshopers (Dissosteria carolina)h. Bean SproutC. Work ProcedureExperiment 1 :1. Two grasshopers or cockroaches with different body size has taked.2. The cotton that filled two of crystals KOH entered into respirometer.3. One tails of cockroach entered into respirometer.4. Closed respirometer with connected it to glass pipe.5. Vaseline applied on the connection respirometer tube with glass pipe to prevent leaks.6. Eosin solution dropped on the glass pipe until the end of the pipe into the channel.7. Eosin shifting scale of glass pipe observed, and the scale range from 0.0 per one minute noted.8. Observation continued until 5 minutes (5 data).Experiment 2 :1. Simple respirometer cleaned2. Worked with the same sort order in experiment 1, experiment 2 by used similar animals with different body weight.Experiment 3 :1. Simple respirometer cleaned.2. Worked with the same sort order in experiment 1, experiment 3 by used bean sprouts.

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCCUSSIONA. Observation Result1. Table Observationa. Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)NoMinute to-Kinds of organismsScale that eosin was pointedOxygen volume that used by organism

11Big cockroach0.090,0015

Small cockroach0,1250,0020

22Big cockroach0,180,0030

Small cockroach0,2200,0037

33Big cockroach0,290,0048

Small cockroach0,2250,0038

44Big cockroach0,380,0063

Small cockroach0,3300,0055

55Big cockroach0,450,0075

Small cockroach0,3480,0058

b. Grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina)NoMinute to-Kinds of organismsScale that eosin was pointedOxygen volume that used by organism

11Big grasshopper3,90,07

Small grasshopper6,20,10

22Big grasshopper7,90,13

Small grasshopper10,80,18

33Big grasshopper120,20

Small grasshopper140,23

44Big grasshopper13,60,23

Small grasshopper150,25

55Big grasshopper160,27

Small grasshopper15,10,25

c. Bean SproutNoMinute to-Kinds of organismsScale that eosin was pointedOxygen volume that used by organism

1110 bean sprout0,0450,00075

2210 bean sprout0,1150,00192

3310 bean sprout0,1900,00317

4410 bean sprout0,2430,00405

5510 bean sprout0,3200,00533

B. Analysis of Organism RespirationGeneral Formula:V = Where, s: Scale (m)t : time (second)1. 2. Cockroach Big1) For t = 1 minute V = V = V = 0,09 scale/time2) For t = 2 minuteV = V = V = 0,09 scale/time3) For t = 3 minute V = V = V = 0,10 scale/time4) For t = 4 minuteV = V = V = 0,10 scale/time5) For t = 5 minute V = V = V = 0,09 scale/timeSo, average velocity of Cockroach Big: V = V = V average = 0,094 scale/time

3. Cockroach Small1) For t = 1 minuteV = V = V = 0,125 scale/time2) For t = 2 minute V = V = V = 0,11 scale/time3) For t = 3 minuteV = V = V = 0,075 scale/time4) For t = 4 minuteV = V = V = 0,083 scale/time5) For t = 5 minuteV = V = V = 0,069 scale/timeSo, average velocity of Cockroach small: V = V = V average = 0.0924 scale/time

4. 5. Grasshopper Big 1) For t = 1 minuteV = V = V = 0.39 scale/time2) For t = 2 minuteV = V = V = 3.95 scale/time3) For t = 3 minuteV = V = V = 4.00 scale/time4) For t = 4 minuteV = V = V = 3.40 scale/time5) For t = 5 minute V = V = V = 3,20 scale/timeSo, average velocity of Grasshopper Big: V = V = V average = 2,988 scale/time

6. Grasshopper Small1) For t = 1 minute V = V = V = 6.2 scale/time2) For t = 2 minute V = V = V = 5.4 scale/time3) For t = 3 minute V = V = V = 4.7 scale/time4) For t = 4 minute V = V = V = 3.8 scale/time5) For t = 5 minute V = V = V = 3.02 scale/timeSo, average velocity of Grasshopper small: V = V = V average = 4.624 scale/time

7. 8. Bean Sprout1) For t = 1 minute V = V = V = 0,045 scale/time2) For t = 2 minute V = V = V = 0,058 scale/time3) For t = 3 minute V = V = V = 0,030 scale/time4) For t = 4 minute V = V = V = 0,061 scale/time5) For t = 5 minute V = V = V= 0,064 scale/time So, average velocity of Grasshopper small: V = V = V average = 0.0516 scale/time

