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Biology Semester 1 Study Guide
Part 1: Scientific Investigations
YouareconductinganexperimenttodetermineifincreasedUVradiationfromthedecreaseintheozonelayeris killing off frog tadpoles. After examining all of the data available in the library, you hypothesize thatincreased UV radiation from the sun is killing off the tadpoles. You design an experiment. There are 100tadpolesinafivegalloncontainerofwaterthatiscoveredbyglassthatfiltersoutUVradiation).Anotherfivegalloncontainerof100tadpolesiscoveredwithacrylicPlexiglas,whichwillnotfilterouttheU.V.radiation.Youthenplacethegroupsoutsideforaperiodofamonth,andobservetheresults.Theresultsshowedthatbothgroupsendedwithatadpolepopulationof96.Re-writethehypothesisintheif…then…format.
Iftadpolesare_________________________________________,
then________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Whichisthecontrolgroup?
Whichistheexperimentalgroup?
Identifytheindependentvariableinthisexperiment.
Identifythedependentvariableinthisexperiment.
Nameatleast2constantsintheexperiment.
Whichvariablewouldyouusetolabelthex-axis,ifyouweretographthedata?
Whichvariablewouldyouusetolabelthey-axis?
Doesthedatasupportthehypothesis?Ifnot,inferwhatmightbecausingadecreaseinfrogpopulation?
Afteryouanalyzedyourresults,youcameupwithaconclusion.Isyourconclusionconsideredatheory?Whyorwhynot?
Part 2: Characteristics of Living Things
Listthecharacteristicsoflivingthings.Brieflydescribeeach.
Whatishomeostasis?Defineandgiveanexampleofapositivefeedbackloopandanegativefeedbackloop.
Whatthelevelsoforganizationthatallorganismsareapartof?Createaflowchartordiagram.
Drawafoodchainthatincludesexamplesofthefollowing:
• autotroph• heterotroph
Labelthedifferentlevels(producer,primaryconsumer,etc).WhatdecreasesasyoumoveUPthefoodchaintohigherandhigherlevels?
Chooseoneelement(C,S,N,P)andsketchonewaythatitmaycyclethroughanecosystem.Includeatleast5linksalongthispathway,andbesurethatyoudrawacompletecycle.Includeandlabelbothabioticandbioticpartsofthiscycle.
Whatdoesitmeantosaythatcellsaredifferentiated?Howisdifferentiationdifferentfromadaptations?
Part 3: Energy, Systems
Describe the law of conservation of energy inyourownwords.
Createa table that listsexamplesofkineticandpotential energy. Include the following in thetable,plusmoreexamplesofyourown:
• Glucose• ATP• Sunlight• Cellmovement• Food• Pyruvate
What is the difference between chemical andradiantenergy?Giveexamples.
Part 4: Biochemistry
Explainthedifferencebetweenamonomerandpolymer,inyourownwords.Foreachofthepolymers/macromoleculesontheright,describethem,giveanexample,andlisttheirmonomers(ifpossible)
Starch (Carbohydrate) Nucleic Acids Proteins
Glucose,C6H12O6,isanorganiccompound.Whatelementinglucosemakesit“organic”?Whatthingscanbebuiltwithglucose(giveexamples).
Whatotherchemicalelements(besidesC,H,andOfromglucose)arefoundinlivingcells?
CreateaflowchartthatshowshowATPbecomesADP.Includethefollowingterms:
q ATPq ADPq Phosphateq Energystoredq Energyreleased
Part 5: Cells
Labeltheimagetotheright.Identifyifthisisaplantoranimalcell.
DrawyourOWNleaderlinestolabelthepartsoftheplantcell.
• Usethesametermsasthatoftheanimalcellfromthepreviouspage,EXCEPTmicrovilliandcentrioles.
• Inaddition,labelthestructuresthatareuniquetoplantcellsthatareabsentinanimalcells.
Inyourownwords,explainthecelltheory.
MakeaT-charttoshowthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells.Giveanexampleofeach.
Completethefollowingtablebyfillingthemissinginformation.Someorganellepartsmaybeusedmorethanonce.
Structure/Function CellPart
1. Storesmaterialwithinthecell
chloroplasts 2.
3. Thesitesofproteinsynthesis
4. Transportsmaterialswithinthecell
nucleolus 5.
6. Organellethatmanagesorcontrolsallthecellfunctionsinaeukaryoticcell
Centrosomes
7. Digestsexcessorworn-outcellparts,foodparticlesandinvadingvirusesorbacteria
8. Smallbumpsthatmakeproteinlocatedonportionsoftheendoplasmicreticulum
9. Providestemporarystorageoffood,enzymesandwasteproducts
10. Firm,protectivestructurethatgivesthecellitsshapeinplants,fungi,mostbacteriaandsomeprotests
Mitochondria 11.
12. Packagesproteinsfortransportoutofthecell
13. Everythinginsidethecellincludingthenucleus
14. Sitewhereribosomesaremade
15. Themembranesurroundingthecell
Cytoskeleton 16.
17.ThinthreadsofDNApackagedwithprotein,duringlateinterphase
18. Consistofhollowtubeswhichprovidesupportforthecell
19. Smallhair-likestructuresusedformovementorsensingthings
20. Composedofaphospholipidbilayer,proteins,andcarbohydrateside-chains
21. Longerwhip-likestructuresusedformovement
Classifythefollowingorganellesintooneoffourcolumnsbasedontheirroleinmetabolism.Lysosomes,Mitochondria,C.Membrane,Vesicles
Ingestion Digestion Respiration Excretion
Putacheckmarktoindicateifthefollowingorganellesarefoundinplantcells,animalcells,prokaryoticcells,orall.
Organelle PlantCell AnimalCell Prokaryoticcell
CellWall
Vesicle
Chloroplast
DNA
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmicreticulum
Golgiapparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Plasmamembrane
Vacuole
Ribosome
NucleoidRegion
Part 6: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Aerobic and Anaerobic)
Nameandlabelthestructuretotheright.Whattypesofcellscontainthisorganelle?
Writetheequationforphotosynthesis.Indicateduringwhichpartofphotosynthesis(lightreactionorCalvincycle)eachpartismadeorused.
CreateachartontherighttocompareandcontrastthelightreactionandtheCalvincycle.Includethefollowingthings:
q Wheretheoccurq Whattheyuseq Whattheymakeorproduceq Themainpurposeorgoalofthisstage
Nameandlabelthestructuretotheright.Whattypesofcellscontainthisorganelle?
Writetheequationforcellularrespiration.
Writeageneralequationforfermentation.Whatmakesthisprocessdifferentfromcellularrespiration?
Lacticacidcausesmusclesoreness.Whywouldthehumanbodyperformanaerobicrespirationifitcausespain?Explain.
Describe,howcellulosecanbeusedtocreateethanolforpoweringcars.Whatstepsmustbetakentofermentthecellulose?
Complete the chart below:
Whereinthecelldoesitoccur?
Startingmaterials Productsmade
Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport chain
Part 7: ATP Dependent Processes
Explainthedifferencebetweenpassiveandactivetransportofsubstancesacrossthemembrane.Whichoftheseprocess(es)require(s)cellularrespiration?Justify.ATPispotentialenergyneededtodrivefutureworkdonebythecell.Besidestransportingsubstancesacrossthemembrane,nameotherexamplesofcellworkdependentuponATP.Usingtheimageprovided,explainwhyaplantcellwouldrequirebothchloroplastandmitochondria.