C. Graphics of Organism Respiration Velocity Comparison1. Respiration of Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)

2. Respiration of grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina)

3. Respiration of Big Weight

4. Respiration of Small Weight

5. Respiration of Bean Sprout

D. DiscussionIn this experiment about Respiration, especially for the experiment that use respirometer, it used KOH crystal that packed into the thin cotton. The function of this solution to bind the CO2 that was released by the cockroach and grasshopper, so the movement from the eosin solution it really caused by oxygen consumption, which is in this experiment the function of the eosin is the indicator in the scale. There are reaction that was happen on between of KOH with CO2 as follow: E. KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2OIn this experiment when we observed Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) and Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina) we can found if we compared the organism that has different body size. The big organism needed the oxygen more than the small organism. So, we can say the body size had a relationship with the oxygen consumption, if the organism has big body size the need the more oxygen consumption. Beside that we had been evidenced about all of living organism need oxygen for their live.The first observation are same type of animals with different body weight, there are big and small cockroach (Blatta orientalis). From the observation result, the average velocity respiration of small cockroach is 0.0924 scale/time and big cockroach is 0,094 scale/time. Therefore, if the observation result compared, the small cockroach have faster respiration than big cockroach. Based on the observation result can concluded that even indigenous same species, but purpose and the need to even oxygen variably. It because of body weight difference and activity. Happening the same thing too on grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina) has respiration average speed as big as 2,988 scale/time, meanwhile little grasshopper have respiration speed as small as 4.624 scale/time. Then, we compare respiration speed among two species that different, which is among cockroach and grasshopper. Respiratory average speed on big cockroach is 0,094 scale/time and on grasshopper is 2,988 scale/time. So gets to be concluded that respiratory speed on greater cockroach than grasshopper. Happening thing too on roach and little grasshopper. On little cockroach, respiration average speeds it are 0.0924 scale/time meanwhile on little grasshopper is 4.624 scale/time. Based on the result of observation can concluded that is despite has same body weight, but purpose and the need to different oxygen. It is possible because of activity difference among species second that. On attempt, utilized by peanut sprout as material as observation. Base observation result that is gotten, sprouts respiratory average speed be 0.0516 scale/time. So, base this experimental result can be concluded that plant also do respiration process. Based result entire of observation that is done, can be concluded that oxygen requirement for every that living thing is different. It can become because of body weight difference, type, and activity that did by each living thing.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONA. ConclusionBased on the practicum about Respiration, the practicum take the conclusion as follows:1. The organism can live because of the oxygen required in the process of respiration.2. What caused the difference in rates of respiration in these experiments is dependent on the species but different body weight, body size was a big animals have a greater respiration rate than small body size it respiration slow rate.B. SuggestionI hope for my friend in the next practicum, we can work together again more than in this practicum and working seriously to get a good result to get a good result.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBailey, J.L. 2007. Animal Physiology. Colchester : Saint Michael's College.Campbell,dkk. 2005. Biologi Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga.Kaskel, Albert. 1988. Biology an Everyday Experience. Ohio : Merrill Publishing Company.

Sappe, Lukman W, dkk. 2005. Biologi Dasar. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.

Tim Pengajar. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar : Laboratorium FMIPA UNM.Ville. 1999. Zoology Umum. Jakarta : Erlangga

APPENDIX0. Question1. What is the function of KOH wrapped in cotton wool?2. What is the function of eosin in this experiment? Can eosin is replaced with another liquid? Explain!3. How to know the volume of eosin organisms used in the above experiment?4. Is there a difference in the amount of oxygen demand by type of organism?5.Is there a difference in the amount of oxygen demand by the size of the organism?B. Answer1. KOH function is to bind carbon dioxide (CO2) released by animals that are in the respirometer.2. Eosin designation serves to determine the scale on how big the respirometer tube respiration of organisms and plants. Ie by dropping the glass pipe will then move scale.3. The volume can be determined by comparing the average amount of time spent with the scale.4. Oxygen requirements based on the type of organism varies depending on the activity of the organism. The more active the more requires a lot of oxygen.5. Organism oxygen demand by the body size varies depending on the severity of the organism. Increasingly heavy body, the greater the need for organisms necessary for respiration.